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Abraham BG, Haikarainen T, Vuorio J, Girych M, Virtanen AT, Kurttila A, Karathanasis C, Heilemann M, Sharma V, Vattulainen I, Silvennoinen O. Molecular basis of JAK2 activation in erythropoietin receptor and pathogenic JAK2 signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2097. [PMID: 38457493 PMCID: PMC10923518 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mediates type I/II cytokine receptor signaling, but JAK2 is also activated by somatic mutations that cause hematological malignancies by mechanisms that are still incompletely understood. Quantitative superresolution microscopy (qSMLM) showed that erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) exists as monomers and dimerizes upon Epo stimulation or through the predominant JAK2 pseudokinase domain mutations (V617F, K539L, and R683S). Crystallographic analysis complemented by kinase activity analysis and atomic-level simulations revealed distinct pseudokinase dimer interfaces and activation mechanisms for the mutants: JAK V617F activity is driven by dimerization, K539L involves both increased receptor dimerization and kinase activity, and R683S prevents autoinhibition and increases catalytic activity and drives JAK2 equilibrium toward activation state through a wild-type dimer interface. Artificial intelligence-guided modeling and simulations revealed that the pseudokinase mutations cause differences in the pathogenic full-length JAK2 dimers, particularly in the FERM-SH2 domains. A detailed molecular understanding of mutation-driven JAK2 hyperactivation may enable novel therapeutic approaches to selectively target pathogenic JAK2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joni Vuorio
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina T. Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kurttila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Nair PC, Piehler J, Tvorogov D, Ross DM, Lopez AF, Gotlib J, Thomas D. Next-Generation JAK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Lessons from Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approaches. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:352-364. [PMID: 37498362 PMCID: PMC10472187 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) 2 have been in demand since the discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation present in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN); however, the structural basis of V617F oncogenicity has only recently been elucidated. New structural studies reveal a role for other JAK2 domains, beyond the kinase domain, that contribute to pathogenic signaling. Here we evaluate the structure-based approaches that led to recently-approved type I JAK2 inhibitors (fedratinib and pacritinib), as well as type II (BBT594 and CHZ868) and pseudokinase inhibitors under development (JNJ7706621). With full-length JAK homodimeric structures now available, superior selective and mutation-specific JAK2 inhibitors are foreseeable. SIGNIFICANCE The JAK inhibitors currently used for the treatment of MPNs are effective for symptom management but not for disease eradication, primarily because they are not strongly selective for the mutant clone. The rise of computational and structure-based drug discovery approaches together with the knowledge of full-length JAK dimer complexes provides a unique opportunity to develop better targeted therapies for a range of conditions driven by pathologic JAK2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Nair
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David M. Ross
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F. Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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3
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Caveney NA, Saxton RA, Waghray D, Glassman CR, Tsutsumi N, Hubbard SR, Garcia KC. Structural basis of Janus kinase trans-activation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112201. [PMID: 36867534 PMCID: PMC10180219 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate signal transduction downstream of cytokine receptors. Cytokine-dependent dimerization is conveyed across the cell membrane to drive JAK dimerization, trans-phosphorylation, and activation. Activated JAKs in turn phosphorylate receptor intracellular domains (ICDs), resulting in the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-family transcription factors. The structural arrangement of a JAK1 dimer complex with IFNλR1 ICD was recently elucidated while bound by stabilizing nanobodies. While this revealed insights into the dimerization-dependent activation of JAKs and the role of oncogenic mutations in this process, the tyrosine kinase (TK) domains were separated by a distance not compatible with the trans-phosphorylation events between the TK domains. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structure of a mouse JAK1 complex in a putative trans-activation state and expand these insights to other physiologically relevant JAK complexes, providing mechanistic insight into the crucial trans-activation step of JAK signaling and allosteric mechanisms of JAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stevan R Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Kwon S. Molecular dissection of Janus kinases as drug targets for inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075192. [PMID: 36569926 PMCID: PMC9773558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family enzymes are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate cytokine receptors and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Considering that JAK-STAT signal transduction is initiated by the binding of ligands, such as cytokines to their receptors, dysfunctional JAKs in the JAK-STAT pathway can lead to severe immune system-related diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Therefore, JAKs are attractive drug targets to develop therapies that block abnormal JAK-STAT signaling. To date, various JAK inhibitors have been developed to block cytokine-triggered signaling pathways. However, kinase inhibitors have intrinsic limitations to drug selectivity. Moreover, resistance to the developed JAK inhibitors constitutes a recently emerging issue owing to the occurrence of drug-resistant mutations. In this review, we discuss the role of JAKs in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and analyze the structures of JAKs, along with their conformational changes for catalysis. In addition, the entire structure of the murine JAK1 elucidated recently provides information on an interaction mode for dimerization. Based on updated structural information on JAKs, we also discuss strategies for disrupting the dimerization of JAKs to develop novel JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghark Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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5
