1
|
Riboni N, Amorini M, Bianchi F, Pedrini A, Pinalli R, Dalcanale E, Careri M. Ultra-sensitive solid-phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in snow samples using a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135144. [PMID: 35660393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A very sensitive and selective solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on the use of a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand as innovative coating was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow samples at ultra-trace levels. The presence of a 8.3 Å deep hydrophobic cavity allowed the engulfment of all the 16 PAHs, providing enhanced selectivity also in presence of interfering aromatic pollutants at high concentration levels. Validation proved the reliability of the method for the determination of the investigated compounds achieving detection limits in the 0.03-0.30 ng/L range, good precision, with relative standard deviations <18% and recovery rates in the 90.8(±2.1)%-109.6(±1.0)%. The detection of low-molecular weight PAHs in snow samples from Antarctica and Alps confirms the widespread occurrence of these compounds, thus assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities onto the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Riboni
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Amorini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - A Pedrini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - R Pinalli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Dalcanale
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rozzi A, Pedrini A, Pinalli R, Cozzani E, Elmi I, Zampolli S, Dalcanale E. Cavitand Decorated Silica as a Selective Preconcentrator for BTEX Sensing in Air. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132204. [PMID: 35808040 PMCID: PMC9268237 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of benzene and other carcinogenic aromatic volatile compounds at the ppb level requires boosting both the selectivity and sensitivity of the corresponding sensors. A workable solution is the introduction in the devices of preconcentrator units containing molecular receptors. In particular, quinoxaline cavitands (QxCav) resulted in very efficient preconcentrator materials for the BTEX in air to the point that they have been successfully implemented in a commercial sensor. In this work, we report a highly efficient quinoxaline-based preconcentrator material, in which the intrinsic adsorption capacity of the QxCav has been maximized. The new material consists of silica particles covalently coated with a suitable functionalized QxCav derivative (QxCav@SiO2). In this way, all the cavities are exposed to the analyte flux, boosting the performance of the resulting preconcentration cartridge well above that of the pure QxCav. It is noteworthy that the preconcentrator adsorption capacity is independent of the relative humidity of the incoming air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Alessandro Pedrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Enrico Cozzani
- PROAMBIENTE S.c.r.l., Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Ivan Elmi
- CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (I.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefano Zampolli
- CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (I.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fujimoto H, Shimoyama D, Katayanagi K, Kawata N, Hirao T, Haino T. Negative Cooperativity in Guest Binding of a Ditopic Self-Folding Biscavitand. Org Lett 2021; 23:6217-6221. [PMID: 34232668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A brand-new self-folding biscavitand was synthesized from a feet-to-feet-connected bisresorcinarene. The X-ray crystal structure of the biscaivtand showed that the two cavities are tightly connected with four butylene linkages. The conformationally coupled two cavities accommodated two cationic guests, showing a homotropic negative cooperativity in nonpolar solvents (toluene and chloroform). A polar tetrahydrofuran solvent weakened the cyclic hydrogen bonding interactions of the biscavitand, which resulted in noncooperative guest binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Katsuo Katayanagi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naomi Kawata
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hirao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Favero
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| | - Andrea Rozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| | - Chiara Massera
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| | - Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy and INSTM Parma Research Unit, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pinalli R, Pedrini A, Dalcanale E. Environmental Gas Sensing with Cavitands. Chemistry 2017; 24:1010-1019. [PMID: 28949043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Environmental gas sensing needs stringent sensor requirements in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and ruggedness. One of the major issues to be addressed is combining in a single device the conflicting requirements of molecular-level selectivity and low-ppb sensitivity. The exploitation of synthetic molecular receptors as sensing materials is particularly attractive to address the selectivity issue, to single out the desired analytes in the presence of overwhelming amounts of interferents. This minireview summarizes the strategies in environmental gas and vapor sensing using molecular receptors as selective hosts for specific analytes, with the main focus on cavitands. In particular, we highlight the use of these macrocycles as selective preconcentrator units to be integrated into portable devices for environmental monitoring. Depending on the class of analytes to be detected, the molecular recognition properties of cavitands can be manipulated through the proper choice of the bridging groups at the upper rim, and their transducer integration can be implemented through the manifold functionalization options at the lower rim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bertani F, Riboni N, Bianchi F, Brancatelli G, Sterner ES, Pinalli R, Geremia S, Swager TM, Dalcanale E. Triptycene-Roofed Quinoxaline Cavitands for the Supramolecular Detection of BTEX in Air. Chemistry 2016; 22:3312-3319. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertani
