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Biswas P, Jain J, Hasan W, Bose D, Yadav RS. Azo food dye neurotoxicity in rats: A neurobehavioral, biochemical, and histopathological study. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114067. [PMID: 37813177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Azo Food dyes (AFDs), which are widely used in the food industry, may be associated with adverse health effects. We have investigated the effects of the AFDs metanil yellow (MY), malachite green (MG), and sudan III (SIII) on cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuro-enzyme activities, and histopathology in rats. Rats treated with MY (430 mg/kg), MG (13.75 mg/kg), SIII (250 mg/kg), and a mixture (MY 143.33 + MG 4.52 + SIII 83.33 mg/kg) p.o. for 60 d showed significant learning and memory impairments. Significant biochemical changes were observed in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus: increases in lipid peroxidation and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE); decreases in the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and mitochondrial complexes I and II. Histological damage to brain neurons accompanied the learning and memory impairments and was linked with other biochemical and neurochemical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronit Biswas
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University (An Institution of National Importance), Delhi, 110085, India; Department of Criminology & Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India
| | - Juli Jain
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India
| | - Whidul Hasan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Brookline, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Devasish Bose
- Department of Criminology & Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India
| | - Rajesh Singh Yadav
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University (An Institution of National Importance), Bhopal, 462030, MP, India.
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2
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Nieto-Panqueva F, Rubalcava-Gracia D, Hamel PP, González-Halphen D. The constraints of allotopic expression. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:30-50. [PMID: 37739243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Allotopic expression is the functional transfer of an organellar gene to the nucleus, followed by synthesis of the gene product in the cytosol and import into the appropriate organellar sub compartment. Here, we focus on mitochondrial genes encoding OXPHOS subunits that were naturally transferred to the nucleus, and critically review experimental evidence that claim their allotopic expression. We emphasize aspects that may have been overlooked before, i.e., when modifying a mitochondrial gene for allotopic expression━besides adapting the codon usage and including sequences encoding mitochondrial targeting signals━three additional constraints should be considered: (i) the average apparent free energy of membrane insertion (μΔGapp) of the transmembrane stretches (TMS) in proteins earmarked for the inner mitochondrial membrane, (ii) the final, functional topology attained by each membrane-bound OXPHOS subunit; and (iii) the defined mechanism by which the protein translocator TIM23 sorts cytosol-synthesized precursors. The mechanistic constraints imposed by TIM23 dictate the operation of two pathways through which alpha-helices in TMS are sorted, that eventually determine the final topology of membrane proteins. We used the biological hydrophobicity scale to assign an average apparent free energy of membrane insertion (μΔGapp) and a "traffic light" color code to all TMS of OXPHOS membrane proteins, thereby predicting which are more likely to be internalized into mitochondria if allotopically produced. We propose that the design of proteins for allotopic expression must make allowance for μΔGapp maximization of highly hydrophobic TMS in polypeptides whose corresponding genes have not been transferred to the nucleus in some organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Nieto-Panqueva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Rubalcava-Gracia
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrice P Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), School of BioScience and Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Yang J, Jin F, Li H, Shen Y, Shi W, Wang L, Zhong L, Wu G, Wu Q, Li Y. Identification of mitochondrial respiratory chain signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in stomach adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 37062830 PMCID: PMC10105960 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes play a crucial role in STAD pathogenesis. However, how mitochondrial respiratory chain complex genes (MRCCGs) affect the prognosis and tumor microenvironment in STAD remains unclear. In this study, we systematically analyzed genetic alterations and copy number variations of different expression densities of MRCCGs, based on 806 samples from two independent STAD cohorts. Then we employed the unsupervised clustering method to classify the samples into three expression patterns based on the prognostic MRCCG expressions, and found that they were involved in different biological pathways and correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics, immune cell infiltration, and prognosis of STAD. Subsequently, we conducted a univariate Cox regression analysis to identify the prognostic value of 1175 subtype-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and screened out 555 prognostic-related genes. Principal component analysis was performed and developed the MG score system to quantify MRCCG patterns of STAD. The prognostic significance of MG Score was validated in three cohorts. The low MG score group, characterized by increased microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), tumor mutation burden (TMB), PD-L1 expression, had a better prognosis. Interestingly, we demonstrated MRCCG patterns score could predict the sensitivity to ferroptosis inducing therapy. Our comprehensive analysis of MRCCGs in STAD demonstrated their potential roles in the tumor-immune-stromal microenvironment, clinicopathological features, and prognosis. Our findings highlight that MRCCGs may provide a new understanding of immunotherapy strategies for gastric cancer and provide a new perspective on the development of personalized immune therapeutic strategies for patients with STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou first people's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Feifan Jin
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Huanjuan Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yuhuan Shen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Weilin Shi
- Department of Medicine, Taizhou Luqiao District Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318058, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Medicine, Taizhou Luqiao District Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318058, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongxiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314599, China
| | - Gongqiang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, 322100, China.