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Contemporary and future strategies in polycythemia vera. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Downes CEJ, McClure BJ, McDougal DP, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, Thomas D, Yeung DT, White DL. JAK2 Alterations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Molecular Insights for Superior Precision Medicine Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942053. [PMID: 35903543 PMCID: PMC9315936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, arising from immature lymphocytes that show uncontrolled proliferation and arrested differentiation. Genomic alterations affecting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) correlate with some of the poorest outcomes within the Philadelphia-like subtype of ALL. Given the success of kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, the discovery of activating JAK2 point mutations and JAK2 fusion genes in ALL, was a breakthrough for potential targeted therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these alterations activate JAK2 and promote downstream signaling is poorly understood. Furthermore, as clinical data regarding the limitations of approved JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative disorders matures, there is a growing awareness of the need for alternative precision medicine approaches for specific JAK2 lesions. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms behind ALL-associated JAK2 mutations and JAK2 fusion genes, known and potential causes of JAK-inhibitor resistance, and how JAK2 alterations could be targeted using alternative and novel rationally designed therapies to guide precision medicine approaches for these high-risk subtypes of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte EJ. Downes
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel P. McDougal
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan L. Heatley
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B. Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David T. Yeung
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Deborah L. White
- Blood Cancer Program, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Children’s Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Nédélec A, Guérit EM, Dachy G, Lenglez S, Wong LS, Arts FA, Demoulin JB. Penttinen syndrome-associated PDGFRB Val665Ala variant causes aberrant constitutive STAT1 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3902-3912. [PMID: 35689379 PMCID: PMC9279580 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Penttinen syndrome is a rare progeroid disorder caused by mutations in platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor beta (encoded by the PDGFRB proto‐oncogene) and characterized by a prematurely aged appearance with lipoatrophy, skin lesions, thin hair and acro‐osteolysis. Activating mutations in PDGFRB have been associated with other human diseases, including Kosaki overgrowth syndrome, infantile myofibromatosis, fusiform aneurysms, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with eosinophilia. The goal of the present study was to characterize the PDGFRB p.Val665Ala variant associated with Penttinen syndrome at the molecular level. This substitution is located in a conserved loop of the receptor tyrosine kinase domain. We observed that the mutant receptor was expressed at a lower level but showed constitutive activity. In the absence of ligand, the mutant activated STAT1 and elicited an interferon‐like transcriptional response. Phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5, AKT and phospholipase Cγ was weak or undetectable. It was devoid of oncogenic activity in two cell proliferation assays, contrasting with classical PDGF receptor oncogenic mutants. STAT1 activation was not sensitive to ruxolitinib and did not rely on interferon‐JAK2 signalling. Another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, blocked signalling by the p.Val665Ala variant at a higher concentration compared with the wild‐type receptor. Importantly, this concentration remained in the therapeutic range. Dasatinib, nilotinib and ponatinib also inhibited the mutant receptor. In conclusion, the p.Val665Ala variant confers unique features to PDGF receptor β compared with other characterized gain‐of‐function mutants, which may in part explain the particular set of symptoms associated with Penttinen syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nédélec
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie M Guérit
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Dachy
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Lenglez
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lok San Wong
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence A Arts
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Henry SP, Liosi ME, Ippolito JA, Cutrona KJ, Krimmer SG, Newton AS, Schlessinger J, Jorgensen WL. Conversion of a False Virtual Screen Hit into Selective JAK2 JH2 Domain Binders Using Convergent Design Strategies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:819-826. [PMID: 35586418 PMCID: PMC9109162 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) pseudokinase domain (JH2) is an ATP-binding domain that regulates the activity of the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain (JH1). Dysregulation of JAK2 JH1 signaling caused by the V617F mutation in JH2 is implicated in various myeloproliferative neoplasms. To explore if JAK2 activity can be modulated by a small molecule binding to the ATP site in JH2, we have developed several ligand series aimed at selectively targeting the JAK2 JH2 domain. We report here the evolution of a false virtual screen hit into a new JAK2 JH2 series. Optimization guided by computational modeling has yielded analogues with nanomolar affinity for the JAK2 JH2 domain and >100-fold selectivity for the JH2 domain over the JH1 domain. A crystal structure for one of the potent compounds bound to JAK2 JH2 clarifies the origins of the strong binding and selectivity. The compounds expand the platform for seeking molecules to regulate JAK2 signaling, including V617F JAK2 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Maria-Elena Liosi
