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Yu X, Li H, Miao X, Kang N, Sheng Y, Xu Z, Fu Z, Xu M, Zong R, Lu S. CoFe Oxides-Coated 2D Black Phosphorus for Flame-Retardant Nanocoatings with Tunable Mechanical Strength and Efficient Elimination of Toxic Gases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2407060. [PMID: 39388516 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202407060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
2D black phosphorus (BP) degrades irreversibly into phosphate compounds under ambient conditions, which limits its application in a variety of fields. In this study, by coating amorphous ferric-cobalt oxides (CoFeO) on BP nanosheets, a multifunctional CoFeO@2D BP is successfully developed that effectively inhibited combustion and catalyzed CO oxidation to eliminate toxic gases. Strong affinity between transition-metal cations and BP allowed the uniform growth of amorphous ferric‒cobalt oxides on the BP surface, which effectively prevented the spontaneous degradation of 2D BP. By combining CoFeO@2D BP with gelatin and kosmotropic salts, the as-obtained nanocoatings are used for surface treatment of flammable polyurethane foam (PU). Kosmotropic ions induced strong hydrophobic interactions and bundling within the gelatin chains which significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of the PU. BP accelerates the carbonization of gelatin to inhibit the combustion of PU, and CoFe oxides, which act as true active centers to accelerate the oxidation of CO, effectively inhibiting the production of harmful gas. The release rate of CO decreases by 73% and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increases from 17% to ≈32% during PU combustion. The developed novel 2D material opens the way for multifunctional coatings with integrated durability, flame retardancy, and high smoke suppression efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xuyang Miao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Electric Fire and Safety Protection, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ning Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Youjie Sheng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710054, China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Mingjun Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shouxiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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2
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Liu S, Ma J, Liu H, Liu W, Zeng Y, Liu R. Low temperature carbonization and synergistic flame retardancy of cotton fabric coated by phosphorus‑nitrogen flame retardants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134873. [PMID: 39163958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
To solve the problems of flammability and smoldering of cotton fabric, its flame-retardant finishing was executed with biomass wool keratin (WK) and cyclic phosphate ester (CPE) through the soaking and baking process. The synergistic mechanism of WK low-temperature melting and CPE catalytic dehydration prompted the formation of protective carbonization layer on cotton fabric surface, and this protective layer reduced its pyrolysis rate, inhibited the production of combustible materials and improved its flame retardancy. The results of synchronous thermal analysis indicate that the initial decomposition temperature of WK and CPE is lower than that of cotton fabric, and they precede the endothermic degradation before fabric main body. This effectively promotes the low-temperature carbonization of cotton fabric and inhibits its pyrolysis. The initial decomposition temperature of WK/CPE treated fabrics advances by 47.9 °C-97.8 °C, presenting significant low-temperature carbonization trend. Moreover, they form 3.0 %-20.0 % aromatic structural char before the pyrolysis of cotton cellulose due to the low-temperature dehydration and carbonization reactions. The damage length after vertical burning is only 4.0 cm for treated fabric with five layers, its after-flame and smoldering disappear, and its limiting oxygen index value increases to 28.7 %. This research provides an effective idea for the flammability and smoldering problems of cotton fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Liu
- Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Equipment Jointly Constructed by Henan Province and Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant, Heat Insulating and Fire Resistant Functional Clothing and Materials, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Jinan Polytechnic of Engineering, Jinan, Shandong 250200, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China
| | - Rangtong Liu
- Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Equipment Jointly Constructed by Henan Province and Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant, Heat Insulating and Fire Resistant Functional Clothing and Materials, Zhengzhou, Henan 451191, China.
