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Hanif S, Alsaiari M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Zafar M, Harraz FA, Alharbi AF, Abahussain AAM, Ahmad Z. Membrane reactor based synthesis of biodiesel from Toona ciliata seed oil using barium oxide nano catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136458. [PMID: 36122747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technology has been embraced as a feasible and promising substitute to the traditional technologies employed for biodiesel synthesis which are energy and time consuming. It needs less energy, has high stability, is environmentally friendly, and is simple to operate and control. Therefore, in our current study membrane technology was employed to synthesize biodiesel from Toona ciliate novel and non-edible seed oil. Since Toona ciliata has affluent oil content (33.8%) and is effortlessly and extensively available. In fact, we intended to scrutinize the effects of green synthesized barium oxide nanoparticles for one step transesterification of biodiesel production using membrane technology followed by characterization of prepared catalyst via innovative techniques. Optimal yield of biodiesel attained was 94% at 90 °C for 150 min with methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 and amount of about 0.39 wt %. Quantitative analysis of synthesized Toona ciliata oil biodiesel was carried out by advance techniques of Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which authorize the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester compounds using oil from Toona ciliata seeds. Values of Toona ciliata fuel properties for instance flash point (70°C), density (0.89 kg/m3), viscosity (5.25 mm2/s), cloud point (-8°C) and pour point (-11°C) met the specifications of international standards i. e American (ASTM D-6751), European (EN-14214) and China (GB/T 20,828). Subsequently, it is concluded that membrane technology is environmentally friendly and efficient technique for mass-production of sustainable biodiesel using green nano catalyst of barium oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hanif
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano Research Centre, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art in Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Farid A Harraz
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano Research Centre, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box: 87 Helwan, Cairo, 11421, Egypt
| | | | | | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Zamba Z, Reshad AS. Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Croton macrostachyus (Bisana) Kernel Oil: Parameter Optimization, Engine Performance, and Emission Characteristics for Croton macrostachyus Kernel Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blend with Mineral Diesel Fuel. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20619-20633. [PMID: 35935297 PMCID: PMC9348000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of agricultural waste such as nonedible seed oil for the synthesis of biodiesel via catalytic transesterification is one of the effective ways for the partial replacement of petroleum-based fuels in the area of renewable energy development and is beneficial to CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emission reduction to the environment. In this regard, the current study investigates the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from Croton macrostachyus kernel oil by considering parameter interaction and optimization to maximize the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD) was applied to optimize the C. macrostachyus fatty acid methyl ester (CMKO-FAME) synthesis process by varying the process parameters such as reaction time (1-2 h), molar ratio (6:1-12:1), and catalyst loading (1-2 wt %). The optimum conditions for the transesterification of C. macrostachyus kernel oil (CMKO) were found to be a methanol to oil ratio of 11.98:1, catalyst loading of 1.03 wt %, and reaction time of 2 h, resulting in the conversion of 95.03 wt % C. macrostachyus kernel oil into its mono FAMEs. The fuel properties of CMKO and its FAMEs were determined based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Further, the CMKO and its FAMEs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The fatty acid composition of CMKO was myristic acid (1.36%), palmitic acid (11.35%), stearic acid (5.11%), oleic acid (18.64%), gadoleic acid (0.34%), linoleic acid (49.084%), and linolenic acid (14.1%). The purity of the produced methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR and found to be 95.52%, which was quite in good agreement with the experimentally observed yield of 95.39 wt %. The produced CMKO-FAME was blended with diesel fuel at various ratios (B5, B10, B15, and B20) to evaluate the engine performance and emission characteristics in a diesel engine. The engine brake thermal efficiency is lower, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) using CMKO-FAME blends is higher, and the temperature of exhaust gas emitted after combustion also increased as compared to diesel fuel. Similarly, using produced FAME blends, the emission emitted such as HC, NOx, and CO is reduced. However, the engine fueled with the produced FAME blends increased the level of CO2 into the atmosphere when compared to diesel fuel. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine result show that the blend of CMKO-FAME and diesel can be used as a fuel in a diesel engine without any modification of the engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekarias
Zeleke Zamba
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Defence Engineering College, Defence University, Bishoftu 1041, Ethiopia