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Joseph A. Ippolito
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Kara J. Cutrona
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Stefan G. Krimmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States,Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Ana S. Newton
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States,
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9
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Hu M, Yang T, Yang L, Niu L, Zhu J, Zhao A, Shi M, Yuan X, Tang M, Yang J, Pei H, Yang Z, Chen Q, Ye H, Niu T, Chen L. Preclinical studies of Flonoltinib Maleate, a novel JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor, in treatment of JAK2 V617F-induced myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:37. [PMID: 35256594 PMCID: PMC8901636 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) hyperactivation by JAK2V617F mutation leads to myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and targeting JAK2 could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for MPNs. Here, we report that Flonoltinib Maleate (FM), a selective JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor, shows high selectivity for JAK2 over the JAK family. Surface plasmon resonance assays verified that FM had a stronger affinity for the pseudokinase domain JH2 than JH1 of JAK2 and had an inhibitory effect on JAK2 JH2V617F. The cocrystal structure confirmed that FM could stably bind to JAK2 JH2, and FM suppressed endogenous colony formation of primary erythroid progenitor cells from patients with MPNs. In several JAK2V617F-induced MPN murine models, FM could dose-dependently reduce hepatosplenomegaly and prolong survival. Similar results were observed in JAK2V617F bone marrow transplantation mice. FM exhibited strong inhibitory effects on fibrosis of the spleen and bone marrow. Long-term FM treatment showed good pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics with high drug exposure in tumor-bearing tissues and low toxicity. Currently, FM has been approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China (CXHL2000628), and this study will guide clinical trials for patients with MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbing Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ailin Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Hematology and Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Chengdu Zenitar Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Gou P, Zhang W, Giraudier S. Insights into the Potential Mechanisms of JAK2V617F Somatic Mutation Contributing Distinct Phenotypes in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031013. [PMID: 35162937 PMCID: PMC8835324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of blood cancers in which the bone marrow (BM) produces an overabundance of erythrocyte, white blood cells, or platelets. Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPN has three subtypes, including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The over proliferation of blood cells is often associated with somatic mutations, such as JAK2, CALR, and MPL. JAK2V617F is present in 95% of PV and 50–60% of ET and PMF. Based on current molecular dynamics simulations of full JAK2 and the crystal structure of individual domains, it suggests that JAK2 maintains basal activity through self-inhibition, whereas other domains and linkers directly/indirectly enhance this self-inhibited state. Nevertheless, the JAK2V617F mutation is not the only determinant of MPN phenotype, as many normal individuals carry the JAK2V617F mutation without a disease phenotype. Here we review the major MPN phenotypes, JAK-STAT pathways, and mechanisms of development based on structural biology, while also describing the impact of other contributing factors such as gene mutation allele burden, JAK-STAT-related signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, immune responses, and lifestyle on different MPN phenotypes. The cross-linking of these elements constitutes a complex network of interactions and generates differences in individual and cellular contexts that determine the phenotypic development of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhong Gou
- Laboratoire UMRS-1131, Ecole doctorale 561, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S1131, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Stephane Giraudier
- Laboratoire UMRS-1131, Ecole doctorale 561, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S1131, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (S.G.)
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11
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Paul A, Subhadarshini S, Srinivasan N. Pseudokinases repurpose flexibility signatures associated with the protein kinase fold for noncatalytic roles. Proteins 2021; 90:747-764. [PMID: 34708889 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The bilobal protein kinase-like fold in pseudokinases lack one or more catalytic residues, conserved in canonical protein kinases, and are considered enzymatically deficient. Tertiary structures of pseudokinases reveal that their loops topologically equivalent to activation segments of kinases adopt contracted configurations, which is typically extended in active conformation of kinases. Herein, anisotropic network model based normal mode analysis (NMA) was conducted on 51 active conformation structures of protein kinases and 26 crystal structures of pseudokinases. Our observations indicate that although backbone fluctuation profiles are similar for individual kinase-pseudokinase families, low intensity mean square fluctuations in pseudo-activation segment and other sub-structures impart rigidity to pseudokinases. Analyses of collective motions from functional modes reveal that pseudokinases, compared to active kinases, undergo distinct conformational transitions using the same structural fold. All-atom NMA of protein kinase-pseudokinase pairs from each family, sharing high amino acid sequence identities, yielded distinct community clusters, partitioned by residues exhibiting highly correlated fluctuations. It appears that atomic fluctuations from equivalent activation segments guide community membership and network topologies for respective kinase and pseudokinase. Our findings indicate that such adaptations in backbone and side-chain fluctuations render pseudokinases competent for catalysis-independent roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Paul