- Department of Chemistry; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17A Parma 43124 Italy
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Mass Avenue 02139 Cambridge MA USA
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17A Parma 43124 Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17A Parma 43124 Italy
| | - Giovanna Brancatelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; via L. Giorgeri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Elizabeth S. Sterner
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Mass Avenue 02139 Cambridge MA USA
| | - Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17A Parma 43124 Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; via L. Giorgeri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Mass Avenue 02139 Cambridge MA USA
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17A Parma 43124 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bianchi F, Bedini A, Riboni N, Pinalli R, Gregori A, Sidisky L, Dalcanale E, Careri M. Cavitand-based solid-phase microextraction coating for the selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives in air and soil. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10646-52. [PMID: 25303228 DOI: 10.1021/ac5025045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A selective cavitand-based solid-phase microextraction coating was synthesized for the determination of nitroaromatic explosives and explosive taggants at trace levels in air and soil. A quinoxaline cavitand functionalized with a carboxylic group at the upper rim was used to enhance selectivity toward analytes containing nitro groups. The fibers were characterized in terms of film thickness, morphology, thermal stability, and pH resistance. An average coating thickness of 50 (±4) μm, a thermal stability until 400 °C, and an excellent fiber-to-fiber and batch to batch repeatability with RSD lower than 4% were obtained. The capabilities of the developed coating for the selective sampling of nitroaromatic explosives were proved achieving LOD values in the low ppbv and ng kg(-1) range, respectively, for air and soil samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and INSTM, UdR Parma, Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pinalli R, Barboza T, Bianchi F, Massera C, Ugozzoli F, Dalcanale E. Detection of amphetamine precursors with quinoxaline-bridged cavitands. Supramol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.814778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Tahnee Barboza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Massera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Ugozzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fraschetti C, Letzel MC, Paletta M, Mattay J, Speranza M, Filippi A, Aschi M, Rozhenko AB. Cyclochiral resorcin[4]arenes as effective enantioselectors in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:72-78. [PMID: 22282092 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cyclochirality of rccc-2,8,14,20-tetra-n-decyl-4,10,16,22-tetra-O-methylresorcin[4]arene (C) on the enantiodiscrimination of a number of chiral bidentate and tridentate aromatic and aliphatic biomolecules (G) has been investigated by nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The experimental approach is based on the formation of diastereomeric proton-bound [C·H·G](+) complexes by nano-ESI of solutions containing an equimolar amount of quasi-enantiomers (C) together with the chiral guest (G) and the subsequent measurement of the rate of the G substitution by the attack of several achiral and chiral amines. In general, the heterochiral complexes react faster than the homochiral ones, except when G is an aminoalcoholic neurotransmitter whose complexes, beyond that, exhibit the highest enantioselectivity. The kinetic results were further supported by both collision-induced dissociation experiments on some of the relevant [C(2) ·H·G](+) three-body species and Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on the most selective systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fraschetti
- Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Condorelli GG, Motta A, Favazza M, Gurrieri E, Betti P, Dalcanale E. Molecular recognition of halogen-tagged aromatic VOCs at the air–silicon interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:288-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b915572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Bianchi F, Mattarozzi M, Betti P, Bisceglie F, Careri M, Mangia A, Sidisky L, Ongarato S, Dalcanale E. Innovative Cavitand-Based Sol−Gel Coatings for the Environmental Monitoring of Benzene and Chlorobenzenes via Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6423-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Mattarozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Betti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Bisceglie
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonard Sidisky
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ongarato
