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Dai J, Wang M, Yin H, Han X, Fan Y, Wei Y, Lin J, Liu J. Integrating GC-MS and comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that TsERF66 promotes the biosynthesis of caryophyllene in Toona sinensis tender leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1378418. [PMID: 38872893 PMCID: PMC11171135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1378418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The strong aromatic characteristics of the tender leaves of Toona sinensis determine their quality and economic value. Methods and results Here, GC-MS analysis revealed that caryophyllene is a key volatile compound in the tender leaves of two different T. sinensis varieties, however, the transcriptional mechanisms controlling its gene expression are unknown. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significant enrichment of terpenoid synthesis pathway genes, suggesting that the regulation of terpenoid synthesis-related gene expression is an important factor leading to differences in aroma between the two varieties. Further analysis of expression levels and genetic evolution revealed that TsTPS18 is a caryophyllene synthase, which was confirmed by transient overexpression in T. sinensis and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, we screened an AP2/ERF transcriptional factor ERF-IX member, TsERF66, for the potential regulation of caryophyllene synthesis. The TsERF66 had a similar expression trend to that of TsTPS18 and was highly expressed in high-aroma varieties and tender leaves. Exogenous spraying of MeJA also induced the expression of TsERF66 and TsTPS18 and promoted the biosynthesis of caryophyllene. Transient overexpression of TsERF66 in T. sinensis significantly promoted TsTPS18 expression and caryophyllene biosynthesis. Discussion Our results showed that TsERF66 promoted the expression of TsTPS18 and the biosynthesis of caryophyllene in T. sinensis leaves, providing a strategy for improving the aroma of tender leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Hedycaryol - Central Intermediates in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis, Part II. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200405. [PMID: 35239190 PMCID: PMC9310801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The known sesquiterpenes that arise biosynthetically from hedycaryol are summarised. Reasonings for the assignments of their absolute configurations are discussed. The analysis provided here suggests that reprotonations at the C1=C10 double bond of hedycaryol are directed toward C1 and generally lead to 6-6 bicyclic compounds, while reprotonations at the C4=C5 double bond occur at C4 and result in 5-7 bicyclic compounds. Read more in the Review by H. Xu and J. S. Dickschat (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405).
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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3
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Abstract
Terpenoids represent the largest group of secondary metabolites with variable structures and functions. Terpenoids are well known for their beneficial application in human life, such as pharmaceutical products, vitamins, hormones, anticancer drugs, cosmetics, flavors and fragrances, foods, agriculture, and biofuels. Recently, engineering microbial cells have been provided with a sustainable approach to produce terpenoids with high yields. Noticeably, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) system has emerged as one of the most efficient genome-editing technologies to engineer microorganisms for improving terpenoid production. In this review, we summarize the application of the CRISPR-Cas system for the production of terpenoids in microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Pseudomonas putida. CRISPR-Cas9 deactivated Cas9 (dCas9)-based CRISPR (CRISPRi), and the dCas9-based activator (CRISPRa) have been used in either individual or combinatorial systems to control the metabolic flux for enhancing the production of terpenoids. Finally, the prospects of using the CRISPR-Cas system in terpenoid production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.,Bioresource Research Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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4
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Tong Y, Hu T, Tu L, Chen K, Liu T, Su P, Song Y, Liu Y, Huang L, Gao W. Functional characterization and substrate promiscuity of sesquiterpene synthases from Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:949-958. [PMID: 34237366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acyclic terpenes, commonly found in plants, are of high physiological importance and commercial value, and their diversity was controlled by different terpene synthases. During the screen of sesquiterpene synthases from Tripterygium wilfordii, we observed that Ses-TwTPS1-1 and Ses-TwTPS2 promiscuously accepted GPP, FPP, and GGPP to produce corresponding terpene alcohols (linalool/nerolidol/geranyllinalool). The Ses-TwTPS1-2, Ses-TwTPS3, and Ses-TwTPS4 also showed unusual substrate promiscuity by catalyzing GGPP or GPP in addition to FPP as substrate. Furthermore, key residues for the generation of diterpene product, (E, E)-geranyllinalool, were screened depending on mutagenesis studies. The functional analysis of Ses-TwTPS1-1:V199I and Ses-TwTPS1-2:I199V showed that Val in 199 site assisted the produce of diterpene product geranyllinalool by enzyme mutation studies, which indicated that subtle differences away from the active site could alter the product outcome. Moreover, an engineered sesquiterpene high-yielding yeast that produced 162 mg/L nerolidol in shake flask conditions was constructed to quickly identify the function of sesquiterpene synthases in vivo and develop potential applications in microbial fermentation. Our functional characterization of acyclic sesquiterpene synthases will give some insights into the substrate promiscuity of diverse acyclic terpene synthases and provide key residues for expanding the product portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Kang Chen
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Tiezheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Ping Su
- Department of Chemistry, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yadi Song
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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5