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Levy G, Mambet C, Pecquet C, Bailly S, Havelange V, Diaconu CC, Constantinescu SN. Targets in MPNs and potential therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 366:41-81. [PMID: 35153006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal hemopathies that emerge in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. MPN driver mutations are restricted to specific exons (14 and 12) of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL/TPOR) and calreticulin (CALR) genes, are involved directly in clonal myeloproliferation and generate the MPN phenotype. As a result, an increased number of fully functional erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is observed in the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, the complexity and heterogeneity of MPN clinical phenotypes cannot be solely explained by the type of driver mutation. Other factors, such as additional somatic mutations affecting epigenetic regulators or spliceosomes components, mutant allele burdens and modifiers of signaling by driver mutants, clonal architecture and the order of mutation acquisition, signaling events that occur downstream of a driver mutation, the presence of specific germ-line variants, the interaction of the neoplastic clone with bone marrow microenvironment and chronic inflammation, all can modulate the disease phenotype, influence the MPN clinical course and therefore, might be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violaine Havelange
- SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Functional Consequences of Mutations in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e578. [PMID: 34095761 PMCID: PMC8171364 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Driver mutations occur in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL), and calreticulin (CALR) in BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). From mutations leading to one amino acid substitution in JAK2 or MPL, to frameshift mutations in CALR resulting in a protein with a different C-terminus, all the mutated proteins lead to pathologic and persistent JAK2-STAT5 activation. The most prevalent mutation, JAK2 V617F, is associated with the 3 entities polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF), while CALR and MPL mutations are associated only with ET and MF. Triple negative ET and MF patients may harbor noncanonical mutations in JAK2 or MPL. One major fundamental question is whether the conformations of JAK2 V617F, MPL W515K/L/A, or CALR mutants differ from those of their wild type counterparts so that a specific treatment could target the clone carrying the mutated driver and spare physiological hematopoiesis. Of great interest, a set of epigenetic mutations can co-exist with the phenotypic driver mutations in 35%–40% of MPNs. These epigenetic mutations, such as TET2, EZH2, ASXL1, or DNMT3A mutations, promote clonal hematopoiesis and increased fitness of aged hematopoietic stem cells in both clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and MPNs. Importantly, the main MPN driver mutation JAK2 V617F is also associated with CHIP. Accumulation of several epigenetic and splicing mutations favors progression of MPNs to secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Another major fundamental question is how epigenetic rewiring due to these mutations interacts with persistent JAK2-STAT5 signaling. Answers to these questions are required for better therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing progression of ET and PV to MF, and transformation of these MPNs in secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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15
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Discovery of a selective inhibitor of JAK1 JH2 pseudokinase and VPS34. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Raivola J, Haikarainen T, Silvennoinen O. Characterization of JAK1 Pseudokinase Domain in Cytokine Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010078. [PMID: 31892268 PMCID: PMC7016850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (JAK-STAT) pathway mediates essential biological functions from immune responses to haematopoiesis. Deregulated JAK-STAT signaling causes myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukaemia, and lymphomas, as well as autoimmune diseases. Thereby JAKs have gained significant relevance as therapeutic targets. However, there is still a clinical need for better JAK inhibitors and novel strategies targeting regions outside the conserved kinase domain have gained interest. In-depth knowledge about the molecular details of JAK activation is required. For example, whether the function and regulation between receptors is conserved remains an open question. We used JAK-deficient cell-lines and structure-based mutagenesis to study the function of JAK1 and its pseudokinase domain (JH2) in cytokine signaling pathways that employ JAK1 with different JAK heterodimerization partner. In interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced STAT5 activation JAK1 was dominant over JAK3 but in interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interferon-α (IFNα) signaling both JAK1 and heteromeric partner JAK2 or TYK2 were both indispensable for STAT1 activation. Moreover, IL-2 signaling was strictly dependent on both JAK1 JH1 and JH2 but in IFNγ signaling JAK1 JH2 rather than kinase activity was required for STAT1 activation. To investigate the regulatory function, we focused on two allosteric regions in JAK1 JH2, the ATP-binding pocket and the αC-helix. Mutating L633 at the αC reduced basal and cytokine induced activation of STAT in both JAK1 wild-type (WT) and constitutively activated mutant backgrounds. Moreover, biochemical characterization and comparison of JH2s let us depict differences in the JH2 ATP-binding and strengthen the hypothesis that de-stabilization of the domain disturbs the regulatory JH1-JH2 interaction. Collectively, our results bring mechanistic understanding about the function of JAK1 in different receptor complexes that likely have relevance for the design of specific JAK modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuli Raivola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.R.); (T.H.)
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.R.); (T.H.)