| | - Ali Shemsedin Reshad
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Center
of Excellence for Sustainable Energy Research, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
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Bukhari SAZ, Ullah K, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah A, Sultana S, Ibrahim MM, Hessien MM, Mersal GAM, Ghoneim SSM. Biodiesel from Dodonaea Plant Oil: Synthesis and Characterization—A Promising Nonedible Oil Source for Bioenergy Industry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:864415. [PMID: 35733522 PMCID: PMC9207505 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.864415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, Dodonaea oil was studied as a potential biodiesel source. Dodonaea (Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.) is an evergreen shrubby plant that thrives in tropical and subtropical conditions. The plant produces high-grade biodiesel in terms of both quantity and quality despite its naturally high fat content. In the transesterification followed by esterification reaction, varied ratios of oil to methanol, constant temperature (60°), reaction duration (1 h), and different catalyst concentrations (0.25–0.75% (w/w) were utilized. A maximum biodiesel yield of 90% was achieved. For fuel characteristic analysis, the prepared biodiesel was specified and compared to ASTM criteria. The chemical composition was verified using analytical techniques such as FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. As a result of the foregoing, Dodonaea is considered a possible bioenergy source, particularly in the transport sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Alia Zehra Bukhari
- Biofuel & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Kifayat Ullah,
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Biofuel & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Biofuel & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Ullah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Biofuel & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Choo MY, Juan JC, Oi LE, Ling TC, Ng EP, Rahman Noorsaadah A, Centi G, Lee KT. The role of nanosized zeolite Y in the H2-free catalytic deoxygenation of triolein. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in zeolite Y crystal size has improved the triolein conversion, yield of deoxygenated product and diesel range hydrocarbon selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yee Choo
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT)
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
| | - Joon Ching Juan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT)
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
- Monash University
| | - Lee Eng Oi
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT)
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science, University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Eng-Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Penang
- Malaysia
| | | | - Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina
- ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM
- Departments ChiBioFarAm and MIFT
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Penang
- Malaysia
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Brend'amour S, Gilmer J, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. C-Halogenated 9,10-Diboraanthracenes: How the Halogen Load and Distribution Influences Key Optoelectronic Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:16910-16918. [PMID: 30378720 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes (DBAs) have low-energy LUMOs and narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and are thus attractive electron-transporting and light-emitting materials in optoelectronic devices. A systematic series of ten C-halogenated 9,10-(Mes)2 -DBAs was synthesized and studied by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations (Mes=mesityl). We probed the influence of the nature of the halogen atoms and the halogen substitution patterns on key optoelectronic properties of the DBAs. All 9,10-(Mes)2 derivatives can be reversibly reduced at the DBA cores and at electrode potentials between E1/2 Red1 =-1.84 and -1.26 V (vs. FcH/FcH+ ). The most bathochromic UV/Vis absorption and the fluorescence emission of each DBA correspond to an ICT transition between the Mes rings and the DBA core. Br substituents lower the DBA LUMO energy and narrow the energy gap to the highest degree along the series F<Cl<Br. Halogen atoms located at 1,4,5,8-positions are more influential than those at 2,3,6,7-positions. An increasing fluorine load continuously decreases the LUMO levels and HOMO-LUMO gaps. Colorless octafluoro- and tetrafluoro-DBAs form colored and fluorescent π-stacked hetero dimers with anthracene in C6 H6 solutions and in the solid state. The sterically congested 1,5-(ThMe)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA was prepared in 74 % yield from 1,5-(Br)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA and Me3 Sn-ThMe through a Stille-type C-C coupling reaction (ThMe=5-Me-2-thienyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brend'amour
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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6