| | - Qiaoliang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Jiashan first people's Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314199, China.
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou first people's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
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Anusha-Kiran Y, Mol P, Dey G, Bhat FA, Chatterjee O, Deolankar SC, Philip M, Prasad TSK, Srinivas Bharath MM, Mahadevan A. Regional heterogeneity in mitochondrial function underlies region specific vulnerability in human brain ageing: Implications for neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:34-57. [PMID: 36195160 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal vulnerability (SNV) of specific neuroanatomical regions such as frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HC) is characteristic of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), although its pathogenetic basis remains unresolved. We hypothesized that physiological differences in mitochondrial function in neuroanatomical regions could contribute to SNV. To investigate this, we evaluated mitochondrial function in human brains (age range:1-90 y) in FC, striatum (ST), HC, cerebellum (CB) and medulla oblongata (MD), using enzyme assays and quantitative proteomics. Striking differences were noted in resistant regions- MD and CB compared to the vulnerable regions- FC, HC and ST. At younger age (25 ± 5 y), higher activity of electron transport chain enzymes and upregulation of metabolic and antioxidant proteins were noted in MD compared to FC and HC, that was sustained with increasing age (≥65 y). In contrast, the expression of synaptic proteins was higher in FC, HC and ST (vs. MD). In line with this, quantitative phospho-proteomics revealed activation of upstream regulators (ERS, PPARα) of mitochondrial metabolism and inhibition of synaptic pathways in MD. Microtubule Associated Protein Tau (MAPT) showed overexpression in FC, HC and ST both in young and older age (vs. MD). MAPT hyperphosphorylation and the activation of its kinases were noted in FC and HC with age. Our study demonstrates that regional heterogeneity in mitochondrial and other cellular functions contribute to SNV and protect regions such as MD, while rendering FC and HC vulnerable to NDDs. The findings also support the "last in, first out" hypothesis of ageing, wherein regions such as FC, that are the most recent to develop phylogenetically and ontogenetically, are the first to be affected in ageing and NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarlagadda Anusha-Kiran
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, White Field, Bangalore, 560066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, White Field, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Firdous Ahmad Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, White Field, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, White Field, Bangalore, 560066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - Sayali Chandrashekhar Deolankar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Biostatistics, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Magierowska K, Korbut E, Wójcik-Grzybek D, Bakalarz D, Sliwowski Z, Cieszkowski J, Szetela M, Torregrossa R, Whiteman M, Magierowski M. Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donors versus acute oxidative gastric mucosal injury. J Control Release 2022; 348:321-334. [PMID: 35654168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a gaseous molecule prevents gastrointestinal (GI)-tract against various injuries. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the detailed molecular mechanism of mitochondria-targeting H2S-prodrugs, AP39 and RT01 in gastroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced lesions. Wistar rats exposed to I/R were pretreated i.g. with vehicle, AP39 (0.004-2 mg/kg), RT01 (0.1 mg/kg), or with AP219 (0.1 mg/kg) as structural control without ability to release H2S. AP39 was also administered with mTOR1 inhibitor, rapamycin (1 mg/kg i.g.). Gastric damage area was assessed micro-/macroscopically, gastric blood flow (GBF) by laser flowmetry, mRNA level of HIF-1α, GPx, SOD1, SOD2, annexin-A1, SOCS3, IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-1R1, IL-1R2, TNFR2, iNOS by real-time PCR. Gastric mucosal and/or serum content of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, G-CSF, M-CSF, VEGFA, GRO, RANTES, MIP-1α, MCP1, TNF-α, TIMP1, FABP3, GST-α, STAT3/5 and phosphorylation of mTOR, NF-κB, ERK, Akt was evaluated by microbeads-fluorescent assay. Mitochondrial complexes activities were measured biochemically. RNA damage was assessed as 8-OHG by ELISA. AP39 and RT01 reduced micro-/macroscopic gastric I/R-injury increasing GBF. AP39-gastroprotection was accompanied by maintained activity of mitochondrial complexes, prevented RNA oxidation and enhanced mRNA/protein expression of SOCS3, IL-1RA, annexin-A1, GST-α, HIF-1α. Rapamycin reversed AP-39-gastroprotection. AP39-gastroprotection was followed by decreased NF-κB, ERK, IL-1β and enhanced Akt and mTOR proteins phosphorylation. AP39-prevented gastric mucosal damage caused by I/R-injury, partly by mitochondrial complex activity maintenance. AP39-mediated attenuation of gastric mucosal oxidation, hypoxia and inflammation involved mTOR1 and Akt pathways activity and modulation of HIF-1α, GST-α, SOCS3, IL1RA and TIMP1 molecular interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyta Korbut