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.R.); (T.H.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Fimlab, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence:
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17
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Patel AB, Franzini A, Leroy E, Kim SJ, Pomicter AD, Genet L, Xiao M, Yan D, Ahmann JM, Agarwal AM, Clair P, Addada J, Lambert J, Salmon M, Gleich GJ, Cross NCP, Constantinescu SN, O'Hare T, Prchal JT, Deininger MW. JAK2 ex13InDel drives oncogenic transformation and is associated with chronic eosinophilic leukemia and polycythemia vera. Blood 2019; 134:2388-2398. [PMID: 31697804 PMCID: PMC6933291 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The V617F mutation in the JH2 domain of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is an oncogenic driver in several myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera (PV). Other mutations in JAK2 have been identified in MPNs, most notably exon 12 mutations in PV. Here, we describe a novel recurrent mutation characterized by a common 4-amino-acid deletion and variable 1-amino-acid insertion (Leu583-Ala586DelInsSer/Gln/Pro) within the JH2 domain of JAK2. All 4 affected patients had eosinophilia, and both patients with Leu583-Ala586DelInsSer fulfilled diagnostic criteria of both PV and chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL). Computational and functional studies revealed that Leu583-Ala586DelInsSer (herein referred to as JAK2ex13InDel) deregulates JAK2 through a mechanism similar to JAK2V617F, activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and transforms parental Ba/F3 cells to growth factor independence. In contrast to JAK2V617F, JAK2ex13InDel does not require an exogenous homodimeric type 1 cytokine receptor to transform Ba/F3 cells and is capable of activating β common chain family cytokine receptor (interleukin-3 receptor [IL-3R], IL-5R, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor) signaling in the absence of ligand, with the maximum effect observed for IL-5R, consistent with the clinical phenotype of eosinophilia. Recognizing this new PV/CEL-overlap MPN has significant clinical implications, as both PV and CEL patients are at high risk for thrombosis, and concomitant cytoreduction of red cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils may be required for prevention of thromboembolic events. Targeted next-generation sequencing for genes recurrently mutated in myeloid malignancies in patients with unexplained eosinophilia may reveal additional cases of Leu583-Ala586DelInsSer/Gln/Pro, allowing for complete characterization of this unique MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami B Patel
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Anca Franzini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emilie Leroy
- Ludwig Cancer Research Brussels and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Lidvine Genet
- Ludwig Cancer Research Brussels and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dongqing Yan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jonathan M Ahmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Archana M Agarwal
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Phillip Clair
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Juanah Addada
- Department of Haematology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Lambert
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Salmon
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Department of Dermatology and
- Department of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Cancer Research Brussels and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas O'Hare
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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18
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Labuhn M, Perkins K, Matzk S, Varghese L, Garnett C, Papaemmanuil E, Metzner M, Kennedy A, Amstislavskiy V, Risch T, Bhayadia R, Samulowski D, Hernandez DC, Stoilova B, Iotchkova V, Oppermann U, Scheer C, Yoshida K, Schwarzer A, Taub JW, Crispino JD, Weiss MJ, Hayashi Y, Taga T, Ito E, Ogawa S, Reinhardt D, Yaspo ML, Campbell PJ, Roberts I, Constantinescu SN, Vyas P, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. Mechanisms of Progression of Myeloid Preleukemia to Transformed Myeloid Leukemia in Children with Down Syndrome. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:123-138.e10. [PMID: 31303423 PMCID: PMC6863161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia in Down syndrome (ML-DS) clonally evolves from transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), a preleukemic condition in DS newborns. To define mechanisms of leukemic transformation, we combined exome and targeted resequencing of 111 TAM and 141 ML-DS samples with functional analyses. TAM requires trisomy 21 and truncating mutations in GATA1; additional TAM variants are usually not pathogenic. By contrast, in ML-DS, clonal and subclonal variants are functionally required. We identified a recurrent and oncogenic hotspot gain-of-function mutation in myeloid cytokine receptor CSF2RB. By a multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 screen in an in vivo murine TAM model, we tested loss-of-function of 22 recurrently mutated ML-DS genes. Loss of 18 different genes produced leukemias that phenotypically, genetically, and transcriptionally mirrored ML-DS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Cytokine Receptor Common beta Subunit/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Down Syndrome/diagnosis
- Down Syndrome/genetics
- GATA1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemoid Reaction/diagnosis
- Leukemoid Reaction/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Labuhn
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kelly Perkins
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sören Matzk
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Varghese
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels Branch, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Garnett
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Biology, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marlen Metzner
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alison Kennedy
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Thomas Risch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raj Bhayadia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - David Samulowski
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - David Cruz Hernandez
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Bilyana Stoilova
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, Oxford NIHR BRC and Structural Genomics Consortium, UK University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Carina Scheer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8315 Japan
| | - Adrian Schwarzer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Hematology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Taga
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8315 Japan; Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC MHU, BRC Hematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Haematology, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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19
