1
|
Dopey1-Mon2 complex binds to dual-lipids and recruits kinesin-1 for membrane trafficking. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3218. [PMID: 31324769 PMCID: PMC6642134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are transported among eukaryotic organelles along the cytoskeleton in membrane carriers. The mechanism regarding the motility of carriers and the positioning of organelles is a fundamental question in cell biology that remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that Dopey1 and Mon2 assemble into a complex and localize to the Golgi, endolysosome and endoplasmic reticulum exit site. The Golgi localization of Dopey1 and Mon2 requires their binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidic acid, respectively, two lipids known for the biogenesis of membrane carriers and the specification of organelle identities. The N-terminus of Dopey1 further interacts with kinesin-1, a plus-end or centrifugal-direction microtubule motor. Dopey1-Mon2 complex functions as a dual-lipid-regulated cargo-adaptor to recruit kinesin-1 to secretory and endocytic organelles or membrane carriers for centrifugally biased bidirectional transport. Dopey1-Mon2 complex therefore provides an important missing link to coordinate the budding of a membrane carrier and subsequent bidirectional transport along the microtubule. Proteins are transported among eukaryotic organelles along the cytoskeleton in membrane carriers. Here authors find that the Dopey1-Mon2 complex functions as a dual-lipid-regulated cargo-adaptor to recruit kinesin-1 to secretory and endocytic organelles or membrane carriers.
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandenburg LO, Pufe T, Koch T. Role of phospholipase d in g-protein coupled receptor function. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:302-18. [PMID: 24995811 PMCID: PMC4194036 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged agonist exposure of many G-protein coupled receptors induces a rapid receptor phosphorylation and uncoupling from G-proteins. Resensitization of these desensitized receptors requires endocytosis and subsequent dephosphorylation. Numerous studies show the involvement of phospholipid-specific phosphodiesterase phospholipase D (PLD) in the receptor endocytosis and recycling of many G-protein coupled receptors e.g., opioid, formyl or dopamine receptors. The PLD hydrolyzes the headgroup of a phospholipid, generally phosphatidylcholine (PC), to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline and is assumed to play an important function in cell regulation and receptor trafficking. Protein kinases and GTP binding proteins of the ADP-ribosylation and Rho families regulate the two mammalian PLD isoforms 1 and 2. Mammalian and yeast PLD are also potently stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. The PA product is an intracellular lipid messenger. PLD and PA activities are implicated in a wide range of physiological processes and diseases including inflammation, diabetes, oncogenesis or neurodegeneration. This review discusses the characterization, structure, and regulation of PLD in the context of membrane located G-protein coupled receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kolesnikov YS, Nokhrina KP, Kretynin SV, Volotovski ID, Martinec J, Romanov GA, Kravets VS. Molecular structure of phospholipase D and regulatory mechanisms of its activity in plant and animal cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1-14. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Cell surface ceramide controls translocation of transferrin receptor to clathrin-coated pits. Cell Signal 2011; 24:677-84. [PMID: 22101012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor mediates internalization of transferrin with bound ferric ions through the clathrin-dependent pathway. We found that binding of transferrin to the receptor induced rapid generation of cell surface ceramide which correlated with activation of acid, but not neutral, sphingomyelinase. At the onset of transferrin internalization both ceramide level and acid sphingomyelinase activity returned to their basic levels. Down-regulation of acid sphingomyelinase in cells with imipramine or silencing of the enzyme expression with siRNA stimulated transferrin internalization and inhibited its recycling. In these conditions colocalization of transferrin with clathrin was markedly reduced. Simultaneously, K(+) depletion of cells which interfered with the assembly of clathrin-coated pits inhibited the uptake of transferrin much less efficiently than it did in control conditions. The down-regulation of acid sphingomyelinase activity led to the translocation of transferrin receptor to the raft fraction of the plasma membrane upon transferrin binding. The data suggest that lack of cell surface ceramide, generated in physiological conditions by acid sphingomyelinase during transferrin binding, enables internalization of transferrin/transferrin receptor complex by clathrin-independent pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shakor ABA, Taniguchi M, Kitatani K, Hashimoto M, Asano S, Hayashi A, Nomura K, Bielawski J, Bielawska A, Watanabe K, Kobayashi T, Igarashi Y, Umehara H, Takeya H, Okazaki T. Sphingomyelin synthase 1-generated sphingomyelin plays an important role in transferrin trafficking and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36053-36062. [PMID: 21856749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) endocytosis and recycling are essential for iron uptake and the regulation of cell proliferation. Tf and Tf receptor (TfR) complexes are internalized via clathrin-coated pits composed of a variety of proteins and lipids and pass through early endosomes to recycling endosomes. We investigated the role of sphingomyelin (SM) synthases (SMS1 and SMS2) in clathrin-dependent