1
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Schmitz M, Bertrams MS, Sell AC, Glaser F, Kerzig C. Efficient Energy and Electron Transfer Photocatalysis with a Coulombic Dyad. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39227057 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis holds great promise for changing the way value-added molecules are currently prepared. However, many photocatalytic reactions suffer from quantum yields well below 10%, hampering the transition from lab-scale reactions to large-scale or even industrial applications. Molecular dyads can be designed such that the beneficial properties of inorganic and organic chromophores are combined, resulting in milder reaction conditions and improved reaction quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions. We have developed a novel approach for obtaining the advantages of molecular dyads without the time- and resource-consuming synthesis of these tailored photocatalysts. Simply by mixing a cationic ruthenium complex with an anionic pyrene derivative in water a salt bichromophore is produced owing to electrostatic interactions. The long-lived organic triplet state is obtained by static and quantitative energy transfer from the preorganized ruthenium complex. We exploited this so-called Coulombic dyad for energy transfer catalysis with similar reactivity and even higher photostability compared to a molecular dyad and reference photosensitizers in several photooxygenations. In addition, it was shown that this system can also be used to maximize the quantum yield of photoredox reactions. This is due to an intrinsically higher cage escape quantum yield after photoinduced electron transfer for purely organic compounds compared to heavy atom-containing molecules. The combination of laboratory-scale as well as mechanistic irradiation experiments with detailed spectroscopic investigations provided deep mechanistic insights into this easy-to-use photocatalyst class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne C Sell
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Jung H, Choi J, Kim D, Lee JH, Ihee H, Kim D, Chang S. Photoinduced Group Transposition via Iridium-Nitrenoid Leading to Amidative Inner-Sphere Aryl Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408123. [PMID: 38871650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a fundamental mechanistic investigation into photochemical metal-nitrenoid generation and inner-sphere transposition reactivity using organometallic photoprecursors. By designing Cp*Ir(hydroxamate)(Ar) complexes, we induced photo-initiated ligand activation, allowing us to explore the amidative σ(Ir-aryl) migration reactivity. A combination of experimental mechanistic studies, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer enables the σ(N-O) cleavage, followed by Ir-acylnitrenoid generation. The final inner-sphere σ(Ir-aryl) group migration results in a net amidative group transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkweon Choi
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Arichi N, Amano T, Wu S, Inuki S, Ohno H. Synthesis of Sulfilimines via Visible-Light-Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer to Sulfonyl Azides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401842. [PMID: 38923056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines and their derivatives have garnered considerable interest in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Photochemical nitrene transfer to sulfides is known as a conventional synthetic approach to sulfilimines. However, the existing methods have a limited substrate scope stemming from the incompatibility of singlet nitrene intermediates with nucleophilic functional groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of N-sulfonyl sulfilimines via visible-light-mediated energy transfer to sulfonyl azides, uncovering the previously overlooked reactivity of triplet nitrenes with sulfides. This reaction features broad functional group tolerance, water compatibility, and amenability to the late-stage functionalization of drugs. Thus, this work represents an important example of energy transfer chemistry that overcomes challenges in traditional synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Amano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhan Wu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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4
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Beil SB, Bonnet S, Casadevall C, Detz RJ, Eisenreich F, Glover SD, Kerzig C, Næsborg L, Pullen S, Storch G, Wei N, Zeymer C. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Photocatalysis: Conclusions from an Interdisciplinary Workshop. JACS AU 2024; 4:2746-2766. [PMID: 39211583 PMCID: PMC11350580 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a versatile and rapidly developing field with applications spanning artificial photosynthesis, photo-biocatalysis, photoredox catalysis in solution or supramolecular structures, utilization of abundant metals and organocatalysts, sustainable synthesis, and plastic degradation. In this Perspective, we summarize conclusions from an interdisciplinary workshop of young principal investigators held at the Lorentz Center in Leiden in March 2023. We explore how diverse fields within photocatalysis can benefit from one another. We delve into the intricate interplay between these subdisciplines, by highlighting the unique challenges and opportunities presented by each field and how a multidisciplinary approach can drive innovation and lead to sustainable solutions for the future. Advanced collaboration and knowledge exchange across these domains can further enhance the potential of photocatalysis. Artificial photosynthesis has become a promising technology for solar fuel generation, for instance, via water splitting or CO2 reduction, while photocatalysis has revolutionized the way we think about assembling molecular building blocks. Merging such powerful disciplines may give rise to efficient and sustainable protocols across different technologies. While photocatalysis has matured and can be applied in industrial processes, a deeper understanding of complex mechanisms is of great importance to improve reaction quantum yields and to sustain continuous development. Photocatalysis is in the perfect position to play an important role in the synthesis, deconstruction, and reuse of molecules and materials impacting a sustainable future. To exploit the full potential of photocatalysis, a fundamental understanding of underlying processes within different subfields is necessary to close the cycle of use and reuse most efficiently. Following the initial interactions at the Lorentz Center Workshop in 2023, we aim to stimulate discussions and interdisciplinary approaches to tackle these challenges in diverse future teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck
Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus
Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University
Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Remko J. Detz
- Energy Transition
Studies (ETS), Netherlands Organization
for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Radarweg 60, 1043
NT Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Starla D. Glover
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Correnstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous
and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Golo Storch
- Technical
University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ning Wei
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck
Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Cathleen Zeymer
- Center for
Functional Protein Assemblies & Department of Bioscience, TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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5
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Zanzi J, Pastorel Z, Duhayon C, Lognon E, Coudret C, Monari A, Dixon IM, Canac Y, Smietana M, Baslé O. Counterion Effects in [Ru(bpy) 3](X) 2-Photocatalyzed Energy Transfer Reactions. JACS AU 2024; 4:3049-3057. [PMID: 39211590 PMCID: PMC11350745 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis that uses the energy of light to promote chemical transformations by exploiting the reactivity of excited-state molecules is at the heart of a virtuous dynamic within the chemical community. Visible-light metal-based photosensitizers are most prominent in organic synthesis, thanks to their versatile ligand structure tunability allowing to adjust photocatalytic properties toward specific applications. Nevertheless, a large majority of these photocatalysts are cationic species whose counterion effects remain underestimated and overlooked. In this report, we show that modification of the X counterions constitutive of [Ru(bpy)3](X)2 photocatalysts modulates their catalytic activities in intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions operating through triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT). Particularly noteworthy is the dramatic impact observed in low-dielectric constant solvent over the excited-state quenching coefficient, which varies by two orders of magnitude depending on whether X is a large weakly bound (BArF 4 -) or a tightly bound (TsO-) anion. In addition, the counterion identity also greatly affects the photophysical properties of the cationic ruthenium complex, with [Ru(bpy)3](BArF 4)2 exhibiting the shortest 3MLCT excited-state lifetime, highest excited state energy, and highest photostability, enabling remarkably enhanced performance (up to >1000 TON at a low 500 ppm catalyst loading) in TTEnT photocatalysis. These findings supported by density functional theory-based calculations demonstrate that counterions have a critical role in modulating cationic transition metal-based photocatalyst potency, a parameter that should be taken into consideration also when developing energy transfer-triggered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Zanzi
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Zachary Pastorel
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Elise Lognon
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Christophe Coudret
- Université
de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- LCPQ, Université
de Toulouse, CNRS, Université
Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
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6
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Li L, Pang Q, Chen B, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu J, Ge K, Shen J, Zhang P. A General Approach for the Synthesis of Cyanoisopropyl Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) Motifs by Energy Transfer Process. Org Lett 2024; 26:7060-7065. [PMID: 39137307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) heteroaryls make up an important class of BCP derivatives in drug discovery. Herein, we report the visible-light-mediated synthesis of cyanoisopropyl BCP-heteroaryls motifs from N-containing heterocycles, [1.1.1]propellane, and AIBN (2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile)) through three-component cascade reaction. Importantly, this protocol is compatible with pyrazinones, quinoxaline-2(1H)-one, azauracils, quinoline derivatives, and imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine, as well as various phenyl disulfide derivatives; thus, this operationally simple and general methodology could enable rapid library generation of sought-after BCP derivatives for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qing Pang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yumiao Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ge
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
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7
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Hou L, Yang L, Yang G, Luo Z, Xiao W, Yang L, Wang F, Gong LZ, Liu X, Cao W, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomative [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition/Ring-Expansion Sequence of Indoles with Diversified Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23457-23466. [PMID: 38993029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing novel strategies for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is highly valuable. Visible light-mediated photocatalysis is demonstrated to be a powerful tool to activate aromatic compounds for further synthetic transformations. Herein, a catalytic asymmetric dearomative [2 + 2] photocycloaddition/ring-expansion sequence of indoles with simple alkenes was reported, providing a facile access to enantioenriched cyclopenta[b]indoles with good to high yields and enantioselectivities by means of chiral lanthanide photocatalysis. This protocol exhibited a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, as well as potential applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies, including control experiments, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, were carried out, shedding insights into the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Longqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanlong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linhan Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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8