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He L, Chen MJ, Zeng FR, Wang T, Wei-Luo, Fang DX, Guo SQ, Deng C, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Multiple free-radical-trapping and hydrogen-bonding-enhanced polyurethane foams with long-lasting flame retardancy, aging resistance, and toughness. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4462-4471. [PMID: 38967543 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is a ubiquitous material utilized in furniture cushions, mattresses, and various technical applications. Despite the widespread use, FPUF faces challenges in maintaining long-lasting flame retardancy and aging resistance, particularly in harsh environments, while retaining mechanical robustness. Here, we present a novel approach to address these issues by enhancing FPUF through multiple free-radical-trapping and hydrogen-bonding mechanisms. A hindered amine phosphorus-containing polyol (DTAP) was designed and chemically introduced into FPUF. The distinctive synergy between hindered amine and phosphorus-containing structures enables the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds with urethane, while also effectively capturing free radicals across a broad temperature spectrum. As a result, incorporating only 5.1 wt% of DTAP led to the material successfully passing vertical burning tests and witnessing notable enhancements in tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength. Even after enduring accelerated thermal aging for 168 hours, the foam maintained exceptional flame retardancy and mechanical properties. This study offers novel insights into material enhancement, simultaneously achieving outstanding long-lasting flame retardancy, toughness, and anti-aging performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Wei-Luo
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Dan-Xuan Fang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Shuai-Qi Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cong Deng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Jiang H, Bu Y, Liu G, Zhang W, Cheng XW. Comparative study of polycarboxylic acids for sustainable crosslinking of silk fabrics: Evaluating flame retardancy and physical performances. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133129. [PMID: 38885864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
For protein fibers, polycarboxylic acids represent a green strategy to enhance durability without using formaldehyde. This study evaluated the physical and flame retardant properties of silk fabrics treated with three formaldehyde-free crosslinkers: citric acid (CA), 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA). Results showed that these acids bond with silk protein through esterification and amidation, improving washing durability. Particularly, PBTCA integrates phosphorus into silk, boosting flame retardancy. While BTCA led to the highest weight gain and improved wrinkle recovery, it negatively impacted the tensile strength and softness of silk fabrics. Conversely, PBTCA adeptly balanced enhanced wrinkle resistance with minimal effects on tensile strength and softness, and least affected the silk fabrics' whiteness, thus preserving its aesthetic appeal. All crosslinkers improved flame retardancy, but PBTCA displayed superior performance, achieving a limiting oxygen index of 32.4 % at an 80 g/L concentration. In vertical burning tests, PBTCA treated silk fabrics showed reductions in damage length and demonstrated self-extinguishing properties, qualifying them for a higher flame retardant grade. Phosphorus in PBTCA promotes char formation during combustion, essential for effective flame retardation and smoke reduction. This research highlights the exceptional potential of silk treated with PBTCA, showcasing its suitability for demanding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yanlong Bu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, Hubei, China; China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Geao Liu
- Toyowako Purification Materials (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, Hubei, China; China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Xian-Wei Cheng
- China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Zhang M, Zhao X, Bai M, Xue J, Liu R, Huang Y, Wang M, Cao J. High-Performance Engineered Composites Biofabrication Using Fungi. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309171. [PMID: 38196296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Various natural polymers offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based adhesives, enabling the creation of high-performance engineered materials. However, additional chemical modifications and complicated manufacturing procedures remain unavoidable. Here, a sustainable high-performance engineered composite that benefits from bonding strategies with multiple energy dissipation mechanisms dominated by chemical adhesion and mechanical interlocking is demonstrated via the fungal smart creative platform. Chemical adhesion is predominantly facilitated by the extracellular polymeric substrates and glycosylated proteins present in the fungal outer cell walls. The dynamic feature of non-covalent interactions represented by hydrogen bonding endows the composite with extensive unique properties including healing, recyclability, and scalable manufacturing. Mechanical interlocking involves multiple mycelial networks (elastic modulus of 2.8 GPa) binding substrates, and the fungal inner wall skeleton composed of chitin and β-glucan imparts product stability. The physicochemical properties of composite (modulus of elasticity of 1455.3 MPa, internal bond strength of 0.55 MPa, hardness of 82.8, and contact angle of 110.2°) are comparable or even superior to those of engineered lignocellulosic materials created using petroleum-based polymers or bioadhesives. High-performance composite biofabrication using fungi may inspire the creation of other sustainable engineered materials with the assistance of the extraordinary capabilities of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Public Analysis and Test Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhen Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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6