trafficking of Tf and cell proliferation. We employed SM-deficient lymphoma cells that lacked SMSs and that failed to proliferate in response to Tf. Transfection of SMS1, but not SMS2, enabled these cells to incorporate SM into the plasma membrane, restoring Tf-mediated proliferation. SM-deficient cells showed a significant reduction in clathrin-dependent Tf uptake compared with the parental SM-producing cells. Both SMS1 gene transfection and exogenous short-chain SM treatment increased clathrin-dependent Tf uptake in SM-deficient cells, with the Tf being subsequently sorted to Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. We observed trafficking of the internalized Tf to late/endolysosomal compartments, and this was not dependent on the clathrin pathway in SM-deficient cells. Thus, SMS1-mediated SM synthesis directs Tf-TfR to undergo clathrin-dependent endocytosis and recycling, promoting the proliferation of lymphoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abo Bakr Abdel Shakor
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Hayashi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nomura
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Departmant of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Departmant of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 21-jo, Nishi 11-choume, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hisanori Umehara
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada, Ishikawa 902-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeya
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku Uchinada, Ishikawa 902-0293, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Revealing signaling in single cells by single- and two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 462:307-43. [PMID: 19160679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-115-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are actively involved in many cellular processes. Their roles pivot toward determining membrane structure, compartment targeting, and membrane fusion but also regulation of cell signaling via their interactions with proteins and the production of second messengers. As they play a key role in cell signaling, the study of protein-protein interaction and protein conformation change in relationship with their interaction with lipids is of major importance. Until recently, the ability to detect in situ and in real time the dynamics of various biological events and signals without perturbing the cellular environment has been a real challenge. However, the emergence of fluorescence imaging of cells and tissues has allowed the dynamic aspects of the cell to be investigated in a more physiological context than the disassembled model systems employed in traditional biochemical analysis. This chapter highlights some of the many biological applications and uses of frequency- and time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) applied to the detection of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The first part describes a FRET system, the second part discusses its study by FLIM, and the third part describes the application of these methods to a panel of biological questions such as (1) spatio-temporal interaction of protein kinase B (PKB) with 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), (2) PKB conformation change, (3) dynamics of PKB activation, (4) interaction of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) and phospholipase D (PLD) with lipids.
Collapse
|
8
|
Oude Weernink PA, López de Jesús M, Schmidt M. Phospholipase D signaling: orchestration by PIP2 and small GTPases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 374:399-411. [PMID: 17245604 PMCID: PMC2020506 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD) leads to the generation of the versatile lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid (PA), which is involved in fundamental cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell proliferation and cell survival. PLD activity can be dramatically stimulated by a large number of cell surface receptors and is elaborately regulated by intracellular factors, including protein kinase C isoforms, small GTPases of the ARF, Rho and Ras families and, particularly, by the phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). PIP(2) is well known as substrate for the generation of second messengers by phospholipase C, but is now also understood to recruit and/or activate a variety of actin regulatory proteins, ion channels and other signaling proteins, including PLD, by direct interaction. The synthesis of PIP(2) by phosphoinositide 5-kinase (PIP5K) isoforms is tightly regulated by small GTPases and, interestingly, by PA as well, and the concerted formation of PIP(2) and PA has been shown to mediate receptor-regulated cellular events. This review highlights the regulation of PLD by membrane receptors, and describes how the close encounter of PLD and PIP5K isoforms with small GTPases permits the execution of specific cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Schmidt