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM, Udr Parma, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Sigma Aldrich Italia S.R.L, via Gallarate 154, 20151 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zampolli S, Betti P, Elmi I, Dalcanale E. A supramolecular approach to sub-ppb aromatic VOC detection in air. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2790-2. [PMID: 17609777 DOI: 10.1039/b703747c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micromachining technology is coupled to a selective pre-concentration material for the development of a portable sub-ppb level monitoring system for aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC); the high sensitivity of Metal Oxide (MOX) gas sensors is combined with a supramolecular concentration unit to increase selectivity and reduce the detection limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zampolli
- IMM - Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, CNR - National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roncucci P, Pirondini L, Paderni G, Massera C, Dalcanale E, Azov VA, Diederich F. Conformational Behavior of Pyrazine-Bridged and Mixed-Bridged Cavitands: A General Model for Solvent Effects on Thermal “Vase–Kite” Switching. Chemistry 2006; 12:4775-84. [PMID: 16671048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The controllable switching of suitably bridged resorcin[4]arene cavitands between a "vase" conformation, with a cavity capable of guest inclusion, and a "kite" conformation, featuring an extended flattened surface, provides the basis for ongoing developments of dynamic molecular receptors, sensors, and molecular machines. This paper describes the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic characterization, and NMR analysis of the "vase-kite" switching behavior of a fully pyrazine-bridged cavitand and five other mixed-bridged quinoxaline-bridged cavitands with one methylene, phosphonate, or phosphate bridge. The pyrazine-bridged resorcin[4]arene cavitand displayed an unexpectedly high preference for the kite conformation in nonpolar solvents, relative to the quinoxaline-bridged analogue. This observation led to extensive solvent-dependent switching studies that provide a detailed picture of how solvent affects the thermal vase-kite equilibration. As for any thermodynamic process in the liquid phase, the conformational equilibrium is affected by how the solvent stabilizes the two individual states. Suitably sized solvents (benzene and derivatives) solvate the cavity of the vase form and reduce the propensity for the vase-to-kite transition. Correspondingly, the kite geometry becomes preferred in bulky solvents such as mesitylene, incapable of penetrating the vase cavity. As proposed earlier by Cram, the kite form is preferred at low temperatures due to the more favorable enthalpy of solvation of the enlarged surface. Furthermore, the kite conformation is more preferred in solvents with substantial hydrogen-bonding acidity: weak hydrogen-bonding interactions between the mildly basic quinoxaline and pyrazine nitrogen atoms and solvent molecules are more efficient in the open kite than in the closed vase form. Vase-to-kite conversion is entirely absent in dipolar aprotic solvents lacking any H-bonding acidity. Thermal vase-kite switching requires fully quinoxaline- or pyrazine-bridged cavitands, whereas pH-controlled switching is also applicable to systems incorporating only two or three such bridges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Roncucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica ed Industriale and Unità INSTM, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ventola E, Vainiotalo P, Suman M, Dalcanale E. ESI-FTICR mass spectrometric study of alcohol complexation properties of mono- and diphosphonate-bridged cavitands. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:213-21. [PMID: 16413207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol complexation properties of eight mono- and diphenyl phosphonate-bridged cavitands were studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR) and theoretical calculations. The cavitands varied in number and position of phenyl phosphonate bridges and their orientation with respect to the cavity, length of the lower rim alkyl chains, and substituents at apical positions of the resorcarene skeleton. The specificities of the different cavitands toward primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols varying long of the alkyl chain were investigated, together with the stabilities of the formed complexes. The number, position, and orientation of the P = O moieties affected the complex formation of the cavitands and stability of the complexes dramatically. Methyl groups at apical positions of the resorcarene skeleton also affected the complexation properties. Although length and branching of the alkyl chain of the alcohol influenced the complex formation, the effect on stability of the complexes was negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ventola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ventola E, Hyyryläinen A, Vainiotalo P. Complex formation between a tetramesityl sulfonated resorcarene and alkylammonium ions: a mass spectrometric study of noncovalent interactions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1218-24. [PMID: 16541403 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent complex formation between a tetramesityl sulfonated tetramethyl resorcarene and primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylammonium ions was investigated by electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Competition measurements, collision-induced dissociation, and gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D)-exchange reactions were employed to elucidate the interactions involved in complexation, the stability of the complexes, and the position of the guest with relation to the resorcarene. The complex formation ability of tetramesityl sulfonated resorcarene and the stability of the compexes were compared with the corresponding properties of tetratosylium tetraethyl resorcarene, which has been studied previously. Complex formation and the properties of the complexes were most strongly determined by the steric properties of the guests and their ability to form hydrogen bonds. Comparison of the two host molecules revealed the impact of steric hindrance in tetramesityl sulfonated tetramethyl resorcarene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ventola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ventola E, Rissanen K, Vainiotalo P. Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Noncovalent Complexation between a Tetratosylated Resorcarene and Alkyl Ammonium Ions. Chemistry 2004; 10:6152-62. [PMID: 15515073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent complexation between tetratosylated tetraethyl resorcarene (1) and primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl ammonium ions (mMe, dMe, tMe, mEt, dEt, tEt, dBu, and dHex) was studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Interactions of the noncovalent complexes were investigated by means of competition experiments, collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments, ion-molecule reactions with tripropylamine and gas phase H/D-exchange reactions with deuteroammonia. Gas phase ion-molecule reactions gave especially valuable information about the structure and properties of the complexes. Resorcarene 1 formed relatively stable 1:1 complexes with all aliphatic alkyl ammonium ions. Steric properties of the alkyl ammonium ions and proton affinities of the conjugate amines noticeably affected the complexation properties, indicating the importance of hydrogen bonding in these complexes. According to the competition experiments, the thermodynamically most stable host-guest complexes were formed with alkyl ammonium ions that were most substituted and had the longest alkyl chains. In CID experiments, release of an intact free guest ion or dissociation of the host was observed to depend on the proton affinity of the amine and the strength of the hydrogen bond that was formed. In ion-molecule reactions with tripropylamine, a guest exchange reaction occurred with all alkyl ammonium ion complexes with reaction rates mostly dependent on the steric properties of the original guest ion. In H/D-exchange reactions the N-H hydrogen atoms of the guest ion were exchanged with deuterium, whereas the resorcinol hydrogen atoms remained unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ventola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinalli R, Suman M, Dalcanale E. Cavitands at Work: From Molecular Recognition to Supramolecular Sensors. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pinalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma and INSTM, UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (internat.) +39‐0521‐905472
| | - Michele Suman
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma and INSTM, UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (internat.) +39‐0521‐905472
| | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma and INSTM, UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (internat.) +39‐0521‐905472
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brotin T, Darzac M, Forest D, Becchi M, Dutasta JP. Formation of cryptophanes from their precursors as viewed by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1092-1097. [PMID: 11747102 DOI: 10.1002/jms.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation of cryptophane-A (C1) and the deuterated cryptophanes C2-C6 from their respective precursors P1-P6 in a mass spectrometer ion-source was evidenced by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy experiments performed on the precursor molecular ions suggested that cryptophane formation occurred mainly in the liquid-matrix before desorption rather than in the gas phase. In addition, we observed that the presence of cations, such as lithium or sodium ions, inhibited the formation of the cryptophane molecular ions. In the light of these results we used the LSIMS technique to investigate the formation of the new cryptophanes C7-C13. All the data collected support the idea that a direct comparison can be made between these experimental findings and chemistry in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Brotin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Stéréochimie et Interactions Moléculaires (UMR CNRS 5532), 46 Allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schalley CA. Molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry in the gas phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2001; 20:253-309. [PMID: 11948654 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry, in particular, the fields of molecular recognition and self-assembly, profit much from the development of soft ionization techniques and advanced methods for mass analysis and gas-phase chemistry. Vice versa, weakly bonded architectures and host-guest complexes represent a veritable challenge for the mass spectrometrist, leading to further development of methods and techniques. This review describes the state-of-the-art in this field, and includes topics such as the effects of solvation on meta binding to crown ethers, chiral discrimination of guests by chiral hosts, the elucidation of the secondary structure of self assembled complexes, and the mechanistic pathways of self assembly or the fragmentations of supramolecular complexes in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Schalley
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|