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Plaitakis A, Sidiropoulou K, Kotzamani D, Litso I, Zaganas I, Spanaki C. Evolution of Glutamate Metabolism via GLUD2 Enhances Lactate-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity and Complex Cognition. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5297. [PMID: 38791334 PMCID: PMC11120665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human evolution is characterized by rapid brain enlargement and the emergence of unique cognitive abilities. Besides its distinctive cytoarchitectural organization and extensive inter-neuronal connectivity, the human brain is also defined by high rates of synaptic, mainly glutamatergic, transmission, and energy utilization. While these adaptations' origins remain elusive, evolutionary changes occurred in synaptic glutamate metabolism in the common ancestor of humans and apes via the emergence of GLUD2, a gene encoding the human glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (hGDH2) isoenzyme. Driven by positive selection, hGDH2 became adapted to function upon intense excitatory firing, a process central to the long-term strengthening of synaptic connections. It also gained expression in brain astrocytes and cortical pyramidal neurons, including the CA1-CA3 hippocampal cells, neurons crucial to cognition. In mice transgenic for GLUD2, theta-burst-evoked long-term potentiation (LTP) is markedly enhanced in hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses, with patch-clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons revealing increased sNMDA receptor currents. D-lactate blocked LTP enhancement, implying that glutamate metabolism via hGDH2 potentiates L-lactate-dependent glia-neuron interaction, a process essential to memory consolidation. The transgenic (Tg) mice exhibited increased dendritic spine density/synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and improved complex cognitive functions. Hence, enhancement of neuron-glia communication, via GLUD2 evolution, likely contributed to human cognitive advancement by potentiating synaptic plasticity and inter-neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Plaitakis
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kotzamani
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ionela Litso
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
- Neurology Department, PaGNI University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Cleanthe Spanaki
- Department of Neurology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (D.K.); (I.L.); (I.Z.)
- Neurology Department, PaGNI University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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2
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Aleshina YA, Aleshin VA. Evolutionary Changes in Primate Glutamate Dehydrogenases 1 and 2 Influence the Protein Regulation by Ligands, Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4341. [PMID: 38673928 PMCID: PMC11050691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are two paralogs of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in humans encoded by the GLUD1 and GLUD2 genes as a result of a recent retroposition during the evolution of primates. The two human GDHs possess significantly different regulation by allosteric ligands, which is not fully characterized at the structural level. Recent advances in identification of the GDH ligand binding sites provide a deeper perspective on the significance of the accumulated substitutions within the two GDH paralogs. In this review, we describe the evolution of GLUD1 and GLUD2 after the duplication event in primates using the accumulated sequencing and structural data. A new gibbon GLUD2 sequence questions the indispensability of ancestral R496S and G509A mutations for GLUD2 irresponsiveness to GTP, providing an alternative with potentially similar regulatory features. The data of both GLUD1 and GLUD2 evolution not only confirm substitutions enhancing GLUD2 mitochondrial targeting, but also reveal a conserved mutation in ape GLUD1 mitochondrial targeting sequence that likely reduces its transport to mitochondria. Moreover, the information of GDH interactors, posttranslational modification and subcellular localization are provided for better understanding of the GDH mutations. Medically significant point mutations causing deregulation of GDH are considered from the structural and regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Aleshina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Aleshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Litso I, Plaitakis A, Fadouloglou VE, Providaki M, Kokkinidis M, Zaganas I. Structural Evolution of Primate Glutamate Dehydrogenase 2 as Revealed by In Silico Predictions and Experimentally Determined Structures. Biomolecules 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 38254622 PMCID: PMC10812971 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) interconverts glutamate to a-ketoglutarate and ammonia, interconnecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In humans, two functional GDH genes, GLUD1 and GLUD2, encode for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively. GLUD2 evolved from retrotransposition of the GLUD1 gene in the common ancestor of modern apes. These two isoenzymes are involved in the pathophysiology of human metabolic, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders. The 3D structures of hGDH1 and hGDH2 have been experimentally determined; however, no information is available about the path of GDH2 structure changes during primate evolution. Here, we compare the structures predicted by the AlphaFold Colab method for the GDH2 enzyme of modern apes and their extinct primate ancestors. Also, we analyze the individual effect of amino acid substitutions emerging during primate evolution. Our most important finding is that the predicted structure of GDH2 in the common ancestor of apes was the steppingstone for the structural evolution of primate GDH2s. Two changes with a strong functional impact occurring at the first evolutionary step, Arg443Ser and Gly456Ala, had a destabilizing and stabilizing effect, respectively, making this step the most important one. Subsequently, GDH2 underwent additional modifications that fine-tuned its enzymatic properties to adapt to the functional needs of modern-day primate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Litso
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Mary Providaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (I.L.); (A.P.)