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Chen H, Ji G, Lan F, Wang Z, Chen C, Luan J, Dong C, Lu Z. B/P/N flame retardant based on diboraspiro rings groups for improving the flame retardancy, char formation properties and thermal stability of cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132330. [PMID: 38750840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Developing flame retardant cotton fabrics (CF) is crucial for minimizing the harm caused by fires to people. To improve the flame retardancy of CF, this paper has synthesized a novel flame retardant called diboraspiro tetra phosphonate ammonium salt (N-PDBDN). The structure of N-PDBDN has been analyzed using FT-IR and NMR. Treating CF with N-PDBDN can increase the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 36.2 % with a weight gain of 10.1 %. Moreover, even after undergoing 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the LOI remains at 27.1 %, indicating good flame retardancy and durability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the presence of P and N elements on N-PDBDN treated CF, suggesting successful bonding between N-PDBDN and cellulose. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results demonstrate that the addition of N-PDBDN significantly enhances the thermal stability and carbon formation ability of CF. Furthermore, cone calorimetry tests reveal reduced heat release rates (HRR), prolonged time to ignition (TTI), and 38 % lower total heat release (THR) in CF treated with N-PDBDN compared with pure cotton. Finally, a potential flame retardant mechanism involving N-PDBDN is proposed. These findings indicate that incorporating an ammonium phosphate group into CF can effectively improve the flame retardancy and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Gongze Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Fengying Lan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Luan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Zhang X, Li P, Liu Z, Wang H, Zhu P. Eco-friendly multifunctional coating for polyester-cotton blended fabrics with superior flame retardancy and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132407. [PMID: 38754665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the fire hazards of polyester-cotton blended (PTCO) fabrics and the hidden dangers of bacterial infection concerns caused by the contained cotton fiber, the design of flame retardant and antibacterial PTCO fabrics has received considerable attention. In this work, flame-retardant PTCO fabrics with satisfactory antibacterial properties were fabricated via a convenient and eco-friendly impregnation treatment involving guanidine phosphate (GP) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The prepared PTCO fabrics demonstrated excellent flame retardancy with a high limiting oxygen index value of 30.5 % and self-extinguishing capability, the damaged length was only 34 mm in the vertical flammability test. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and the total heat release of coated PTCO fabrics were reduced significantly by 49 % and 38 %, respectively, indicating a substantial enhancement in fire safety. According to the analysis of the char residues and volatiles, GP presented great catalytic carbonization property, and PEI assisted the formation of the dense and stable carbon layer. The stable carbon layer effectively restricted mass and oxygen transfer between the PTCO fabrics and the environment. In addition, the introduction of PEI also produced more nonflammable gases to enhance the flame retardancy of the PTCO fabrics. Importantly, the GP/PEI coating barely deteriorate the physical and mechanical properties of the PTCO fabrics. The antibacterial rate of the GP/PEI-coated PTCO fabrics against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 99.99 %, similar to that of GP-coated fabrics, indicating the efficacy antibacterial properties of GP, and the addition of PEI did not compromise the antibacterial properties of GP. This work offers an efficient and simple approach to producing multifunctional PTCO fabrics with excellent flame retardancy and antibacterial properties, which are hopeful to expand the promising application of PTCO fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant Textile Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant Textile Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhanna Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant Textile Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaifang Wang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant Textile Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China..
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame Retardant Textile Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China..