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Padrón D, Tall RD, Roth MG. Phospholipase D2 is required for efficient endocytic recycling of transferrin receptors. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:598-606. [PMID: 16291863 PMCID: PMC1356572 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference-mediated depletion of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, inhibited recycling of transferrin receptors in HeLa cells, whereas the internalization rate was unaffected by depletion of either PLD. Although reduction of both PLD isoforms inhibits PLD activity stimulated by phorbol 12-myristic 13-acetate, only depletion of PLD2 decreased nonstimulated activity. Cells with reduced PLD2 accumulated a greater fraction of transferrin receptors in a perinuclear compartment that was positive for Rab11, a marker of recycling endosomes. EFA6, an exchange factor for Arf6, has been proposed to stimulate the recycling of transferrin receptors. Thus, one consequence of EFA6 overexpression would be a reduction of the internal pool of receptors. We confirmed this observation in control HeLa cells; however, overexpression of EFA6 failed to decrease the internal pool of transferrin receptors that accumulate in cells previously depleted of PLD2. These observations suggest that either PLD2 is required for a constitutive Arf6-mediated recycling pathway or in the absence of PLD2 transferrin receptors accumulate in recycling endosomes that are not responsive to overexpression of EFA6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Padrón
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9038
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Powner DJ, Pettitt TR, Wakelam MJO. Assays to Study Phospholipase D Regulation by Inositol Phospholipids and ADP‐Ribosylation Factor 6. Methods Enzymol 2005; 404:398-410. [PMID: 16413286 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(05)04035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme implicated in the regulation of both exocytic and endocytic vesicle trafficking as well as many other processes. Consistent with this, the small GTPase Arf6 and regulated changes in inositol phospholipids levels are two factors that regulate both PLD and vesicle trafficking. Here we describe three methodologies through which the activation of PLD by Arf6 and inositol phospholipids may be investigated. The first method described is an in vitro protocol that allows the analysis of purified proteins or cell lysates. Furthermore, this protocol can be used to analyze the effects of different inositol phospholipids by changing the composition of the substrate vesicle. The major advantage of this protocol lies in the ability to analyze the effects of direct interactions on PLD activation by using pure proteins and lipids. The other two methods are in vivo protocols for the analysis of PLD activation in response to extracellular stimuli. Modification of cellular composition using overexpression/deletion or knockout of specific genes can be utilized with these protocols to characterize PLD activation pathways. The first of these methods uses the detection of radiolabeled PLD products and can be used for most cell types whereas the second of these two protocols is used to measure PLD products when radiolabeling of cells is not possible, such as freshly isolated cells that will not survive long enough to attain radiochemical equilibrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Powner
- CR United Kingdom Institute for Cancer Studies, Birmingham University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cristea IM, Degli Esposti M. Membrane lipids and cell death: an overview. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 129:133-60. [PMID: 15081856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article we overview major aspects of membrane lipids in the complex area of cell death, comprising apoptosis and various forms of programmed cell death. We have focused here on glycerophospholipids, the major components of cellular membranes. In particular, we present a detailed appraisal of mitochondrial lipids that attract increasing interest in the field of cell death, while the knowledge of their re-modelling and traffic remains limited. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further studies by lipid experts to fully elucidate various aspects of membrane lipid homeostasis that are discussed here. These studies will undoubtedly reveal new and important connections with the established players of cell death and their action in promoting or blocking membrane alteration of mitochondria and other organelles. We conclude that the new dynamic era of cell death research will pave the way for a better understanding of the 'chemistry of apoptosis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana M Cristea
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du G, Altshuller YM, Vitale N, Huang P, Chasserot-Golaz S, Morris AJ, Bader MF, Frohman MA. Regulation of phospholipase D1 subcellular cycling through coordination of multiple membrane association motifs. J Cell Biol 2003; 162:305-15. [PMID: 12876278 PMCID: PMC2172799 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling enzyme phospholipase D1 (PLD1) facilitates membrane vesicle trafficking. Here, we explore how PLD1 subcellular localization is regulated via Phox homology (PX) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains and a PI4,5P2-binding site critical for its activation. PLD1 localized to perinuclear endosomes and Golgi in COS-7 cells, but on cellular stimulation, translocated to the plasma membrane in an activity-facilitated manner and then returned to the endosomes. The PI4,5P2-interacting site sufficed to mediate outward translocation and association with the plasma membrane. However, in the absence of PX and PH domains, PLD1 was unable to return efficiently to the endosomes. The PX and PH domains appear to facilitate internalization at different steps. The PH domain drives PLD1 entry into lipid rafts, which we show to be a step critical for internalization. In contrast, the PX domain appears to mediate binding to PI5P, a lipid newly recognized to accumulate in endocytosing vesicles. Finally, we show that the PH domain-dependent translocation step, but not the PX domain, is required for PLD1 to function in regulated exocytosis in PC12 cells. We propose that PLD1 localization and function involves regulated and continual cycling through a succession of subcellular sites, mediated by successive combinations of membrane association interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|