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4
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Nieto-Panqueva F, Rubalcava-Gracia D, Hamel PP, González-Halphen D. The constraints of allotopic expression. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:30-50. [PMID: 37739243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Allotopic expression is the functional transfer of an organellar gene to the nucleus, followed by synthesis of the gene product in the cytosol and import into the appropriate organellar sub compartment. Here, we focus on mitochondrial genes encoding OXPHOS subunits that were naturally transferred to the nucleus, and critically review experimental evidence that claim their allotopic expression. We emphasize aspects that may have been overlooked before, i.e., when modifying a mitochondrial gene for allotopic expression━besides adapting the codon usage and including sequences encoding mitochondrial targeting signals━three additional constraints should be considered: (i) the average apparent free energy of membrane insertion (μΔGapp) of the transmembrane stretches (TMS) in proteins earmarked for the inner mitochondrial membrane, (ii) the final, functional topology attained by each membrane-bound OXPHOS subunit; and (iii) the defined mechanism by which the protein translocator TIM23 sorts cytosol-synthesized precursors. The mechanistic constraints imposed by TIM23 dictate the operation of two pathways through which alpha-helices in TMS are sorted, that eventually determine the final topology of membrane proteins. We used the biological hydrophobicity scale to assign an average apparent free energy of membrane insertion (μΔGapp) and a "traffic light" color code to all TMS of OXPHOS membrane proteins, thereby predicting which are more likely to be internalized into mitochondria if allotopically produced. We propose that the design of proteins for allotopic expression must make allowance for μΔGapp maximization of highly hydrophobic TMS in polypeptides whose corresponding genes have not been transferred to the nucleus in some organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Nieto-Panqueva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Rubalcava-Gracia
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrice P Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), School of BioScience and Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Pan C, Mao S, Xiong Z, Chen Z, Xu N. Glutamate dehydrogenase: Potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 950:175733. [PMID: 37116563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme in mammalian glutamate metabolism. It is located at the intersection of multiple metabolic pathways and participates in a variety of cellular activities. GDH activity is strictly regulated by a variety of allosteric compounds. Here, we review the unique distribution and expressions of GDH in the brain nervous system. GDH plays an essential role in the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle between astrocytes and neurons. The dysfunction of GDH may induce the occurrence of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and frontotemporal dementia. GDH activators and gene therapy have been found to protect neurons and improve motor disorders in neurodegenerative diseases caused by glutamate metabolism disorders. To date, no medicine has been discovered that specifically targets neurodegenerative diseases, although several potential medicines are used clinically. Targeting GDH to treat neurodegenerative diseases is expected to provide new insights and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeping Xiong
- Department of Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, 313200, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Mathioudakis L, Dimovasili C, Bourbouli M, Latsoudis H, Kokosali E, Gouna G, Vogiatzi E, Basta M, Kapetanaki S, Panagiotakis S, Kanterakis A, Boumpas D, Lionis C, Plaitakis A, Simos P, Vgontzas A, Kafetzopoulos D, Zaganas I. Study of Alzheimer's disease- and frontotemporal dementia-associated genes in the Cretan Aging Cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:111-128. [PMID: 36117051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using exome sequencing, we analyzed 196 participants of the Cretan Aging Cohort (CAC; 95 with Alzheimer's disease [AD], 20 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 81 cognitively normal controls). The APOE ε4 allele was more common in AD patients (23.2%) than in controls (7.4%; p < 0.01) and the PSEN2 p.Arg29His and p.Cys391Arg variants were found in 3 AD and 1 MCI patient, respectively. Also, we found the frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-associated TARDBP gene p.Ile383Val variant in 2 elderly patients diagnosed with AD and in 2 patients, non CAC members, with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/FTD phenotype. Furthermore, the p.Ser498Ala variant in the positively selected GLUD2 gene was less frequent in AD patients (2.11%) than in controls (16%; p < 0.01), suggesting a possible protective effect. While the same trend was found in another local replication cohort (n = 406) and in section of the ADNI cohort (n = 808), this finding did not reach statistical significance and therefore it should be considered preliminary. Our results attest to the value of genetic testing to study aged adults with AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Helen Latsoudis
