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Xiong LL, Du RL, Niu RZ, Xue LL, Chen L, Huangfu LR, Cai XX, He XY, Huang J, Huang XY, Liu J, Yu CY, Wang WY, Wang TH. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals peripheral immunological features in Parkinson's Disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:185. [PMID: 39366969 PMCID: PMC11452393 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many researchers of Parkinson's disease (PD) have shifted their focus from the central nervous system (CNS) to the peripheral blood, a significant knowledge gap remains between PD severity and the peripheral immune response. In the current study, we aimed to map the peripheral immunity atlas in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PD patients and healthy controls using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Our study employed scRNA-seq analysis to map the peripheral immunity atlas in PD by profiling PBMCs from PD-Early, PD-Late patients and matched controls. By enlarging the blood sample size, we validated the roles of NK cells in numerous immune-related biological processes. We also detected the infiltration of NK cells into the cerebral motor cortex as the disease progressed, using human brain sections, and elucidated the communication between the periphery and CNS and its implications for PD. As a result, cell subpopulation atlases in PBMCs from PD patients and healthy controls along with differentially expressed genes in NK cells were identified by scRNA-seq analysis, representing 6 major immune cell subsets among which NK cells declined in the progression of PD. We further validated NK cell reduction in increasing samples and found that they participated in numerous immune-related biological processes and infiltration into the cerebral motor cortex as the disease proceeded, evidencingd the close communication between the peripheral immune response and CNS. Strikingly, XCL2 positively correlated with PD severity, with good predictive performance of PD and specific expression in subclusters C2 and C5 of NK cells. All these findings delineated the critical role of peripheral immune response mediated by NK cells in the pathogenesis of PD. NK cell-specific XCL2 could be used as a diagnostic marker for treating PD. The indispensable function of NK cells and NK cell-specific molecular biomarkers highlighted the implication of the peripheral immune response in PD progression. Trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900023975. Registered 20 June 2019 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=31035 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ze Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
- Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Ren Huangfu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiu-Ying He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Alexander KK, Naaldijk Y, Fasiczka R, Brahmia B, Chen T, Hilfiker S, Kennedy EJ. Targeting Rab-RILPL interactions as a strategy to downregulate pathogenic LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3563. [PMID: 38135900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Familial Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently linked to multiple disease-causing mutations within Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2), leading to aberrant kinase activity. Multiple pathogenic effects of enhanced LRRK2 activity have been identified, including loss of cilia and centrosomal cohesion defects. When phosphorylated by LRRK2, Rab8a and Rab10 bind to phospho-specific RILPL effector proteins. RILPL-mediated accumulation of pRabs proximal to the mother centriole is critical for initiating deficits in ciliogenesis and centrosome cohesion mediated by LRRK2. We hypothesized that Rab-derived phospho-mimics may serve to block phosphorylated Rab proteins from docking with RILPL in the context of hyperactive LRRK2 mutants. This would serve as an alternative strategy to downregulate pathogenic signaling mediated by LRRK2, rather than targeting LRRK2 kinase activity itself. To test this theory, we designed a series of constrained peptides mimicking phosphorylated Switch II derived from Rab8. These RILPL interacting peptides, termed RIP, were further shown to permeate cells. Further, several peptides were found to bind RILPL2 and restore ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in cells expressing PD-associated mutant LRRK2. This research demonstrates the utility of constrained peptides as downstream inhibitors to target pathogenic LRRK2 activity and may provide an alternative approach to target specific pathways activated by LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Besma Brahmia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tiancheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Pena N, Richbourg T, Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Qi R, Wren P, Barlow C, Shanks NF, Carlisle HJ, Sanders LH. G2019S selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitor abrogates mitochondrial DNA damage. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:49. [PMID: 38429321 PMCID: PMC10907374 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S variant is the most common, which results in abnormally high kinase activity. Compounds that target LRRK2 kinase activity are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials. We recently found that G2019S LRRK2 causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors at concentrations associated with dephosphorylation of LRRK2 reversed mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. Because maintaining the normal function of LRRK2 in heterozygous G2019S LRRK2 carriers while specifically targeting the G2019S LRRK2 activity could have an advantageous safety profile, we explored the efficacy of a G2019S mutant selective LRRK2 inhibitor to reverse mtDNA damage in G2019S LRRK2 models and patient cells relative to non-selective LRRK2 inhibitors. Potency of LRRK2 kinase inhibition by EB-42168, a G2019S mutant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor, and MLi-2, a non-selective inhibitor, was determined by measuring phosphorylation of LRRK2 at Ser935 and/or Ser1292 using quantitative western immunoblot analysis. The Mito DNADX assay, which allows for the accurate real-time quantification of mtDNA damage in a 96-well platform, was performed in parallel. We confirmed that EB-42168 