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szetela
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | | | | | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Magnacca N, Goglia F, Lombardi A, Venditti P. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial functionality in hearts from KO UCP3 mice housed at thermoneutrality. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:415-425. [PMID: 35237934 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is controversial. This work aimed to investigate the effects of UCP3 on the heart of mice housed at thermoneutral temperature, an experimental condition that avoids the effects of thermoregulation on mitochondrial activity and redox homeostasis, preventing the alterations related to these processes from confusing the results caused by the lack of UCP3. WT and KO UCP3 mice were acclimatized at 30 °C for 4 weeks and hearts were used to evaluate metabolic capacity and redox state. Tissue and mitochondrial respiration, the activities of the mitochondrial complexes, and the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes markers furnished information on mitochondrial functionality. The levels of lipid and protein oxidative damage markers, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the reactive oxygen species levels, and the susceptibility to in vitro Fe-ascorbate-induced oxidative stress furnished information on redox state. UCP3 ablation reduced tissue and mitochondrial respiratory capacities, not affecting the mitochondrial content. In KO UCP3 mice, the mitochondrial complexes activities were lower than in WT without changes in their content. These effects were accompanied by an increase in the level of oxidative stress markers, ROS content, and in vitro susceptibility to oxidative stress, notwithstanding that the activities of antioxidant enzymes were not affected by UCP3 ablation. Such modifications are also associated with enhanced activation/phosphorylation of EIF2α, a marker of integrated stress response and endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP778 BIP). The lack of UCP3 makes the heart more prone to oxidative insult by reducing oxygen consumption and increasing ROS. Our results demonstrate that UCP3 helps the cell to preserve mitochondrial function by mitigating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Parthenope, via Acton n. 38, -I-80133, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia Magnacca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
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7
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Mehanna ET, Khalaf SS, Mesbah NM, Abo-Elmatty DM, Hafez MM. Anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and mitochondrial regulatory effects of selenium nanoparticles against vancomycin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. Life Sci 2021; 288:120098. [PMID: 34715137 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nephrotoxicity is the major limiting factor for the clinical use of vancomycin (VCM) for treatment against multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. The present research aimed to investigate the ability of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to protect against VCM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. MAIN METHODS Experimental rats were divided into five groups; the first was the normal control, the second was treated with VCM (200 mg/kg twice/day, i.p.) for 7 days. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated orally with SeNPs (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/day); respectively. SeNPs were administered for 12 days before VCM, 1 week simultaneously with VCM, and for another 1 week after its administration. KEY FINDINGS Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were significantly increased in kidney tissue after VCM administration. Expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase 3 and caspase 9 in kidney tissue was significantly increased, while the antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial complexes, the ATP levels and B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) were decreased in kidney in the VCM-treated rats compared to the normal control group. Treatment with SeNPs significantly decreased levels of MDA, iNOS, NO, TNF-α, and KIM-1 in the kidney tissue. Administration of SeNPs also downregulated the expression of the proapoptotic agents and enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the mitochondrial enzyme complexes in the kidney. SIGNIFICANCE SeNPs alleviated VCM-induced nephrotoxicity through their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and mitochondrial protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Samar S Khalaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Mesbah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6 October City, Egypt
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8
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Palmer CS, Lou J, Kouskousis B, Pandzic E, Anderson AJ, Kang Y, Hinde E, Stojanovski D. Super-resolution microscopy reveals the arrangement of inner membrane protein complexes in mammalian mitochondria. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252197. [PMID: 34313317 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane is a protein-rich environment containing large multimeric complexes, including complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, mitochondrial translocases and quality control machineries. Although the inner membrane is highly proteinaceous, with 40-60% of all mitochondrial proteins localised to this compartment, little is known about the spatial distribution and organisation of complexes in this environment. We set out to survey the arrangement of inner membrane complexes using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). We reveal that subunits of the TIM23 complex, TIM23 and TIM44 (also known as TIMM23 and TIMM44, respectively), and the complex IV subunit COXIV, form organised clusters and show properties distinct from the outer membrane protein TOM20 (also known as TOMM20). Density based cluster analysis indicated a bimodal distribution of TIM44 that is distinct from TIM23, suggesting distinct TIM23 subcomplexes. COXIV is arranged in larger clusters that are disrupted upon disruption of complex IV assembly. Thus, STORM super-resolution microscopy is a powerful tool for examining the nanoscale distribution of mitochondrial inner membrane complexes, providing a 'visual' approach for obtaining pivotal information on how mitochondrial complexes exist in a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jieqiong Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Betty Kouskousis
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander J Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yilin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Manoj KM, Soman V, David Jacob V, Parashar A, Gideon DA, Kumar M, Manekkathodi A, Ramasamy S, Pakshirajan K, Bazhin NM. Chemiosmotic and murburn explanations for aerobic respiration: Predictive capabilities, structure-function correlations and chemico-physical logic. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 676:108128. [PMID: 31622585 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since mid-1970s, the proton-centric proposal of 'chemiosmosis' became the acclaimed explanation for aerobic respiration. Recently, significant theoretical and experimental evidence were presented for an oxygen-centric 'murburn' mechanism of mitochondrial ATP-synthesis. Herein, we compare the predictive capabilities of the two models with respect to the available information on mitochondrial reaction chemistry and the membrane proteins' structure-function correlations. Next, fundamental queries are addressed on thermodynamics of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mOxPhos): (1) Can the energy of oxygen reduction be utilized for proton transport? (2) Is the trans-membrane proton differential harness-able as a potential energy capable of doing useful work? and (3) Whether the movement of miniscule amounts of mitochondrial protons could give rise to a potential of ~200 mV and if such an electrical energy could sponsor ATP-synthesis. Further, we explore critically if rotary ATPsynthase activity of Complex V can account for physiological ATP-turnovers. We also answer the question- "What is the role of protons in the oxygen-centric murburn scheme of aerobic respiration?" Finally, it is demonstrated that the murburn reaction model explains the fast kinetics, non-integral stoichiometry and high yield of mOxPhos. Strategies are charted to further demarcate the two explanations' relevance in the cellular physiology of aerobic respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, 679122, India.