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenia Kokosali
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouella Vogiatzi
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Basta
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stefania Kapetanaki
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Simeon Panagiotakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (ICS-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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7
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Stoian AM, Rowland RR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Identification of CD163 regions that are required for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection but not for binding to viral envelope glycoproteins. Virology 2022; 574:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Chen PR, Lucas CG, Cecil RF, Pfeiffer CA, Fudge MA, Samuel MS, Zigo M, Seo H, Spate LD, Whitworth KM, Sutovsky P, Johnson GA, Wells KD, Geisert RD, Prather RS. Disrupting porcine glutaminase does not block preimplantation development and elongation nor decrease mTORC1 activation in conceptuses†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1104-1113. [PMID: 34453429 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation of pig conceptuses is a dynamic process, requiring adequate nutrient provisions. Glutamine is used as an energy substrate and is involved in the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) during porcine preimplantation development. However, the roles of glutamine have not been extensively studied past the blastocyst stage. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine if glutaminase (GLS), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in glutamine metabolism, was necessary for conceptus elongation to proceed and was involved in mTORC1 activation. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to induce loss-of-function mutations in the GLS gene of porcine fetal fibroblasts. Wild type (GLS+/+) and knockout (GLS-/-) fibroblasts were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and GLS+/+ and GLS-/- blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred into surrogates. On day 14 of gestation, GLS+/+ conceptuses primarily demonstrated filamentous morphologies, and GLS-/- conceptuses exhibited spherical, ovoid, tubular, and filamentous morphologies. Thus, GLS-/- embryos were able to elongate despite the absence of GLS protein and minimal enzyme activity. Furthermore, spherical GLS-/- conceptuses had increased abundance of transcripts related to glutamine and glutamate metabolism and transport compared to filamentous conceptuses of either genotype. Differences in phosphorylation of mTORC1 components and targets were not detected regarding conceptus genotype or morphology, but abundance of two transcriptional targets of mTORC1, cyclin D1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha was increased in spherical conceptuses. Therefore, porcine GLS is not essential for conceptus elongation and is not required for mTORC1 activation at this developmental timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Fudge
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rodney D Geisert
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Dimovasili C, Fadouloglou VE, Kefala A, Providaki M, Kotsifaki D, Kanavouras K, Sarrou I, Plaitakis A, Zaganas I, Kokkinidis M. Crystal structure of glutamate dehydrogenase 2, a positively selected novel human enzyme involved in brain biology and cancer pathophysiology. J Neurochem 2021; 157:802-815. [PMID: 33421122 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase (hGDH1 in human cells) interconverts glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. During primate evolution, humans and great apes have acquired hGDH2, an isoenzyme that underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation concomitantly with brain expansion, thereby acquiring unique catalytic and regulatory properties that permitted its function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1. Although the 3D-structures of GDHs, including hGDH1, have been determined, attempts to determine the hGDH2 structure were until recently unsuccessful. Comparison of the hGDH1/hGDH2 structures would enable a detailed understanding of their evolutionary differences. This work aimed at the determination of the hGDH2 crystal structure and the analysis of its functional implications. Recombinant hGDH2 was produced in the Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell line Sf21, using the Baculovirus expression system. Purification was achieved via a two-step chromatography procedure. hGDH2 was crystallized, X-ray diffraction data were collected using synchrotron radiation and the structure was determined by molecular replacement. The hGDH2 structure is reported at a resolution of 2.9 Å. The enzyme adopts a novel semi-closed conformation, which is an intermediate between known open and closed GDH1 conformations, differing from both. The structure enabled us to dissect previously reported biochemical findings and to structurally interpret the effects of evolutionary amino acid substitutions, including Arg470His, on ADP affinity. In conclusion, our data provide insights into the structural basis of hGDH2 properties, the functional evolution of hGDH isoenzymes, and open new prospects for drug design, especially for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dimovasili