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Alexandri E, Ahmed R, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI, Tsiafoulis CG, Gerothanassis IP. High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1663. [PMID: 28981459 PMCID: PMC6151582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are widely distributed in Nature, and are structurally and functionally a diverse class of molecules with a variety of physicochemical, biological, medicinal and nutritional properties. High resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR have been successfully employed as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids. The objective of this review article is to provide: (i) an overview of the critical 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR parameters for structural and analytical investigations; (ii) an overview of various 1D and 2D NMR techniques that have been used for resonance assignments; (iii) selected analytical and structural studies with emphasis in the identification of major and minor unsaturated fatty acids in complex lipid extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components; (iv) selected investigations of oxidation products of lipids; (v) applications in the emerging field of lipidomics; (vi) studies of protein-lipid interactions at a molecular level; (vii) practical considerations and (viii) an overview of future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Alexandri
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 214412, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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7
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Kramer NJ, Hoang TT, Dudley GB. Reaction Discovery Using Neopentylene-Tethered Coupling Partners: Cycloisomerization/Oxidation of Electron-Deficient Dienynes. Org Lett 2017; 19:4636-4639. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kramer
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Tung T. Hoang
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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8
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Seitz CG, Zhang H, Mo Y, Karty JM. Why Do Enolate Anions Favor O-Alkylation over C-Alkylation in the Gas Phase? The Roles of Resonance and Inductive Effects in the Gas-Phase SN2 Reaction between the Acetaldehyde Enolate Anion and Methyl Fluoride. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3711-9. [PMID: 27011344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contributions by resonance and inductive effects toward the net activation barrier were determined computationally for the gas-phase SN2 reaction between the acetaldehyde enolate anion and methyl fluoride, for both O-methylation and C-methylation, in order to understand why this reaction favors O-methylation. With the use of the vinylogue extrapolation methodology, resonance effects were determined to contribute toward increasing the size of the barrier by about 9.5 kcal/mol for O-methylation and by about 21.2 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Inductive effects were determined to contribute toward increasing the size of the barrier by about 1.7 kcal/mol for O-methylation and 4.2 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Employing our block-localized wave function methodology, we determined the contributions by resonance to be 12.8 kcal/mol for O-methylation and 22.3 kcal/mol for C-methylation. Thus, whereas inductive effects have significant contributions, resonance is the dominant factor that leads to O-methylation being favored. More specifically, resonance serves to increase the size the barrier for C-methylation significantly more than it does for O-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University , Elon, North Carolina 27244, United States
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Joel M Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University , Elon, North Carolina 27244, United States
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9
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Lynch K, Maloney A, Sowell A, Wang C, Mo Y, Karty JM. Why is sulfuric acid a much stronger acid than ethanol? Determination of the contributions by inductive/field effects and electron-delocalization effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:138-44. [PMID: 25316069 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different and complementary computational methods were used to determine the contributions by inductive/field effects and by electron-delocalization effects toward the enhancement of the gas-phase deprotonation enthalpy of sulfuric acid over ethanol. Our alkylogue extrapolation method employed density functional theory calculations to determine the deprotonation enthalpy of the alkylogues of sulfuric acid, HOSO2-(CH2CH2)n-OH, and of ethanol, CH3CH2-(CH2CH2)n-OH. The inductive/field effect imparted by the HOSO2 group for a given alkylogue of sulfuric acid was taken to be the difference in deprotonation enthalpy between corresponding (i.e., same n) alkylogues of sulfuric acid and ethanol. Extrapolating the inductive/field effect values for the n = 1-6 alkylogues, we obtained a value of 51.0 ± 6.4 kcal mol(-1) for the inductive/field effect for n = 0, sulfuric acid, leaving 15.4 kcal mol(-1) as the contribution by electron-delocalization effects. Our block-localized wavefunction method was employed to calculate the deprotonation enthalpies of sulfuric acid and ethanol using the electron-localized acid and anion species, which were compared to the values calculated using the electron-delocalized species. The contribution from electron delocalization was thus determined to be 18.2 kcal mol(-1), which is similar to the value obtained from the alkylogue extrapolation method. The two methods, therefore, unambiguously agree that both inductive/field effects and electron-delocalization effects have significant contributions to the enhancement of the deprotonation enthalpy of sulfuric acid compared with ethanol, and that the inductive/field effects are the dominant contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.