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Vainchenker W, Plo I, Marty C, Varghese LN, Constantinescu SN. The role of the thrombopoietin receptor MPL in myeloproliferative neoplasms: recent findings and potential therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:437-448. [PMID: 31092065 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1617129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) include three disorders: Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF). MPNs are associated with constitutive activation of JAK2 leading to persistent cell signaling downstream of the dimeric myeloid cytokine receptors due to mutations in three genes encoding JAK2, calreticulin (CALR) and the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (MPL or TPOR). CALR and MPL mutants induce JAK2 activation that depends on MPL expression, thus explaining why they induce megakaryocyte pathologies including ET and PMF, but not PV. In contrast, JAK2 V617F drives all three diseases as it induces persistent signaling via EPOR, G-CSFR (CSF3R) and MPL. Areas Covered: Here, we review how different pathogenic mutations of MPL are translated into active receptors by inducing stable dimerization. We focus on the unique role of MPL on the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), explaining why MPL is indispensable for the development of all MPNs. Last but not least, we describe how CALR mutants are pathogenic via binding and activation of MPL. Expert Opinion: Altogether, we believe that MPL is an important, but challenging, therapeutic target in MPNs that requires novel strategies to interrupt the specific conformational changes induced by each mutation or pathologic interaction without compromising the key functions of wild type MPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Caroline Marty
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Leila N Varghese
- c Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels , Brussels , Belgium.,d de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- c Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels , Brussels , Belgium.,d de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium.,e WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology) , Brussels , Belgium
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21
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McNally R, Li Q, Li K, Dekker C, Vangrevelinghe E, Jones M, Chène P, Machauer R, Radimerski T, Eck MJ. Discovery and Structural Characterization of ATP-Site Ligands for the Wild-Type and V617F Mutant JAK2 Pseudokinase Domain. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:587-593. [PMID: 30763067 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic V617F mutation lies in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2, marking it as a potential target for development of compounds that might inhibit the pathogenic activity of the mutant protein. We used differential scanning fluorimetry to identify compounds that bind the JAK2 pseudokinase domain. Crystal structures of five candidate compounds with the wild-type domain reveal their modes of binding. Exploration of analogs of screening hit BI-D1870 led to the identification of compound 2, a 123 nM ligand for the pseudokinase domain. Interestingly, crystal structures of the V617F domain in complex with two unrelated compounds reveal a conformation that is characteristic of the wild-type domain, rather than that previously observed for the V617F mutant. These structures suggest that certain ATP-site ligands can modulate the V617F allosteric site, thereby providing a mechanistic rationale for targeting the pseudokinase domain and a structural foundation for development of more potent and pseudokinase-selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall McNally
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kunhua Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carien Dekker
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vangrevelinghe
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Jones
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Chène
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Machauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Eck
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Leroy E, Balligand T, Pecquet C, Mouton C, Colau D, Shiau AK, Dusa A, Constantinescu SN. Differential effect of inhibitory strategies of the V617 mutant of JAK2 on cytokine receptor signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:224-235. [PMID: 30707971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Janus kinase (JAK) 2 plays pivotal roles in signaling by several cytokine receptors. The mutant JAK2 V617F is the most common molecular event associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Selective targeting of the mutant would be ideal for treating these pathologies by sparing essential JAK2 functions. OBJECTIVE We characterize inhibitory strategies for JAK2 V617F and assess their effect on physiologic signaling by distinct cytokine receptors. METHODS Through structure-guided mutagenesis, we assessed the role of key residues around F617 and used a combination of cellular and biochemical assays to measure the activity of JAKs in reconstituted cells. We also assessed the effect of several specific JAK2 V617F inhibitory mutations on receptor dimerization using the NanoBiT protein complementation approach. RESULTS We identified a novel Janus kinase homology 2 (JH2) αC mutation, A598F, which is suggested to inhibit the aromatic stacking between F617 with F594 and F595. Like other JAK2 V617F inhibitory mutations, A598F decreased oncogenic activation and spared cytokine activation while preventing JAK2 V617F-promoted erythropoietin receptor dimerization. Surprisingly, A598F and other V617F-inhibiting mutations (F595A, E596R, and F537A) significantly impaired IFN-γ signaling. This was specific for IFN-γ because the inhibitory mutations preserved responses to ligands of a series of receptor complexes. Similarly, homologous mutations in JAK1 prevented signaling by IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS The JH2 αC region, which is required for JAK2 V617F hyperactivation, is crucial for relaying cytokine-induced signaling of the IFN-γ receptor. We discuss how strategies aiming to inhibit JAK2 V617F could be used for identifying inhibitors of IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Leroy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Mouton