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasiliki E Fadouloglou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kefala
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mary Providaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dina Kotsifaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kanavouras
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Neurology, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iosifina Sarrou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science/DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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10
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Violitzi F, Perivolidi VI, Thireou T, Grivas I, Haralambous S, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Douni E. Mapping Interactome Networks of DNAJC11, a Novel Mitochondrial Protein Causing Neuromuscular Pathology in Mice. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3896-3912. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Violitzi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Vasiliki-Iris Perivolidi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Trias Thireou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Transgenic Technology Lab and Inflammation Research Group, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Sylva Haralambous
- Transgenic Technology Lab and Inflammation Research Group, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Eleni Douni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Fleming 34, 16672, Vari, Greece
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11
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Mathioudakis L, Bourbouli M, Daklada E, Kargatzi S, Michaelidou K, Zaganas I. Localization of Human Glutamate Dehydrogenases Provides Insights into Their Metabolic Role and Their Involvement in Disease Processes. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:170-187. [PMID: 29943084 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. In mammals, GDH contributes to important processes such as amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, ammonia management, neurotransmitter recycling and insulin secretion. In humans, two isoforms of GDH are found, namely hGDH1 and hGDH2, with the former being ubiquitously expressed and the latter found mainly in brain, testis and kidney. These two iso-enzymes display highly divergent allosteric properties, especially concerning their basal activity, ADP activation and GTP inhibition. On the other hand, both enzymes are thought to predominantly localize in the mitochondrial matrix, even though alternative localizations have been proposed. To further study the subcellular localization of the two human iso-enzymes, we created HEK293 cell lines stably over-expressing hGDH1 and hGDH2. In these cell lines, immunofluorescence and enzymatic analyses verified the overexpression of both hGDH1 and hGDH2 iso-enzymes, whereas subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting showed their predominantly mitochondrial localization. Given that previous studies have only indirectly compared the subcellular localization of the two iso-enzymes, we co-expressed them tagged with different fluorescent dyes (green and red fluorescent protein for hGDH1 and hGDH2, respectively) and found them to co-localize. Despite the wealth of information related to the functional properties of hGDH1 and hGDH2 and the availability of the hGDH1 structure, there is still an ongoing debate concerning their metabolic role and their involvement in disease processes. Data on the localization of hGDHs, as the ones presented here, could contribute to better understanding of the function of these important human enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elisavet Daklada
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Kargatzi
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kleita Michaelidou
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Transgenic Mice Carrying GLUD2 as a Tool for Studying the Expressional and the Functional Adaptation of this Positive Selected Gene in Human Brain Evolution. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:154-169. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The human mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (hGDH1 and hGDH2) are abundant matrix-localized proteins encoded by nuclear genes. The proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, with an atypically long N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The results of secondary structure predictions suggest the presence of two α-helices within the N-terminal region of the MTS. Results from deletion analyses indicate that individual helices have limited ability to direct protein import and matrix localization, but that there is a synergistic interaction when both helices are present [Biochem. J. (2016) 473: , 2813-2829]. Mutagenesis of the MTS cleavage sites blocked post-import removal of the presequences, but did not impede import. The authors propose that the high matrix levels of hGDH can be attributed to the unusual length and secondary structure of the MTS.
