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Drug-DNA intercalation: from discovery to the molecular mechanism. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2013; 92:1-62. [PMID: 23954098 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411636-8.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of small molecules to perturb the natural structure and dynamics of nucleic acids is intriguing and has potential applications in cancer therapeutics. Intercalation is a special binding mode where the planar aromatic moiety of a small molecule is inserted between a pair of base pairs, causing structural changes in the DNA and leading to its functional arrest. Enormous progress has been made to understand the nature of the intercalation process since its idealistic conception five decades ago. However, the biological functions were detected even earlier. In this review, we focus mainly on the acridine and anthracycline types of drugs and provide a brief overview of the development in the field through various experimental methods that led to our present understanding of the subject. Subsequently, we discuss the molecular mechanism of the intercalation process, free-energy landscapes, and kinetics that was revealed recently through detailed and rigorous computational studies.
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Riahi S, Reza Ganjali M, Dinarvand R, Karamdoust S, Bagherzadeh K, Norouzi P. A theoretical study on interactions between mitoxantrone as an anticancer drug and DNA: application in drug design. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 71:474-482. [PMID: 18384527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This research is an effort to further understand the physicochemical interaction between the novel drug, mitoxantrone (MTX) and its biologic receptor, DNA. The ultimate goal is to design drugs that interact more with DNA. Understanding the physicochemical properties of the drug as well as the mechanism by which it interacts with DNA, it should ultimately allow the rational design of novel anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs. Molecular modelling on the complex formed between MTX and DNA presented that this complex was indeed fully capable of participating in the formation of a stable intercalation site. Furthermore, the molecular geometries of MTX and the DNA bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) were optimized with the aid of the B3LYP/6-31G* method. The properties of the isolated intercalator and its stacking interactions with the adenine...thymine (AT) and guanine...cytosine (GC) nucleic acid base pairs were studied with the DFTB method (density functional tight-binding), an approximate version of the DFT method, that was extended to cover the London dispersion energy. The B3LYP/6-31G* stabilization energies of the intercalator...base pair complexes were found 10.06 kcal/mol and 21.64 kcal/mol for AT...MTX and GC...MTX, respectively. It was concluded that the dispersion energy and the electrostatic interaction contributed to the stability of the intercalator.DNA base pair complexes. The results concluded from the comparison of the DFTB method and the Hartree-fock method point out that these methods show close results and support each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Riahi
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Sanaz Karamdoust
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bagherzadeh
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, IranMedical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
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Tuttle T, Kraka E, Cremer D. Docking, triggering, and biological activity of dynemicin A in DNA: a computational study. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:9469-84. [PMID: 15984874 DOI: 10.1021/ja046251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The triggering and biological activity of the naturally occurring enediyne dynemicin A (1) was investigated, both inside and outside the minor groove of the duplex 10-mer B-DNA sequence d(CTACTACTGG).d(CCAGTAGTAG), using density functional theory (B3LYP with the 3-21G and 6-31G(d) basis set), BD(T)/cc-pVDZ (Brueckner doubles with a perturbative treatment of triple excitations), and the ONIOM approach. Enediyne 1 is triggered by NADPH in a strongly exothermic reaction (-88 kcal/mol), which involves a number of intermediate steps. Untriggered 1 has a high barrier for the Bergman cyclization (52 kcal/mol) that is lowered after triggering to 16.7 kcal/mol due to an epoxide opening and the accompanying strain relief. The Bergman reaction of triggered 1 is slightly exothermic by 2.8 kcal/mol. The singlet biradical formed in this reaction is kinetically stable (activation enthalpies of 19.5 and 21.8 kcal/mol for retro-Bergman reactions) and is as reactive as para-benzyne. The activity-relevant docking mode is an edge-on insertion into the minor groove, whereas the intercalation between base pairs, although leading to larger binding energies, excludes a triggering of 1 and the development of its biological activity. Therefore, an insertion-intercalation model is developed, which can explain all known experimental observations made for 1. On the basis of the insertion-intercalation model it is explained why large intercalation energies suppress the biological activity of dynemicin and why double-strand scission can be achieved only in a two-step mechanism that involves two enediyne molecules, explaining thus the high ratio of single-strand to double-strand scission observed for 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tell Tuttle
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, California 95211-0110, USA
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Bondarev DA, Skawinski WJ, Venanzi CA. Nature of Intercalator Amiloride−Nucelobase Stacking. An Empirical Potential and ab Initio Electron Correlation Study. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9926140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Bondarev
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 King Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - William J. Skawinski
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 King Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Carol A. Venanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 King Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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