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Zhang Z, Dai L. Construction of axially chiral molecules enabled by photoinduced enantioselective reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12636-12643. [PMID: 39148771 PMCID: PMC11323314 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Axially chiral molecular scaffolds are widely found in pharmaceutical molecules, functionalized materials, and chiral ligands. The synthesis of these compounds has garnered considerable interest from both academia and industry. The construction of such molecules, enabled by transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis under thermodynamic conditions, has been extensively studied and well-reviewed. In recent years, photoinduced enantioselective reactions have emerged as powerful methods for the catalytic construction of axial chirality. In this review, we provide an overview of various synthetic strategies for the photoinduced construction of axial chirality, with a specific focus on reaction design and catalytic mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of current methods and highlight future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Lei Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 China
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9
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Fu K, Yang X, Yu Z, Song L, Shi L. Revealing the nature of covalently tethered distonic radical anions in the generation of heteroatom-centered radicals: evidence for the polarity-matching PCET pathway. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12398-12409. [PMID: 39118625 PMCID: PMC11304808 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the intermediacy and regulation of reactivity patterns of radical intermediates in radical chemistry have profound impacts on harnessing and developing the full potential of open-shell species in synthetic settings. In this work, the possibility of in situ formation of O/N-X intermediates from Brønsted base covalently tethered carbonyl hypohalites (BCTCs) for the generation of heteroatom-centered radicals has certainly been excluded by NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations. Instead, the spectroscopic analyses reveal that the BCTCs serve as precursors of tether-tunable distonic radical anions (TDRAs) which have been unequivocally substantiated to be involved in the direct cleavage of O/N-H bonds to generate the corresponding heteroatom-centered radicals. Meanwhile, a deep insight into the properties and reactivities of the resulting TDRAs indicates that the introduction of a tethered Brønsted base on the parent open-shell species reinforces their stabilities and leads to a reversal of electrophilicity. Moreover, the dual descriptor values and electrophilicity indices are calculated based on eleven reported radical reactions involving various electrophilic/nucleophilic radical species, further confirming their validity in the prediction of the polar effect and the polarity-matching consistency between nucleophilic TDRAs and protic O/N-H bonds. The additional halogen-free experiments mediated by the combination of phthaloyl peroxide and TEMPO also prove the feasibility of the TDRA-assisted philicity-regulation approach. Lastly, detailed intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) and Hirschfeld spin population analyses are employed to elucidate that the H-atom abstraction processes are the polarity-matching proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathways, with a degree of oxidative asynchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Xihui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Zhiyou Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lijuan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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10
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Solé-Daura A, Maseras F. Straightforward computational determination of energy-transfer kinetics through the application of the Marcus theory. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03352c. [PMID: 39149213 PMCID: PMC11322899 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis holds the potential to revolutionize synthetic chemistry, unlocking the excited-state reactivity of non-chromophoric compounds via indirect sensitization. This strategy gives access to synthetic routes to valuable molecular scaffolds that are otherwise inaccessible through ground-state pathways. Despite the promising nature of this chemistry, it still represents a largely uncharted area for computational chemistry, hindering the development of structure-activity relationships and design rules to rationally exploit the potential of EnT photocatalysis. Here, we examined the application of the classical Marcus theory in combination with DFT calculations as a convenient strategy to estimate the kinetics of EnT processes, focusing on the indirect sensitization of alkenes recently reported by Gilmour, Kerzig and co-workers for subsequent isomerization [Zähringer et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 21576]. Our results demonstrate a remarkable capability of this approach to estimate free-energy barriers for EnT processes with high accuracy, yielding precise qualitative assessments and quantitative predictions with typical discrepancies of less than 2 kcal mol-1 compared to experimental values and a small mean average error (MAE) of 1.2 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Solé-Daura
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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11
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Zhang QB, Li F, Pan B, Yu L, Yue XG. Visible-Light-Mediated [2+2] Photocycloadditions of Alkynes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401501. [PMID: 38806409 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction can be considered an ideal solution due to its green and sustainable properties, and is one of the most efficient methods to synthesize four-membered ring motifs. Although research on the [2+2] photocycloaddition of alkynes is challenging because of the diminished reactivity of alkynes, and the more significant ring strain of the products, remarkable achievements have been made in this field. In this article, we highlight the recent advances in visible-light-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of alkynes, with focus on the reaction mechanism and the late-stage synthetic applications. Advances in obtaining cyclobutenes, azetines, and oxetene active intermediates continue to be breakthroughs in this fascinating field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bao Zhang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Pan