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Mourão EDS, Carvalho TGCD, Lima SYEMD, Alencar Filho EBD. Identification of molecular scaffolds from Caatinga Brazilian biome with potential against Aedes aegypti by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Li W, Yan X, Zhang Y, Liang D, Caiyin Q, Qiao J. Characterization of trans-Nerolidol Synthase from Celastrus angulatus Maxim and Production of trans-Nerolidol in Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2236-2244. [PMID: 33586967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenoids are a large group of important secondary metabolites and possess many biological activities. The acyclic sesquiterpene trans-nerolidol is one of the typical representatives and widely used in cosmetics and agriculture. Here, the accumulation of volatile terpenes in different tissues of Celastrus angulatus was investigated, and two trans-nerolidol synthases, CaNES1 and CaNES2, were identified and characterized by in vitro enzymatic assays. Both genes are differentially transcribed in different tissues of C. angulatus. Next, we constructed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory to enable high-level production of trans-nerolidol. Glucose was the sole carbon source to sequentially control gene expression between the competitive squalene and trans-nerolidol pathways. Finally, the trans-nerolidol production of recombinant strain LWG003-CaNES2 was 7.01 g/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. The results clarify volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in C. angulatus and provide a promising potential for industrial production of trans-nerolidol in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Wang L, Liang J, Xie X, Liu J, Shen Q, Li L, Wang Q. Direct formation of the sesquiterpeonid ether liguloxide by a terpene synthase in Senecio scandens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:55-64. [PMID: 32915351 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SsLOS directly catalyzed formation of the sesquiterpenoid ether liguloxide in the medicinal plant Senecio scandens. Terpene synthases determine the diversity of terpene skeletons and corresponding terpenoid natural products. Oxygenated groups introduced in catalysis of terpene synthases are important for solubility, potential bioactivity and further elaboration of terpenoids. Here we identified one terpene synthase, SsLOS, in the Chinese medicinal plant Senecio scandens. SsLOS acted as the sesquiterpene synthase and utilized (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate as the substrate to produce a blend of sesquiterpenoids. GC-MS analysis and NMR structure identification demonstrated that SsLOS directly produced the sesquiterpenoid ether, liguloxide, as well as its alcoholic isomer, 6-epi-guaia-2(3)-en-11-ol. Homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis were combined to explore the catalytic mechanism of SsLOS. A few key residues were identified in the active site and hedycaryol was identified as the neutral intermediate of SsLOS catalysis. The plausible catalytic mechanism was proposed as well. Altogether, SsLOS was identified and characterized as the sesquiterpenoid ether synthase, which is the second terpenoid ether synthase after 1,8-cineol synthase, suggesting some insights for the universal mechanism of terpene synthases using the water molecule in the catalytic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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8
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GAO W, HUANG LQ. Genes functional identification and synthetic biology of natural products. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:641-642. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Liang J, Wang L, Liu J, Shen Q, Fu J, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Probing Enzymatic Structure and Function in the Dihydroxylating Sesquiterpene Synthase ZmEDS. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2660-2666. [PMID: 32558549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) play a vital role in forming the complex hydrocarbon backbones that underlie terpenoid diversity. Notably, some TPSs can add water prior to terminating the catalyzed reaction, leading to hydroxyl groups, which are critical for biological activity. A particularly intriguing example of this is the maize (Zea mays) sesquiterpene TPS whose major product is eudesmanediol, ZmEDS. This production of dual hydroxyl groups is presumably enabled by protonation of the singly hydroxylated transient stable intermediate hedycaryol. To probe the enzymatic structure-function relationships underlying this unusual reaction, protein modeling and docking were used to direct mutagenesis of ZmEDS. Previously, an F303A mutant was shown to produce only hedycaryol, suggesting a role in protonation. Here this is shown to be dependent on the steric bulk positioning of hedycaryol, including a supporting role played by the nearby F299, rather than π-cation interaction. Among the additional residues investigated here, G411 at the conserved kink in helix G is of particular interest, as substitution of this leads to predominant production of the distinct (-)-valerianol, while substitution for the aliphatic I279 and V306 can lead to significant production of the alternative eudesmane-type diols 2,3-epi-cryptomeridiol and 3-epi-cryptomeridol, respectively. Altogether, nine residues that are important for this unusual reaction were investigated here, with the results not only emphasizing the importance of reactant positioning suggested by the stereospecificity observed among the various product types but also highlighting the potential role of the Mg2+-diphosphate complex as the general acid for the protonation-initiated (bi)cyclization of hedycaryol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingye Fu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Tong YR, Zhang YF, Zhao YJ, Hu TY, Wang JD, Huang LQ, Gao W. Differential expression of the TwHMGS gene and its effect on triptolide biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:575-584. [PMID: 31472894 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) is the first committed enzyme in the MVA pathway and involved in the biosynthesis of terpenes in Tripterygium wilfordii. The full-length cDNA and a 515 bp RNAi target fragment of TwHMGS were ligated into the pH7WG2D and pK7GWIWG2D vectors to respectively overexpress and silence, TwHMGS was overexpressed and silenced in T. wilfordii suspension cells using biolistic-gun mediated transformation, which resulted in 2-fold increase and a drop to 70% in the expression level compared to cells with empty vector controls. During TwHMGS overexpression, the expression of TwHMGR, TwDXR and TwTPS7v2 was significantly upregulated to the control. In the RNAi group, the expression of TwHMGR, TwDXS, TwDXR and TwMCT visibly displayed downregulation to the control. The cells with TwHMGS overexpressed produced twice higher than the control value. These results proved that differential expression of TwHMGS determined the production of triptolide in T. wilfordii and laterally caused different trends of relative gene expression in the terpene biosynthetic pathway. Finally, the substrate acetyl-CoA was docked into the active site of TwHMGS, suggesting the key residues including His247, Lys256 and Arg296 undergo electrostatic or H-bond interactions with acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Tong
- School of Pharmacy Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu-Jun Zhao
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jia-Dian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- School of Pharmacy Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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