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10
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Optimization of the cultivation conditions for Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (cyanobacterium) to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Nehdi IA, Sbihi H, Tan CP, Al-Resayes SI. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum Linn.) seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:193-7. [PMID: 23073108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress) is a fast growing annual herb, native to Egypt and west Asia but widely cultivated in temperate climates throughout the world. L. sativum seed oil (LSO) extracted from plants grown in Tunisia was analyzed to determine whether it has potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. The oil content of the seeds was 26.77%, mainly composed of polyunsaturated (42.23%) and monounsaturated (39.62%) fatty acids. Methyl esters (LSOMEs) were prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification with a conversion rate of 96.8%. The kinematic viscosity (1.92 mm(2)/s), cetane number (49.23), gross heat value (40.45), and other fuel properties were within the limits for biodiesel specified by the ASTM (American Standard for Testing and Materials). This study showed that LSOMEs have the potential to supplement petroleum-based diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imededdine Arbi Nehdi
- King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, PO Box 2455, 1145 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Rawlings RE, McKerlie AK, Bates DJ, Mo Y, Karty JM. Origin of the SN2 Benzylic Effect: Contributions by π Delocalization and Field/Inductive Effects. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Fersner A, Karty JM, Mo Y. Why Are Esters and Amides Weaker Carbon Acids than Ketones and Acid Fluorides? Contributions by Resonance and Inductive Effects. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7245-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fersner
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina 27244
| | - Joel M. Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina 27244
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-3842
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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15
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Biswas A, Sharma BK, Willett JL, Advaryu A, Erhan SZ, Cheng HN. Azide derivatives of soybean oil and fatty esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5611-6. [PMID: 18558698 DOI: 10.1021/jf800123t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly water-based pathway to form the azide derivatives of soybean oil and fatty esters is reported. This entails first the formation of epoxides and then the azidization of the epoxides. The azidization reaction is carried out at high yields in water with only a small amount of an ionic liquid as a catalyst. The distribution of azide and alcohol functionalities on the fatty acid moiety is approximately random. This reaction has been applied to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, soybean oil, and methyl soyate. The resulting structures have been studied by NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Biswas
- Plant Polymers Research Unit, National Center forAgricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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16
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Miranda RRS, Silva GDF, Duarte LP, Fortes ICP, Filho SAV. Structural determination of 3beta-stearyloxy-urs-12-ene from Maytenus salicifolia by 1D and 2D NMR and quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:127-31. [PMID: 16358293 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Six pentacyclic triterpenoids, 3beta-stearyloxy-urs-12-ene (1), friedelin (2), 3beta-friedelinol (3), alpha-amyrin (4), beta-amyrin (5), and lupeol (6), have been isolated from the hexane extract of Maytenus salicifolia Reissek (Celastraceae) leaves. The molecular and structural formula as well as the stereochemistry of a new pentacyclic triterpene (1) were determined using data obtained from 1H and 13C NMR spectra, DEPT135 and by 2D HSQC, HMBC, COSY and NOESY experiments. The molecular formula C48H84O2 was established using quantitative 13C NMR, and the molecular weight (692 Da) was confirmed by elemental analysis and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- R R S Miranda
- Neplam--Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Barbour JB, Karty JM. Resonance and field/inductive substituent effects on the gas-phase acidities ofpara-substituted phenols: a direct approach employing density functional theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zalupski PR, McAlister DR, Stepinski DC, Herlinger AW. Metal Extraction by Silyl‐Substituted Diphosphonic Acids. III. Ester Group Substituent Effects on Phosphoryl Oxygen Basicity. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-120020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chandler IC, Howarth OW, Crout DHG. Measuring stereoselectivity in lipase-catalyzed acidolysis reactions by ultra-high resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-001-0370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Chandler
- ; Unilever Research, Colworth Laboratory; MK44 1LQ Sharnbrook Bedford UK
| | - Oliver W. Howarth
- ; Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - David H. G. Crout
- ; Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; CV4 7AL Coventry UK
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Use of 13
C nuclear magnetic resonance distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer pulse sequence and multivariate analysis to discriminate olive oil cultivars. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-999-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Craig SL, Brauman JI. Intramolecular Microsolvation of Thermoneutral Gas-Phase SN2 Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953586b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - John I. Brauman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-5080
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Knothe G, Bagby MO, Weisleder D. Evaluation of the olefinic proton signals in the 1H-NMR spectra of allylic hydroxy groups in long-chain compounds. Chem Phys Lipids 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Howarth OW, Vlahov G. 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance study of cyclopropenoid triacylglycerols. Chem Phys Lipids 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Howarth OW, Samuel CJ, Vlahov G. The σ-inductive effects of CC and CC bonds: predictability of NMR shifts at sp2carbon in non-conjugated polyenoic acids, esters and glycerides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p29950002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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