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Guo Yue
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lee Y, Jhun BH, Woo S, Kim S, Bae J, You Y, Cho EJ. Charge-recombinative triplet sensitization of alkenes for DeMayo-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12058-12066. [PMID: 39092097 PMCID: PMC11290448 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry has undergone significant development, largely owing to the development of visible-light-absorbing photocatalysts (PCs). PCs have significantly improved the efficiency and precision of cycloaddition reactions, primarily through energy or electron transfer pathways. Recent research has identified photocatalysis that does not follow energy- or electron-transfer formalisms, indicating the existence of other, undiscovered photoactivation pathways. This study unveils an alternative route: a charge-neutral photocatalytic process called charge-recombinative triplet sensitization (CRTS), a mechanism with limited precedents in synthetic chemistry. Our investigations revealed CRTS occurrence in DeMayo-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by indole-fused organoPCs. Our mechanistic investigations, including steady-state and transient spectroscopic analyses, electrochemical investigations, and quantum chemical calculations, suggest a mechanism involving substrate activation through photoinduced electron transfer, followed by charge recombination, leading to substrate triplet state formation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the underlying photocatalytic reaction mechanisms and pave the way for the systematic design and realization of innovative photochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyun Woo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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13
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Sun Z, Zhang J, Du X, Liu L, Gao S, Qi C, Li X, Xu X. Photoinduced EnT-mediated sulfonamidylimination of alkenes and (hetero)arenes with iminophenylacetic acid oxime esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7934-7937. [PMID: 38984732 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A photoinduced EnT-mediated generation of sulfonamidyl radicals has been accomplished using rationally designed iminophenylacetic acid oxime ester reagents under metal-free conditions. This approach offers a mild, regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of N-sulfonyl diamines via diamination of alkenes and (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jianting Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohua Du
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lulu Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Chenchen Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangsheng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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14
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Gao C, Liu YZ, Wang YN, Zhang ZQ, Zhan ZP. Regioselective Synthesis of α-Quaternary Amino Acid Derivatives Enabled by Photoinduced Energy Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10393-10402. [PMID: 38953569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
α-Quaternary amino acids have found application in many biologically relevant compounds and pharmaceuticals. Although there are many methods for the synthesis of α-quaternary amino acids, most of them are mainly realized with the aid of transition metals and complex ligands. We present herein a 2,7-Br-4CzIPN catalyzed regioselective alkylation of azlactones with redox-active esters via radical-radical couplings. Strikingly, this approach is devoid of any metal or additive and shows broad scope and superior sensitive functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhi Liu
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Zhang
- Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang-Ping Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P. R. China
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
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15
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Guo J, Qian J, Cai D, Huang J, Yang X, Sun N, Zhang J, Pang T, Zhao W, Wu G, Chen X, Zhong F, Wu Y. Chemogenetic Evolution of Diversified Photoenzymes for Enantioselective [2 + 2] Cycloadditions in Whole Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19030-19041. [PMID: 38976645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Artificial photoenzymes with novel catalytic modes not found in nature are in high demand; yet, they also present significant challenges in the field of biocatalysis. In this study, a chemogenetic modification strategy is developed to facilitate the rapid diversification of photoenzymes. This strategy integrates site-specific chemical conjugation of various artificial photosensitizers into natural protein cavities and the iterative mutagenesis in cell lysates. Through rounds of directed evolution, prominent visible-light-activatable photoenzyme variants were developed, featuring a thioxanthone chromophore. They successfully enabled the enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 2-carboxamide indoles, a class of UV-sensitive substrates that are traditionally challenging for known photoenzymes. Furthermore, the versatility of this photoenzyme is demonstrated in enantioselective whole-cell photobiocatalysis, enabling the efficient synthesis of enantioenriched cyclobutane-fused indoline tetracycles. These findings significantly expand the photophysical properties of artificial photoenzymes, a critical factor in enhancing their potential for harnessing excited-state reactivity in stereoselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junyi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Daihong Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianjian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Longgang Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Wenzhou 325802, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junshuai Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tengfei Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weining Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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16