| | - Vidhu Soman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, 679122, India
| | - Abhinav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, India
| | - Daniel Andrew Gideon
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tennur, Tiruchirappalli, 620017, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, 679122, India
| | - Afsal Manekkathodi
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Al-Rayyan PO Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Surjith Ramasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Nikolai Mikhailovich Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Institutskaya 3, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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10
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Abstract
Spectrophotometric analysis of metabolic enzyme activity from homogenized tissues is a valuable method for investigating mitochondrial content and capacity. Enzyme activity is normally measured in single cuvette spectrophotometers, requiring a large sample volume and low throughput. Here, we describe microplate assays for high-throughput analysis of mitochondrial enzymes citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, aconitase, and mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) complexes I, II, III, and IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Janssen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen E Boyle
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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11
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Roy Chowdhury S, Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Smith DR, Albensi BC, Fernyhough P. Depressed mitochondrial function and electron transport Complex II-mediated H 2O 2 production in the cortex of type 1 diabetic rodents. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 90:49-59. [PMID: 29802939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abnormalities in mitochondrial function under diabetic conditions can lead to deficits in function of cortical neurons and their support cells exhibiting a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to assess mitochondrial respiration rates and membrane potential or H2O2 generation simultaneously and expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, ROS scavenging and AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α pathway activity in cortex under diabetic conditions. METHODS Cortical mitochondria from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats or mice, and aged-matched controls were used for simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial respiration rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) or H2O2 using OROBOROS oxygraph. Measurements of enzymatic activities of respiratory complexes were performed using spectophotometry. Protein levels in cortical mitochondria and homogenates were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Mitochondrial coupled respiration rates and FCCP-induced uncoupled respiration rates were significantly decreased in mitochondria of cortex of STZ-diabetic rats compared to controls. The mtMP in the presence of ADP was significantly depolarized and succinate-dependent respiration rates and H2O2 were significantly diminished in cortical mitochondria of diabetic animals compared to controls, accompanied with reduced expression of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase. The enzymatic activities of Complex I, II, and IV and protein levels of certain components of Complex I and II, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), P-AMPK, SIRT2 and PGC-1α were significantly diminished in diabetic cortex. CONCLUSION Deficits in mitochondrial function, dynamics, and antioxidant capabilities putatively mediated through sub-optimal AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signaling, are involved in the development of early sub-clinical neurodegeneration in the cortex under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Darrell R Smith
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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12
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Rafikova O, Srivastava A, Desai AA, Rafikov R, Tofovic SP. Recurrent inhibition of mitochondrial complex III induces chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction and glycolytic switch in the rat lung. Respir Res 2018; 19:69. [PMID: 29685148 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease; however, the mechanisms directly involved in triggering and the progression of PAH are not clear. Based on previous studies that demonstrated a possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PAH, we investigated the effects of chronic inhibition of mitochondrial function in vivo in healthy rodents. METHODS Right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured in female rats at baseline and up to 24 days after inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory Complex III, induced by Antimycin A (AA, 0.35 mg/kg, given three times starting at baseline and then days 3 and 6 as a bolus injection into the right atrial chamber). RESULTS Rodents exposed to AA demonstrated sustained increases in RVSP from days 6 through 24. AA-exposed rodents also possessed a progressive increase in RV end-diastolic pressure but not RV hypertrophy, which may be attributed to either early stages of PAH development or to reduced RV contractility due to inhibition of myocardial respiration. Protein nitration levels in plasma were positively correlated with PAH development in AA-treated rats. This finding was strongly supported by results obtained from PAH humans where plasma protein nitration levels were correlated with markers of PAH severity in female but not male PAH patients. Based on previously reported associations between increased nitric oxide production levels with female gender, we speculate that in females with PAH mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a more deleterious form, in part, due to an increased nitrosative stress development. Indeed, the histological analysis of AA treated rats revealed a strong perivascular edema, a marker of pulmonary endothelial damage. Finally, AA treatment was accompanied by a severe metabolic shift toward glycolysis, a hallmark of PAH pathology. CONCLUSIONS Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction induces the combination of vascular damage and metabolic reprogramming that may be responsible for PAH development. This mechanism may be especially important in females, perhaps due to an increased NO production and nitrosative stress development.