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Zeng F, He L, Ma J, Fang D, Zeng Z, Bai T, Ding R, Liu B, Zhao H, Wang Y. Microcage flame retardants with complete recyclability and durability via reversible interfacial locking engineering. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1867-1876. [PMID: 38454889 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants are effective in protecting materials from fire but pose environmental challenges due to limited recyclability. Urgently needed for circular material economy are new flame retardants that are chemically recyclable and durable. Here, we report a new facile and scalable strategy for engineering reversible microcages with infinite chemical recyclability to starting monomers, exceptional durability, and versatile flame retardancy. This is achieved through a highly synergistic hierarchical assembly of easily obtainable phosphoric acid and Cu2+ monomers. By leveraging dynamic reversible assembly networks, microcages can be circularly and infinitely dissociated into starting monomers via eco-friendly pH adjustment. Remarkable recovery rates of 92% for phosphoric acid and 96.2% for Cu2+ monomers are achieved, while the separated virgin matrix undergoes conventional chemical recycling, facilitating reformulation and seamless reintroduction into new supply chains as needed. Notably, when integrated with matrix-like surfaces, microcage clasp matrices tightly engage through in situ formed interfacial locking structures, showcasing outstanding flame-retardant efficiency, prolonged durability in hydrothermal aging, and extensive applicability across diverse polymeric materials such as polyurethane, epoxy resin, and polycarbonate. This study emphasizes a novel, straightforward, and scalable chemical platform, utilizing reversible interfacial locking engineering, for the development of flame retardants that are not only infinitely recyclable but also durable and broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Lei He
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Jianwen Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Danxuan Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Tongyu Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Rong Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Bowen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Haibo Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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9
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Zhang L, Zhang AN, He SM, Zheng GQ, Zeng FR, Wang YZ, Liu BW, Zhao HB. Biomimetic Nanoporous Transparent Universal Fire-Resistant Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19519-19528. [PMID: 38580622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The inherent flammability of most polymeric materials poses a significant fire hazard, leading to substantial property damage and loss of life. A universal flame-retardant protective coating is considered as a promising strategy to mitigate such risks; however, simultaneously achieving high transparency of the coatings remains a great challenge. Here, inspired by the moth eye effect, we designed a nanoporous structure into a protective coating that leverages a hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactive assembly facilitated by phosphoric acid protonated amino siloxane. The coating demonstrates robust adhesion to a diverse range of substrates, including but not limited to fabrics, foams, paper, and wood. As expected, its moth-eye-inspired nanoporous structure conferred a high visible light transparency of >97% and water vapor transmittance of 96%. The synergistic effect among phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and silicon (Si) largely enhanced the char-forming ability and restricted the decomposition of the coated substrates, which successfully endowed the coating with high fire-fighting performance. More importantly, for both flexible and rigid substrates, the coated samples all possessed great mechanical properties. This work provides a new insight for the design of protective coatings, particularly focusing on achieving high transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ai-Ning Zhang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuang-Mei He
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guan-Qi Zheng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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10
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Li M, Li X, Xu K, Qin A, Yan C, Xu Y, Shan D, Wang J, Xu M, Li X, Li B, Liu L. Construction and mechanism analysis of flame-retardant, energy-storage and transparent bio-based composites based on natural cellulose template. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130317. [PMID: 38387629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
With the proposal of sustainable development strategy, bio-based energy storage transparent wood (TW) has shown broad application value in green buildings, cold chain transportation, and optoelectronic device fields. However, its application in most fields is limited due to its own flammability. In this study, epoxy resin, triethyl phosphate (TEP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were introduced into delignified balsa wood template by vacuum pressure impregnation, and bio-based TW/PEG/TEP integrating flame retardant, high strength and phase-change energy-storage performance was prepared. TW/PEG composites have no leakage during phase change process and their transparency is up to 95 %. Compared with TW/PEG, the shielding effect of char layer and the inhibition effect in condensed and gas phase significantly decrease the total heat release of TW/PEG/TEP. TW/PEG/TEP biocomposites still maintained a high enthalpy of phase change and a low peak melting temperature, which was conducive to its application around the area of low temperature phase change energy storage. In addition, the tensile strength of TW/PEG/TEP was nearly 4 times higher than that of DW, and its toughness was obviously enhanced. TW/PEG/TEP biocomposites conformed to the current concept of energy-saving and green development. It has the potential to replace traditional petrochemical-based materials and shows excellent application prospects in emerging fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mixue Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xu Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ao Qin
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chentao Yan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Depeng Shan