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Oh S, Stache EE. Recent advances in oxidative degradation of plastics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7309-7327. [PMID: 38884337 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation is a powerful method to degrade plastics into oligomers and small oxidized products. While thermal energy has been conventionally employed as an external stimulus, recent advances in photochemistry have enabled photocatalytic oxidative degradation of polymers under mild conditions. This tutorial review presents an overview of oxidative degradation, from its earliest examples to emerging strategies. This review briefly discusses the motivation and the development of thermal oxidative degradation of polymers with a focus on underlying mechanisms. Then, we will examine modern studies primarily relevant to catalytic thermal oxidative degradation and photocatalytic oxidative degradation. Lastly, we highlight some unique studies using unconventional approaches for oxidative polymer degradation, such as electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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17
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Zheng Y, Dong QX, Wen SY, Ran H, Huang HM. Di-π-ethane Rearrangement of Cyano Groups via Energy-Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18210-18217. [PMID: 38788197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecular rearrangement occupies a pivotal position among fundamental transformations in synthetic chemistry. Radical translocation has emerged as a prevalent synthetic tool, efficiently facilitating the migration of diverse functional groups. In contrast, the development of di-π-methane rearrangement remains limited, particularly in terms of the translocation of cyano functional groups. This is primarily attributed to the energetically unfavorable three-membered-ring transition state. Herein, we introduce an unprecedented di-π-ethane rearrangement enabled by energy-transfer catalysis under visible light conditions. This innovative open-shell rearrangement boasts broad tolerance toward a range of functional groups, encompassing even complex drug and natural product derivatives. Overall, the reported di-π-ethane rearrangement represents a complementary strategy to the development of radical translocation enabled by energy-transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qi-Xin Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shu-Ya Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Ran
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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18
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Li HY, Niu X, Zhang SS, Shen S, Meng QY, Yang XL. Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Photocyclization of N-Phenyl-1-naphthamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:5364-5369. [PMID: 38874571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Here, we explore a dehydrogenative 6π photocyclization method for N-substituted naphthalene carboxamides, which can be conducted in air. This method employs DMSO as both the reaction solvent and oxidant while also stabilizing the excited state of the substrate. Furthermore, the addition of photosensitizer enables the reaction to proceed under a 440-445 nm LED source via energy transfer. The proposed mechanism is initially validated through DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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19
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Liu T, Li T, Tea ZY, Wang C, Shen T, Lei Z, Chen X, Zhang W, Wu J. Modular assembly of arenes, ethylene and heteroarenes for the synthesis of 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethanes. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01560-7. [PMID: 38937591 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethane motif stands as a privileged scaffold with promising implications in drug discovery. Conventional de novo syntheses of these molecules have relied heavily on pre-functionalized synthons, entailing harsh conditions and multi-step processes. Here, to address these limitations, we present a modular approach for the direct synthesis of 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethanes using feedstock chemicals, including ethylene, arenes and heteroarenes. We disclosed a photo triplet-energy-transfer-initiated radical cascade process, leveraging homolytic cleavage of C-S bonds in aryl sulfonium salts as the key step to access aryl radicals with excellent regioselectivity. This method allows for rapid structural diversification of bioactive molecules, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance and streamlining the synthesis of bioactive compounds and their derivatives. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to propylene, non-gaseous terminal alkenes and various other electrophilic radical precursors, including heteroaryl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, trifluoromethyl radicals and α-carbonyl alkyl radicals. This study highlights the significance of radical polarity matching in designing selective multi-component couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Talin Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Yuan Tea
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianruo Shen
- Science, Mathematics and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhexuan Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Li M, Huang XL, Zhang ZY, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang H, Shen WJ, Cheng YZ, You SL. Gd(III)-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective [4 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16982-16989. [PMID: 38870424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions have evolved into an efficient strategy for accessing chiral polycyclic and spirocyclic scaffolds from readily available planar aromatics. Despite the significant developments, the CADA reaction of naphthalenes remains underdeveloped. Herein, we report a Gd(III)-catalyzed asymmetric dearomatization reaction of naphthalene with a chiral PyBox ligand via visible-light-enabled [4 + 2] cycloaddition. This reaction features application of a chiral Gd/PyBox complex, which regulates the reactivity and selectivity simultaneously, in excited-state catalysis. A wide range of functional groups is compatible with this protocol, giving the highly enantioenriched bridged polycycles in excellent yields (up to 96%) and selectivity (up to >20:1 chemoselectivity, >20:1 dr, >99% ee). The synthetic utility is demonstrated by a 2 mmol scale reaction, removal of directing group, and diversifications of products. Preliminary mechanistic experiments are performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuo-Yu Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Wu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jie Shen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Hanania N, Eghbarieh N, Masarwa A. PolyBorylated Alkenes as Energy-Transfer Reactive Groups: Access to Multi-Borylated Cyclobutanes Combined with Hydrogen Atom Transfer Event. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405898. [PMID: 38603554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