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Alexandra Dusa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Cooccurring JAK2 V617F and R1063H mutations increase JAK2 signaling and neutrophilia in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2018; 132:2695-2699. [PMID: 30377194 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-843060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Abraham BG, Peussa H, Hubbard SR, Silvennoinen O. Janus kinase 2 activation mechanisms revealed by analysis of suppressing mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1549-1559.e6. [PMID: 30092288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Janus kinases (JAKs; JAK1 to JAK3 and tyrosine kinase 2) mediate cytokine signals in the regulation of hematopoiesis and immunity. JAK2 clinical mutations cause myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemia, and the mutations strongly concentrate in the regulatory pseudokinase domain Janus kinase homology (JH) 2. Current clinical JAK inhibitors target the tyrosine kinase domain and lack mutation and pathway selectivity. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize mechanisms and differences for pathogenic and cytokine-induced JAK2 activation to enable design of novel selective JAK inhibitors. METHODS We performed a systematic analysis of JAK2 activation requirements using structure-guided mutagenesis, cell-signaling assays, microscopy, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Distinct structural requirements were identified for activation of different pathogenic mutations. Specifically, the predominant JAK2 mutation, V617F, is the most sensitive to structural perturbations in multiple JH2 elements (C helix [αC], Src homology 2-JH2 linker, and ATP binding site). In contrast, activation of K539L is resistant to most perturbations. Normal cytokine signaling shows distinct differences in activation requirements: JH2 ATP binding site mutations have only a minor effect on signaling, whereas JH2 αC mutations reduce homomeric (JAK2-JAK2) erythropoietin signaling and almost completely abrogate heteromeric (JAK2-JAK1) IFN-γ signaling, potentially by disrupting a dimerization interface on JH2. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that therapeutic approaches targeting the JH2 ATP binding site and αC could be effective in inhibiting most pathogenic mutations. JH2 ATP site targeting has the potential for reduced side effects by retaining erythropoietin and IFN-γ functions. Simultaneously, however, we identified the JH2 αC interface as a potential target for pathway-selective JAK inhibitors in patients with diseases with unmutated JAK2, thus providing new insights into the development of novel pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Hammarén
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina T Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heidi Peussa
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stevan R Hubbard
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Vainchenker W, Leroy E, Gilles L, Marty C, Plo I, Constantinescu SN. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other disorders. F1000Res 2018; 7:82. [PMID: 29399328 PMCID: PMC5773931 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13167.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK inhibitors have been developed following the discovery of the
JAK2V617F in 2005 as the driver mutation of the majority of non-
BCR-ABL1 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Subsequently, the search for JAK2 inhibitors continued with the discovery that the other driver mutations (
CALR and
MPL) also exhibited persistent JAK2 activation. Several type I ATP-competitive JAK inhibitors with different specificities were assessed in clinical trials and exhibited minimal hematologic toxicity. Interestingly, these JAK inhibitors display potent anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, JAK inhibitors targeting preferentially JAK1 and JAK3 have been developed to treat inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and graft-versus-host disease. Ten years after the beginning of clinical trials, only two drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: one JAK2/JAK1 inhibitor (ruxolitinib) in intermediate-2 and high-risk myelofibrosis and hydroxyurea-resistant or -intolerant polycythemia vera and one JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor (tofacitinib) in methotrexate-resistant rheumatoid arthritis. The non-approved compounds exhibited many off-target effects leading to neurological and gastrointestinal toxicities, as seen in clinical trials for MPNs. Ruxolitinib is a well-tolerated drug with mostly anti-inflammatory properties. Despite a weak effect on the cause of the disease itself in MPNs, it improves the clinical state of patients and increases survival in myelofibrosis. This limited effect is related to the fact that ruxolitinib, like the other type I JAK2 inhibitors, inhibits equally mutated and wild-type JAK2 (JAK2WT) and also the JAK2 oncogenic activation. Thus, other approaches need to be developed and could be based on either (1) the development of new inhibitors specifically targeting
JAK2V617F or (2) the combination of the actual JAK2 inhibitors with other therapies, in particular with molecules targeting pathways downstream of JAK2 activation or the stability of JAK2 molecule. In contrast, the strong anti-inflammatory effects of the JAK inhibitors appear as a very promising therapeutic approach for many inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Emilie Leroy
- Signal Transduction & Molecular Hematology Unit, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Gilles
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Signal Transduction & Molecular Hematology Unit, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Nangalia J, Green AR. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: from origins to outcomes. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:470-479. [PMID: 29222295 PMCID: PMC6142568 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenetic basis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The discovery of mutations in JAK2 over a decade ago heralded a new age for patient care as a consequence of improved diagnosis and the development of therapeutic JAK inhibitors. The more recent identification of mutations in calreticulin brought with it a sense of completeness, with most patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm now having a biological basis for their excessive myeloproliferation. We are also beginning to understand the processes that lead to acquisition of somatic mutations and the factors that influence subsequent clonal expansion and emergence of disease. Extended genomic profiling has established a multitude of additional acquired mutations, particularly prevalent in myelofibrosis, where their presence carries prognostic implications. A major goal is to integrate genetic, clinical, and laboratory features to identify patients who share disease biology and clinical outcome, such that therapies, both existing and novel, can be better targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nangalia
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Nangalia J, Green AR. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: from origins to outcomes. Blood 2017; 130:2475-2483. [PMID: 29212804 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-782037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenetic basis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The discovery of mutations in JAK2 over a decade ago heralded a new age for patient care as a consequence of improved diagnosis and the development of therapeutic JAK inhibitors. The more recent identification of mutations in calreticulin brought with it a sense of completeness, with most patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm now having a biological basis for their excessive myeloproliferation. We are also beginning to understand the processes that lead to acquisition of somatic mutations and the factors that influence subsequent clonal expansion and emergence of disease. Extended genomic profiling has established a multitude of additional acquired mutations, particularly prevalent in myelofibrosis, where their presence carries prognostic implications. A major goal is to integrate genetic, clinical, and laboratory features to identify patients who share disease biology and clinical outcome, such that therapies, both existing and novel, can be better targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nangalia