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Viswanatha GL, Shylaja H, Moolemath Y. The beneficial role of Naringin- a citrus bioflavonoid, against oxidative stress-induced neurobehavioral disorders and cognitive dysfunction in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:909-929. [PMID: 28810519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Naringin is a bioflavonoid, very abundantly found in citrus species. In literature, naringin has been scientifically well documented for its beneficial effects in various neurological disorders. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we have made an attempt to correlate the protective role of naringin against oxidative stress-induced neurological disorders in rodents. METHODS The systematic search was performed using electronic databases; the search was mainly focused on the role of naringin in oxidative stress-induced neuropathological conditions in rodents. While, the meta-analysis was performed on the effect of naringin on oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO)], nitrite, mitochondrial complexes (I to IV) and enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase) in the rodent brain. The data was analyzed using Review Manager Software. THE RESULTS Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty studies were selected. The meta-analysis revealed that, naringin could significantly inhibit various physical and chemical stimuli- induced neurological perturbances in the rodent brain, mediated through oxidative stress. Further, naringin also significantly restored the levels of all the oxidative stress markers (oxidative, nitrosative, enzymes, and mitochondrial complexes) in different parts of the rodent brain. SUMMARY This systematic review and meta-analysis supports the available scientific evidence on the beneficial role of naringin in the management of various neurological ailments. However, further studies involving human subjects is recommended to establish the safety and therapeutic efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Shylaja
- Independent Researcher, Kengeri, Bangalore, 560060, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogananda Moolemath
- Vittarthaa Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, Karnataka, India
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Golpich M, Amini E, Mohamed Z, Azman Ali R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ahmadiani A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:5-22. [PMID: 27873462 PMCID: PMC6492703 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise, we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC.) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Raymond Azman Ali
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | | | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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15
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Waseem M, Parvez S. Neuroprotective activities of curcumin and quercetin with potential relevance to mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxaliplatin. Protoplasma 2016; 253:417-30. [PMID: 26022087 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neurotoxicity is one of the serious dose-limiting side effects of oxaliplatin (Oxa) when used in the treatment of malignant conditions. It is documented that it elicits major side effects specifically neurotoxicity due to oxidative stress forcing the patients to limit its clinical use in long-term treatment. Oxidative stress has been proven to be involved in Oxa-induced toxicity including neurotoxicity. The mitochondria have recently emerged as targets for anticancer drugs in various kinds of toxicity including neurotoxicity that can lead to neoplastic disease. However, there is paucity of literature involving the role of the mitochondria in mediating Oxa-induced neurotoxicity and its underlying mechanism is still debatable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent damage caused by Oxa on isolated brain mitochondria under in vitro conditions. The study was also designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals, curcumin (CMN), and quercetin (QR) on Oxa-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and respiratory chain complexes in the brain of rats. Oxidative stress biomarkers, levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, activities of enzymatic antioxidants, and mitochondrial complexes were evaluated against the neurotoxicity induced by Oxa. Pretreatment with CMN and QR significantly replenished the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl content induced by Oxa. CMN and QR ameliorated altered nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and complex enzymes of mitochondria. We conclude that CMN and QR, by attenuating oxidative stress as evident by mitochondrial dysfunction, hold promise as agents that can potentially reduce Oxa-induced adverse effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India.
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Kwatra M, Kumar V, Jangra A, Mishra M, Ahmed S, Ghosh P, Vohora D, Khanam R. Ameliorative effect of naringin against doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity in rats. Pharm Biol 2015; 54:637-647. [PMID: 26471226 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most active chemotherapeutic agents used to treat various types of cancers. Its clinical utility is compromised due to fatal cardiac toxicity characterized by an irreversible cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the cardioprotective potential of naringin (NR) against Dox-induced acute cardiac toxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. NR (50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily from 0 to 14 d. Doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was given as a single dose on the 10th day. On the 14th day, all animals were sacrificed and oxidative stress parameters that include malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and all mitochondrial complexes (I-IV) activities were evaluated along with histopathological studies of the heart. RESULTS Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity was confirmed by increased (p < 0.05) MDA, decreased (p < 0.05) GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activities, mitochondrial complexes (I-IV) activities in the heart tissue. NR (100 mg/kg) showed cardioprotection as evident from significant decreased MDA (p < 0.001) level, raised (p < 0.001) GSH level, SOD and CAT activities and increased mitochondrial complexes I (p < 0.01), II (p < 0.001), III (p < 0.001), and IV (p < 0.05) activities. Further, Dox-induced cardiotoxicity was confirmed by histopathological studies. These obtained results indicated the protective role of NR against Dox-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. CONCLUSION NR can be used in combination with Dox due to its high cardioprotective effect against Dox-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kwatra
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Murli Mishra
- c Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology , College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Sahabuddin Ahmed
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - Pinaki Ghosh
- d Department of Pharmacology , Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy , Erandwane , Pune , Maharashtra , India , and
| | - Divya Vohora
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Razia Khanam
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
- e Department of Pharmacology , Gulf Medical University , Ajman , United Arab Emirates
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