While polyborylated alkenes are being recognized for their elevated status as highly valuable reagents in modern organic synthesis, allowing efficient access to a diverse array of transformations, including the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, their potential as energy-transfer reactive groups has remained unexplored. Yet, this potential holds the key to generating elusive polyborylated biradical species, which can be captured by olefins, thereby leading to the construction of new highly-borylated scaffolds. Herein, we report a designed energy-transfer strategy for photosensitized [2+2]-cycloadditions of poly-borylated alkenes with various olefins enabling the regioselective synthesis of diverse poly-borylated cyclobutane motifs, including the 1,1-di-, 1,1,2-tri-, and 1,1,2,2-tetra-borylated cyclobutanes. In fact, these compounds belong to a family that presently lacks efficient synthetic pathways. Interestingly, when α-methylstyrene was used, the reaction involves an interesting 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Mechanistic deuterium-labeling studies have provided insight into the outcome of 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process. In addition, the polyborylated cyclobutanes are then demonstrated to be useful in selective oxidation processes resulting in the formation of cyclobutanones and γ-lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hanania
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nadim Eghbarieh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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22
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Rocker J, Zähringer TJB, Schmitz M, Opatz T, Kerzig C. Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1236-1245. [PMID: 38887585 PMCID: PMC11181280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts frequently possess dual singlet and triplet photoreactivity and a thorough photochemical characterization is essential for efficient light-driven applications. In this article, the mode of action of a polyazahelicene catalyst (Aza-H) was investigated using laser flash photolysis (LFP). The study revealed that the chromophore can function as a singlet-state photoredox catalyst in the sulfonylation/arylation of styrenes and as a triplet sensitizer in energy transfer catalysis. The singlet lifetime is sufficiently long to exploit the exceptional excited state reduction potential for the activation of 4-cyanopyridine. Photoinduced electron transfer generating the radical cation was directly observed confirming the previously proposed mechanism of a three-component reaction. Several steps of the photoredox cycle were investigated separately, providing deep insights into the complex mechanism. The triplet-excited Aza-H, which was studied with quantitative LFP, is formed with a quantum yield of 0.34. The pronounced triplet formation was exploited for the isomerization reaction of (E)-stilbene to the Z-isomer and the cyclization of cinnamyl chloride. Catalyst degradation mainly occurs through the long-lived Aza-H triplet (28 µs), but the photostability is greatly increased when the triplet efficiently reacts in a catalytic cycle such that turnover numbers exceeding 4400 are achievable with this organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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24
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Schlosser L, Rana D, Pflüger P, Katzenburg F, Glorius F. EnTdecker - A Machine Learning-Based Platform for Guiding Substrate Discovery in Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13266-13275. [PMID: 38695558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Due to the magnitude of chemical space, the discovery of novel substrates in energy transfer (EnT) catalysis remains a daunting task. Experimental and computational strategies to identify compounds that successfully undergo EnT-mediated reactions are limited by their time and cost efficiency. To accelerate the discovery process in EnT catalysis, we herein present the EnTdecker platform, which facilitates the large-scale virtual screening of potential substrates using machine-learning (ML) based predictions of their excited state properties. To achieve this, a data set is created containing more than 34,000 molecules aiming to cover a vast fraction of synthetically relevant compound space for EnT catalysis. Using this data predictive models are trained, and their aptitude for an in-lab application is demonstrated by rediscovering successful substrates from literature as well as experimental validation through luminescence-based screening. By reducing the computational effort needed to obtain excited state properties, the EnTdecker platform represents a tool to efficiently guide substrate selection and increase the experimental success rate for EnT catalysis. Moreover, through an easy-to-use web application, EnTdecker is made publicly accessible under entdecker.uni-muenster.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Schlosser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Pflüger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Katzenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Porey A, Fremin SO, Nand S, Trevino R, Hughes WB, Dhakal SK, Nguyen VD, Greco SG, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Multimodal Acridine Photocatalysis Enables Direct Access to Thiols from Carboxylic Acids and Elemental Sulfur. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6973-6980. [PMID: 38737399 PMCID: PMC11081195 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Development of photocatalytic systems that facilitate mechanistically divergent steps in complex catalytic manifolds by distinct activation modes can enable previously inaccessible synthetic transformations. However, multimodal photocatalytic systems remain understudied, impeding their implementation in catalytic methodology. We report herein a photocatalytic access to thiols that directly merges the structural diversity of carboxylic acids with the ready availability of elemental sulfur without substrate preactivation. The photocatalytic transformation provides a direct radical-mediated segue to one of the most biologically important and synthetically versatile organosulfur functionalities, whose synthetic accessibility remains largely dominated by two-electron-mediated processes based on toxic and uneconomical reagents and precursors. The two-phase radical process is facilitated by a multimodal catalytic reactivity of acridine photocatalysis that enables both the singlet excited state PCET-mediated decarboxylative carbon-sulfur bond formation and the previously unknown radical reductive disulfur bond cleavage by a photoinduced HAT process in the silane-triplet acridine system. The study points to a significant potential of multimodal photocatalytic systems in providing unexplored directions to previously inaccessible transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Porey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Seth O Fremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Sachchida Nand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - William B Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Shree Krishna Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Viet D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Samuel G Greco