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14
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The Glutamate Dehydrogenase Pathway and Its Roles in Cell and Tissue Biology in Health and Disease. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010011. [PMID: 28208702 PMCID: PMC5372004 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD(P)⁺ to NAD(P)H. It is found in all living organisms serving both catabolic and anabolic reactions. In mammalian tissues, oxidative deamination of glutamate via GDH generates α-ketoglutarate, which is metabolized by the Krebs cycle, leading to the synthesis of ATP. In addition, the GDH pathway is linked to diverse cellular processes, including ammonia metabolism, acid-base equilibrium, redox homeostasis (via formation of fumarate), lipid biosynthesis (via oxidative generation of citrate), and lactate production. While most mammals possess a single GDH1 protein (hGDH1 in the human) that is highly expressed in the liver, humans and other primates have acquired, via duplication, an hGDH2 isoenzyme with distinct functional properties and tissue expression profile. The novel hGDH2 underwent rapid evolutionary adaptation, acquiring unique properties that enable enhanced enzyme function under conditions inhibitory to its ancestor hGDH1. These are thought to provide a biological advantage to humans with hGDH2 evolution occurring concomitantly with human brain development. hGDH2 is co-expressed with hGDH1 in human brain, kidney, testis and steroidogenic organs, but not in the liver. In human cerebral cortex, hGDH1 and hGDH2 are expressed in astrocytes, the cells responsible for removing and metabolizing transmitter glutamate, and for supplying neurons with glutamine and lactate. In human testis, hGDH2 (but not hGDH1) is densely expressed in the Sertoli cells, known to provide the spermatids with lactate and other nutrients. In steroid producing cells, hGDH1/2 is thought to generate reducing equivalents (NADPH) in the mitochondria for the biosynthesis of steroidal hormones. Lastly, up-regulation of hGDH1/2 expression occurs in cancer, permitting neoplastic cells to utilize glutamine/glutamate for their growth. In addition, deregulation of hGDH1/2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human disorders.
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15
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Multiple Forms of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Animals: Structural Determinants and Physiological Implications. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5040053. [PMID: 27983623 PMCID: PMC5192433 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) of animal cells is usually considered to be a mitochondrial enzyme. However, this enzyme has recently been reported to be also present in nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. These extramitochondrial localizations are associated with moonlighting functions of GDH, which include acting as a serine protease or an ATP-dependent tubulin-binding protein. Here, we review the published data on kinetics and localization of multiple forms of animal GDH taking into account the splice variants, post-translational modifications and GDH isoenzymes, found in humans and apes. The kinetic properties of human GLUD1 and GLUD2 isoenzymes are shown to be similar to those published for GDH1 and GDH2 from bovine brain. Increased functional diversity and specific regulation of GDH isoforms due to alternative splicing and post-translational modifications are also considered. In particular, these structural differences may affect the well-known regulation of GDH by nucleotides which is related to recent identification of thiamine derivatives as novel GDH modulators. The thiamine-dependent regulation of GDH is in good agreement with the fact that the non-coenzyme forms of thiamine, i.e., thiamine triphosphate and its adenylated form are generated in response to amino acid and carbon starvation.
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Marcus D, Lichtenstein M, Cohen N, Hadad R, Erlich-Hadad T, Greif H, Lorberboum-Galski H. Heterologous mitochondrial targeting sequences can deliver functional proteins into mitochondria. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:48-56. [PMID: 27771440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Targeting Sequences (MTSs) are responsible for trafficking nuclear-encoded proteins into mitochondria. Once entering the mitochondria, the MTS is recognized and cleaved off. Some MTSs are long and undergo two-step processing, as in the case of the human frataxin (FXN) protein (80aa), implicated in Friedreich's ataxia (FA). Therefore, we chose the FXN protein to examine whether nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins can efficiently be targeted via a heterologous MTS (hMTS) and deliver a functional protein into mitochondria. We examined three hMTSs; that of citrate synthase (cs), lipoamide deydrogenase (LAD) and C6ORF66 (ORF), as classically MTS sequences, known to be removed by one-step processing, to deliver FXN into mitochondria, in the form of fusion proteins. We demonstrate that using hMTSs for delivering FXN results in the production of 4-5-fold larger amounts of the fusion proteins, and at 4-5-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, hMTSs delivered a functional FXN protein into the mitochondria even more efficiently than the native MTSfxn, as evidenced by the rescue of FA patients' cells from oxidative stress; demonstrating a 18%-54% increase in cell survival; and a 13%-33% increase in ATP levels, as compared to the fusion protein carrying the native MTS. One fusion protein with MTScs increased aconitase activity within patients' cells, by 400-fold. The implications form our studies are of vast importance for both basic and translational research of mitochondrial proteins as any mitochondrial protein can be delivered efficiently by an hMTS. Moreover, effective targeting of functional proteins is important for restoration of mitochondrial function and treatment of related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Marcus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michal Lichtenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Natali Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rita Hadad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Erlich-Hadad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Haya Lorberboum-Galski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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