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Kolay S, Das M, Mondal A, Sengupta A, Bag S, De P, Molla MR. Enzyme-Triggered Degradation of Supramolecularly Cross-Linked Polymersomes of Azobenzene-Based Polyurethane: Cell-Selective Anticancer Drug Release. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5068-5080. [PMID: 39041235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-responsive self-assembled nanostructures for drug delivery applications have gained a lot of attention, as enzymes exhibit dysregulation in many disease-associated microenvironments. Azoreductase enzyme levels are strongly elevated in many tumor tissues; hence, here, we exploited the altered enzyme activity of the azoreductase enzyme and designed a main-chain azobenzene-based amphiphilic polyurethane, which self-assembles into a vesicular nanostructure and is programmed to disassemble in response to a specific enzyme, azoreductase, with the help of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) coenzyme in the hypoxic environment of solid tumors. The vesicular nanostructure sequesters, stabilizes the hydrophobic anticancer drug, and releases the drug in a controlled fashion in response to enzyme-triggered degradation of azo-bonds and disruption of vesicular assembly. The biological evaluation revealed tumor extracellular matrix pH-induced surface charge modulation, selective activated cellular uptake to azoreductase overexpressed lung cancer cells (A549), and the release of the anticancer drug followed by cell death. In contrast, the benign nature of the drug-loaded vesicular nanostructure toward normal cells (H9c2) suggested excellent cell specificity. We envision that the main-chain azobenzene-based polyurethane discussed in this manuscript could be considered as a possible selective chemotherapeutic cargo against the azoreductase overexpressed cancer cells while shielding the normal cells from off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Das
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. M Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arun Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. M Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sagar Bag
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Nadia, Kolkata, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Nadia, Kolkata, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Mijanur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Chen Q. Advanced Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2024; 29:1848. [PMID: 38675668 PMCID: PMC11054753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the frequency of strokes has been on the rise year by year and has become the second leading cause of death around the world, which is characterized by a high mortality rate, high recurrence rate, and high disability rate. Ischemic strokes account for a large percentage of strokes. A reperfusion injury in ischemic strokes is a complex cascade of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, immune infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Conventional treatments are ineffective, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to inefficient drug delivery utilization, so researchers are turning their attention to nano-drug delivery systems. Functionalized nano-drug delivery systems have been widely studied and applied to the study of cerebral ischemic diseases due to their favorable biocompatibility, high efficiency, strong specificity, and specific targeting ability. In this paper, we briefly describe the pathological process of reperfusion injuries in strokes and focus on the therapeutic research progress of nano-drug delivery systems in ischemic strokes, aiming to provide certain references to understand the progress of research on nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Santra S, Das S, Dey S, Sengupta A, Giri B, Molla MR. Degradable Polymer-Based Nanoassemblies for Precise Targeting and Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer Cells without Affecting Normal Healthy Cells. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1724-1737. [PMID: 38421316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive amphiphilic polymers are known to be precursors to forming promising nanoarchitectonics with tunable properties for application in biomedical sciences. Currently, self-immolative polymers are widely recognized as an emerging class of responsive materials with excellent degradability, which is one of the crucial criteria for designing a robust drug delivery vehicle. Here, we design an amphiphilic polyurethane endowed with a redox-responsive self-immolative linker and a pH-responsive tertiary amine on the backbone, which forms entropy-driven nanoscale supramolecular assemblies (average hydrodynamic diameter ∼110 nm) and is programmed to disassemble in a redox environment (GSH) due to the degradation of the polymer in a self-immolative fashion. The nanoassembly shows efficient drug sequestration and release in a controlled manner in response to glutathione (10 mM). The tertiary amine residing on the surface of the nanoassembly becomes protonated in the tumor microenvironment (pH ∼ 6.4-6.8) and generates positively charged nanoassembly (ζ-potential = +36 mV), which enhances the cancer cell-selective cellular uptake. The biological evaluation of the drug-loaded nanoassembly revealed triple-negative breast cancer (MDAMB-231) selective internalization and cell death while shielding normal cells (RBCs or PBMCs) from off-targeting toxicity. We envision that polyurethane with a redox-responsive self-immolative linker might open up new opportunities for a completely degradable polyurethane-based nanocarrier for drug delivery and diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. M Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sananda Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. M Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Mijanur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Dey S, Mondal A, Aash A, Mukherjee R, Kolay S, Murmu N, Murmu N, Giri B, Molla MR. Poly-β-thioester-Based Cross-Linked Nanocarrier for Cancer Cell Selectivity over Normal Cells and Cellular Apoptosis by Triggered Release of Parthenolide, an Anticancer Drug. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1214-1228. [PMID: 38326023 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent and aggressive type of cancer, causing high mortality rates in women globally. Many drawbacks and side effects of the current chemotherapy force us to develop a robust chemotherapeutic system that can deal with off-target hazards and selectively combat cancer growth, invasiveness, and cancer-initiating cells. Here, a pH-responsive cross-linked nanocarrier (140-160 nm) endowed with poly-β-thioester functionality (CBAPTL) has been sketched and fabricated for noncovalent firm encapsulation of anticancer drug, parthenolide (PTL) at physiological pH (7.4), which enables sustain release of PTL at relevant endosomal pH (∼5.0-5.3). For this, a bolaamphiphilic molecule integrated with β-thioester and acrylate functionality was synthesized to fabricate the pH-responsive poly-β-thioester-based cross-linked nanocarrier via Michael addition click reactions in water. The poly-β-thioester functionality of CBAPTL hydrolyzes at endosomal acidic conditions, thus leading to the selective release of PTL inside the cancer cell. Cross-linked nanocarriers exhibit high serum stability, dilution insensitivity, and targeted cellular uptake at tumor microenvironment (TME), contrasting normal cells. In vitro study using human MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated that CBAPTL exhibited selective cytotoxicity, reduced clonogenic potential, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and arrested the progression of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase efficiently. CBAPTL induced apoptosis via downregulating pro-proliferative protein Bcl-2 and upregulating proapoptotic proteins p53, BAD, p21, and cleaved PARP-1. CBAPTL inhibited proliferating signaling by suppressing AKT phosphorylation and p38 expression. CBAPTL also blocked the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. CBAPTL effectively inhibits primary and secondary mammosphere formation, thereby preventing cancer-initiating cells' growth. Conversely, CBAPTL has negligible effect on human red blood cells (RBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These findings highlight the superior efficacy of CBAPTL compared to PTL alone in suppressing cancer cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and preventing invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. Thus, CBAPTL could be considered a possible selective chemotherapeutic cargo against breast cancer without affecting normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sananda Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Asmita Aash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Rimi Mukherjee
- Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Kolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Nensina Murmu
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabendu Murmu
- Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
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Xu X, Ma J, Wang A, Zheng N. N-Sulfonyl amidine polypeptides: new polymeric biomaterials with conformation transition responsive to tumor acidity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1769-1781. [PMID: 38303932 PMCID: PMC10829015 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of pH responsiveness is a frequently employed tactic in the formulation of trigger-responsive nanomaterials. It offers an avenue for "smart" designs capitalizing on distinctive pH gradients across diverse tissues and intracellular compartments. However, an overwhelming majority of documented functional groups (>80%) exhibit responsiveness solely to the heightened acidic milieu of intracellular pH (about 4.5-5.5). This scenario diverges markedly from the moderately acidic extracellular pH (∼6.8) characteristic of tumor microenvironments. Consequently, systems predicated upon intracellular pH responsiveness are unlikely to confer discernible advantages concerning targeted penetration and cellular uptake at tumor sites. In this study, we elucidated the extracellular pH responsiveness intrinsic to N-sulfonyl amidine (SAi), delineating a method to synthesize an array of SAi-bearing polypeptides (SAi-polypeptides). Notably, we demonstrated the pH-dependent modulation of SAi-polypeptide conformations, made possible by the protonation/deprotonation equilibrium of SAi in response to minute fluctuations in pH from physiological conditions to the extracellular milieu of tumors. This dynamic pH-triggered transition of SAi-polypeptides from negatively charged to neutrally charged side chains at the pH outside tumor cells (∼6.8) facilitated a transition from coil to helix conformations, concomitant with the induction of cellular internalization upon arrival at tumor sites. Furthermore, the progressive acidification of the intracellular environment expedited drug release, culminating in significantly enhanced site-specific chemotherapeutic efficacy compared with free-drug counterparts. The distinct pH-responsive attributes of SAi could aid the design of tumor acidity-responsive applications, thereby furnishing invaluable insights into the realm of smart material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jinjuan Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University Dalian 116000 China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Comparative Medicine Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University Dalian 116000 China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Dalian University of Technology Corporation of Changshu Research Institution Suzhou 215500 China
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Dolui S, Sahu B, Mohammad SA, Banerjee S. Multi-Stimuli Responsive Sequence Defined Multi-Arm Star Diblock Copolymers for Controlled Drug Release. JACS AU 2023; 3:2117-2122. [PMID: 37654577 PMCID: PMC10466323 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Star-shaped polymeric materials provide very high efficiency toward various engineering and biomedical applications. Due to the absence of straightforward and versatile synthetic protocols, the synthesis of sequence-defined star-shaped (co)polymers has remained a major challenge. Here, a facile approach is developed that allows synthesis of a series of unprecedented discrete, multifunctional four-, six-, and eight-arm star-shaped complex macromolecular architectures based on a well-defined triple (thermo/pH/light)-stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(methacrylic acid)-umbelliferone (PNIPAM-b-PMAA)n-UMB diblock copolymer, based on temperature responsive PNIPAM segment, pH-responsive PMAA segment, and photoresponsive UMB end groups. Thus, developed star-shaped copolymers self-assemble in water to form spherical nanoaggregates of diameter 90 ± 20 nm, as measured by FESEM. The star-shaped copolymer's response to external stimuli has been assessed against changes in temperature, pH, and light irradiation. The star-shaped copolymer was employed as a nanocarrier for pH responsive release of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin. This study opens up new avenues for efficient star-shaped macromolecular architecture construction for engineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Dolui
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Bhanendra Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sk Arif Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
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