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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26
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Tan HB, Liu YS, Zhou JY, Cao M, Lei T, Ren SY, Lin CQ, Yang YF, Hu ZL, Xu ZG, Tang DY, Chen ZZ, Qu XY. Tandem Vinylogous Aldol and Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition toward Benzocyclobutenes by UV Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:3304-3309. [PMID: 38587334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A facile and efficient radical tandem vinylogous aldol and intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction for direct synthesis of cyclobutane-containing benzocyclobutenes (BCBs) under extremely mild conditions without using any photocatalysts is reported. This approach exhibited definite compatibility with functional groups and afforded new BCBs with excellent regioselectivity and high yields. Moreover, detailed mechanism studies were carried out both experimentally and theoretically. The readily accessible, low-cost, and ecofriendly nature of the developed strategy will endow it with attractive applications in organic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Tan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Ying-Shan Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Man Cao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Tong Lei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Si-Ying Ren
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Lin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhang-Liang Hu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xian-You Qu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
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27
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Laskar R, Dutta S, Spies JC, Mukherjee P, Rentería-Gómez Á, Thielemann RE, Daniliuc CG, Gutierrez O, Glorius F. γ-Amino Alcohols via Energy Transfer Enabled Brook Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10899-10907. [PMID: 38569596 PMCID: PMC11027157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In the long-standing quest to synthesize fundamental building blocks with key functional group motifs, photochemistry in the recent past has comprehensively established its attractiveness. Amino alcohols are not only functionally diverse but are ubiquitous in the biologically active realm of compounds. We developed bench-stable bifunctional reagents that could then access the sparsely reported γ-amino alcohols directly from feedstock alkenes through energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis. A designed 1,3-linkage across alkenes is made possible by the intervention of a radical Brook rearrangement that takes place downstream to the EnT-mediated homolysis of our reagent(s). A combination of experimental mechanistic investigations and detailed computational studies (DFT) indicates a radical chain propagated reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Laskar
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan C. Spies
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Poulami Mukherjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Thielemann
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Hoving M, Haaksma JJ, Stoppel A, Chronc L, Hoffmann J, Beil SB. Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism in Copper Photocatalytic N- and O-Methylation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400560. [PMID: 38363220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Methylation reactions are chemically simple but challenging to perform under mild and non-toxic conditions. A photochemical energy transfer strategy was merged with copper catalysis to enable fast reaction times of minutes and broad applicability to N-heterocycles, (hetero-)aromatic carboxylic acids, and drug-like molecules in high yields and good functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic investigations, using kinetic analysis, aprotic MS, UV/Vis, and luminescence quenching experiments revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism between hypervalent iodine(III) reagents and readily available photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hoving
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob-Jan Haaksma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Stoppel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Chronc
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Posz JM, Sharma N, Royalty PA, Liu Y, Salome C, Fessard TC, Brown MK. Synthesis of Borylated Carbocycles by [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions and Photo-Ene Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10142-10149. [PMID: 38536870 PMCID: PMC11041674 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Saturated bicyclic compounds make up a valuable class of building blocks in the development of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Here, we present the synthesis of borylated bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via crossed [2 + 2]-cycloaddition. Due to the presence of the C-B bond, a variety of structures can be easily prepared that are not accessible by other methods. Moreover, a rare photo-ene reaction is also disclosed, allowing for the diastereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted borylated cyclopentanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarett M Posz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Neetu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Paige A Royalty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christophe Salome
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Fessard