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Hobbs GS, Rozelle S, Mullally A. The Development and Use of Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:613-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arise in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment as a result of the acquisition of somatic mutations in a single HSC that provides a selective advantage to mutant HSC over normal HSC and promotes myeloid differentiation to engender a myeloproliferative phenotype. This population of somatically mutated HSC, which initiates and sustains MPNs, is termed MPN stem cells. In >95% of cases, mutations that drive the development of an MPN phenotype occur in a mutually exclusive manner in 1 of 3 genes: JAK2, CALR, or MPL The thrombopoietin receptor, MPL, is the key cytokine receptor in MPN development, and these mutations all activate MPL-JAK-STAT signaling in MPN stem cells. Despite common biological features, MPNs display diverse disease phenotypes as a result of both constitutional and acquired factors that influence MPN stem cells, and likely also as a result of heterogeneity in the HSC in which MPN-initiating mutations arise. As the MPN clone expands, it exerts cell-extrinsic effects on components of the bone marrow niche that can favor the survival and expansion of MPN stem cells over normal HSC, further sustaining and driving malignant hematopoiesis. Although developed as targeted therapies for MPNs, current JAK2 inhibitors do not preferentially target MPN stem cells, and as a result, rarely induce molecular remissions in MPN patients. As the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the clonal dominance of MPN stem cells advances, this will help facilitate the development of therapies that preferentially target MPN stem cells over normal HSC.
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Rethinking JAK2 inhibition: towards novel strategies of more specific and versatile janus kinase inhibition. Leukemia 2017; 31:1023-1038. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The pseudokinase complement of the human kinase superfamily consists of approximately 60 signaling proteins, which lacks one or more of the amino acids typically required to correctly align ATP and metal ions, and phosphorylate protein substrates. Recent studies in the pseudokinase field have begun to expose the biological relevance of pseudokinases, which are now thought to perform a diverse range of physiological roles and are connected to a multitude of human diseases, including cancer. In this review, we discuss how and why members of the 'pseudokinome' represent important new targets for drug discovery, and describe how knowledge of protein structure and function provides informative clues to help guide the rational chemical design or repurposing of inhibitors to target pseudokinases.
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Hubbard SR. Mechanistic Insights into Regulation of JAK2 Tyrosine Kinase. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 29379470 PMCID: PMC5770812 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK2 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAKs) family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, which includes JAK1-3 and TYK2. JAKs serve as the cytoplasmic signaling components of cytokine receptors and are activated through cytokine-mediated trans-phosphorylation, which leads to receptor phosphorylation and recruitment and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. JAKs are unique among tyrosine kinases in that they possess a pseudokinase domain, which is just upstream of the C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. A wealth of biochemical and clinical data have established that the pseudokinase domain of JAKs is crucial for maintaining a low basal (absence of cytokine) level of tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, gain-of-function mutations in the JAK genes, most frequently, V617F in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2, have been mapped in patients with blood disorders, including myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemias. Recent structural and biochemical studies have begun to decipher the molecular mechanisms that maintain the basal, low-activity state of JAKs and that, via mutation, lead to constitutive activity and disease. This review will examine these mechanisms and describe how this knowledge could potentially inform drug development efforts aimed at obtaining a mutant (V617F)-selective inhibitor of JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan R. Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stevan R. Hubbard,
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Genetic basis and molecular pathophysiology of classical myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2016; 129:667-679. [PMID: 28028029 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-695940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic landscape of classical myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is in large part elucidated. The MPN-restricted driver mutations, including those in JAK2, calreticulin (CALR), and myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL), abnormally activate the cytokine receptor/JAK2 pathway and their downstream effectors, more particularly the STATs. The most frequent mutation, JAK2V617F, activates the 3 main myeloid cytokine receptors (erythropoietin receptor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, and MPL) whereas CALR or MPL mutants are restricted to MPL activation. This explains why JAK2V617F is associated with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) whereas CALR and MPL mutants are found in ET and PMF. Other mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation, splicing, and signaling cooperate with the 3 MPN drivers and play a key role in the PMF pathogenesis. Mutations in epigenetic regulators TET2 and DNMT3A are involved in disease initiation and may precede the acquisition of JAK2V617F. Other mutations in epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and ASXL1 also play a role in disease initiation and disease progression. Mutations in the splicing machinery are predominantly found in PMF and are implicated in the development of anemia or pancytopenia. Both heterogeneity of classical MPNs and prognosis are determined by a specific genomic landscape, that is, type of MPN driver mutations, association with other mutations, and their order of acquisition. However, factors other than somatic mutations play an important role in disease initiation as well as disease progression such as germ line predisposition, inflammation, and aging. Delineation of these environmental factors will be important to better understand the precise pathogenesis of MPN.
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