- State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Company Limited, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Company Limited, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lubin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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11
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Wang YQ, Cao M, Liu BW, Zeng FR, Fu Q, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Controllable proton-reservoir ordered gel towards reversible switching and reliable electromagnetic interference shielding. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:978-987. [PMID: 38112580 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01795h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Smart and dynamic electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials possess a remarkable capacity to modify their EMI shielding abilities, rendering them invaluable in various civil and military applications. However, the present response mechanism of switch-type EMI shielding materials is slightly restricted, as it primarily depends on continuous pressure induction, thereby resulting in concerns regarding their durability and reliability. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate a novel method for achieving solvent-responsive, reversible switching, and robust EMI shielding capabilities using a controlled proton-reservoir ordered gel. The gel contains polyaniline (PANI) and sodium alginate (SA). Initially, SA acts as a proton reservoir for PANI in an aqueous system, enhancing the doping level of PANI and improving its electrical conductivity. Additionally, PANI and SA chains respond to diverse polar solvents, such as water, acetonitrile, ethanol, n-hexane, and air, inducing distinct conformations that affect the degree of PANI conjugation and electron migration along the chains. This process is reversible and non-destructive to the polymer chain, ensuring the effective and uncompromised performance of the EMI shielding switch. We can achieve precise and reversible tuning (on/off) of EMI shielding with different effectiveness levels by manipulating the solvents within the framework. This work opens a new solvent-stimuli avenue for the development of EMI shielding materials with reliable and intelligent on/off switching capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Min Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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12
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Huang TT, Ning K, Zhao B. Two birds, one stone: Enhancement of flame retardancy and antibacterial property of viscose fabric using an aminoazole-based cyclotriphosphazene. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126875. [PMID: 37703968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the fire-retardant and antibacterial properties of viscose fabric through a simple strategy is crucial and urgent. In this study, an aminoazole-based cyclotriphosphazene (HATA) was designed and synthesized through nucleophilic substitution between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. The application of a rapid dipping strategy and the use of 10 wt% HATA aqueous solution significantly increased the limiting oxygen index of the viscose fabric from 19.3 % to 28.4 %. In addition, the HATA-treated fabric exhibited self-extinguishing properties in vertical flame testing. The peak heat release rate of HATA-treated fabric, according to pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, significantly decreased by over 83 %. The scanning electron microscope images revealed the original woven fabric structure after burning. The thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed that the introduction HATA in viscose hindered the release of combustible gas and facilitated the formation of a protective char layer. In addition, 10 % HATA-viscose exhibited remarkable antimicrobial properties, achieving 99.96 % and 99.84 % antibacterial rates against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Furthermore, HATA-treated viscose fabric exhibited favorable mechanical performance, whiteness, and air permeability. This research provides a simple and effective flame-retardant and antibacterial treatment strategy for viscose fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Huang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kai Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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13
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Liu C, Tao J, Wu T, Zhao HB, Yu C, Rao W. Construction of hierarchical SiO 2 microcapsule towards flame retardation, low toxicity and mechanical enhancement of epoxy resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140184. [PMID: 37716559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for improving the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of epoxy resins (EPs) has been proposed by incorporating functionalized hollow mesoporous silica microcapsules (SHP) loaded with phosphorous silane flame retardants (SCA) and coated with polydopamine (PDA) and transition metals. The proposed approach involves a multi-level structure that combines several mechanisms to enhance the flame-retardant properties of EP. The physical barrier provided by silica serves to impede heat and mass transfer during combustion, while the catalytic carbonization effect of phosphorus and transition metals promotes the formation of a protective char layer, which acts as a barrier to further flame propagation. Incorporating a low loading amount of 3 wt% SHP into the epoxy matrix resulted in EP/SHP-3 composites with significantly improved flame retardancy, as evidenced by a limiting oxygen index of 31.5% and a V-1 rating, in contrast to the values obtained for unmodified EP, which were 23.8% and no rating, respectively. In addition, cone calorimeter test (CCT) results indicated that the total heat release, peak heat release rate and total smoke production of EP/SHP-3 decreased by 18.2%, 25.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Moreover, the improved interfacial compatibility facilitated by polydopamine assists in the dispersion and compatibility of the SHP with the epoxy matrix, leading to better mechanical properties. Herein, the addition of 1 wt% SHP to EP significantly improved its mechanical performance, with a 16.7% increase in tensile strength and a 19.2% increase in impact strength. The design of the multi-level structural approach has the potential to provide new ideas for the simultaneous improvement of fire safety as well as mechanical properties of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jie Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Wenhui Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
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