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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30
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Zhu M, Gao YJ, Huang XL, Li M, Zheng C, You SL. Photo-induced intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of arenes for the construction of highly strained medium-sized-rings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2462. [PMID: 38503749 PMCID: PMC10951311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Medium-sized-ring compounds have been recognized as challenging synthetic targets in organic chemistry. Especially, the difficulty of synthesis will be augmented if an E-olefin moiety is embedded. Recently, photo-induced dearomative cycloaddition reactions that proceed via energy transfer mechanism have witnessed significant developments and provided powerful methods for the organic transformations that are not easily realized under thermal conditions. Herein, we report an intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of naphthalene-derived vinylcyclopropanes under visible-light irradiation and a proper triplet photosensitizer. The reaction affords dearomatized polycyclic molecules possessing a nine-membered-ring with an E-olefin moiety in good yields (up to 86%) and stereoselectivity (up to 8.8/1 E/Z). Detailed computational studies reveal the origin behind the favorable formation of the thermodynamically less stable isomers. Diverse derivations of the dearomatized products have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Zhou H, Wu C, Han Y, Huang B, Wang C, Mei S, Yang J. Photocatalyzed Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Diarylphosphine Oxides with Alcohols and Phenols. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38501966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of diarylphosphine oxides with alcohols and phenols has been developed. Using organic dye Rose Bengal as the photocatalyst and air as the oxidant, the reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature. Both alcohols and phenols were feasible, affording various organophosphinates in high yields. The absence of a halogenating reagent, the absence of a transition-metal catalyst, a green oxidant, and mild conditions make this strategy environmentally benign and sustainable. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction is enabled by the cooperation of photoredox catalysis and photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chengqi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yating Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Cunhui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shouying Mei
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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32
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Zhao Y, Voloshkin VA, Martynova EA, Maity B, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. Synthesis of cyclohepta[ b]indoles via gold mediated energy transfer photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3174-3177. [PMID: 38411538 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis involving energy transfer (EnT) has become a valuable technique for building intricate organic frameworks mostly through [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions. Herein, we report a synthetic method leading to functionalized cyclohepta[b]indoles, an important structural motif in natural products and pharmaceuticals, using gold-mediated energy transfer photocatalysis. The scope of this operationally simple and atom-economical strategy is presented. Density functional theory studies were employed in order to gain insights into the mechanism of formation of the cyclohepta[b]indole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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33
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Dutta S, Lu YL, Erchinger JE, Shao H, Studer E, Schäfer F, Wang H, Rana D, Daniliuc CG, Houk KN, Glorius F. Double Strain-Release [2π+2σ]-Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5232-5241. [PMID: 38350439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of potent pharmaceutical candidates and to further improve their chemical traits, small ring systems can serve as a potential starting point. Small ring units have the additional merit of loaded strain at their core, making them suitable reactants as they can capitalize on this intrinsic driving force. With the introduction of cyclobutenone as a strained precursor to ketene, the photocycloaddition with another strained unit, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB), enables the reactivity of both π-units in the transient ketene. This double strain-release driven [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition promotes the synthesis of diverse heterobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane units, a pharmaceutically relevant bioisostere. The effective reactivity under catalyst-free conditions with a high functional group tolerance defines its synthetic utility. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition takes place via a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Emanuel Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dutta S, Lee D, Ozols K, Daniliuc CG, Shintani R, Glorius F. Photoredox-Enabled Dearomative [2π + 2σ] Cycloaddition of Phenols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2789-2797. [PMID: 38236061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative photocycloaddition of monocyclic arenes is an appealing strategy for comprehending the concept of "escape from flatland". This brings the replacement of readily available planar aromatic hydrocarbon units with a 3D fused bicyclic core with sp3-enriched carbon units. Herein, we outline an intermolecular approach for the dearomative photocycloaddition of phenols. In order to circumvent the ground-state aromaticity and to construct conformationally restrained building blocks, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes were chosen as coupling partners. This dearomative approach renders straightforward access to a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane unit fused to a cyclic enone moiety, which further contributed as a synthetic linchpin for postmodifications. Mechanistic experiment advocates for a plausible onset from both the reactants, depending on the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Donghyeon Lee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kristers Ozols
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryo Shintani
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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