selectively inhibits LRRK2 phosphorylation on G2019S LRRK2 relative to wild-type LRRK2. On the other hand, MLi-2 was equipotent for wild-type and G2019S LRRK2. Acute treatment with EB-42168 inhibited LRRK2 phosphorylation and also restored mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. We further investigated the relationship between LRRK2 kinase activity, mtDNA damage and mitophagy. Levels of mtDNA damage caused by G2019S LRRK2 were fully re-established within 2 h of a LRRK2 inhibitor wash out and recovery experiment, indicating the mtDNA damage phenotype is highly dynamic. G2019S LRRK2 mitophagy defects were not alleviated with LRRK2 kinase inhibition, suggesting that mitophagy is not mechanistically regulating LRRK2 kinase-mediated reversal of mtDNA damage in this acute timeframe. Abrogation of mtDNA damage with the mutant selective tool inhibitor EB-42168 demonstrates the potential of a precision medicine approach for LRRK2 G2019S PD. Levels of mtDNA damage may serve as a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker of altered kinase activity that could be useful for small molecule development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pena
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tara Richbourg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia P Gonzalez-Hunt
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rui Qi
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Wren
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laurie H Sanders
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Naaldijk Y, Fernández B, Fasiczka R, Fdez E, Leghay C, Croitoru I, Kwok JB, Boulesnane Y, Vizeneux A, Mutez E, Calvez C, Destée A, Taymans JM, Aragon AV, Yarza AB, Padmanabhan S, Delgado M, Alcalay RN, Chatterton Z, Dzamko N, Halliday G, Ruiz-Martínez J, Chartier-Harlin MC, Hilfiker S. A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson´s disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38191886 PMCID: PMC10774440 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they accumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate idiopathic PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Coline Leghay
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ioana Croitoru
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
| | - John B Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanisse Boulesnane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Amelie Vizeneux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Eugenie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Calvez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Alberto Bergareche Yarza
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department. of Neurology, Colsumbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zac Chatterton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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5
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Qi R, Sammler E, Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Barraza I, Pena N, Rouanet JP, Naaldijk Y, Goodson S, Fuzzati M, Blandini F, Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Lutz MW, Kwok JB, Halliday GM, Dzamko N, Padmanabhan S, Alcalay RN, Waters C, Hogarth P, Simuni T, Smith D, Marras C, Tonelli F, Alessi DR, West AB, Shiva S, Hilfiker S, Sanders LH. A blood-based marker of mitochondrial DNA damage in Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabo1557. [PMID: 37647388 PMCID: PMC11135133 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and neuroprotective or disease-modifying interventions remain elusive. High-throughput markers aimed at stratifying patients on the basis of shared etiology are required to ensure the success of disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of PD. Previously, we found brain region-specific accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in PD neuronal culture and animal models, as well as in human PD postmortem brain tissue. To investigate mtDNA damage as a potential blood-based marker for PD, we describe herein a PCR-based assay (Mito DNADX) that allows for the accurate real-time quantification of mtDNA damage in a scalable platform. We found that mtDNA damage was increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from patients with idiopathic PD and those harboring the PD-associated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation in comparison with age-matched controls. In addition, mtDNA damage was elevated in non-disease-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, demonstrating that mtDNA damage can occur irrespective of a PD diagnosis. We further established that Lrrk2 G2019S knock-in mice displayed increased mtDNA damage, whereas Lrrk2 knockout mice showed fewer mtDNA lesions in the ventral midbrain, compared with wild-type control mice. Furthermore, a small-molecule kinase inhibitor of LRRK2 mitigated mtDNA damage in a rotenone PD rat midbrain neuron model and in idiopathic PD patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. Quantifying mtDNA damage using the Mito DNADX assay may have utility as a candidate marker of PD and for measuring the pharmacodynamic response to LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qi
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Esther Sammler
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Claudia P. Gonzalez-Hunt
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivana Barraza
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Pena
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Rouanet
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Steven Goodson
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marie Fuzzati
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, National Institute of Neurology, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Andrea M. Weinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael W. Lutz
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John B. Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Roy N. Alcalay
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cheryl Waters
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tanya Simuni
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Danielle Smith
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Laurie H. Sanders
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Insights into the cellular consequences of LRRK2-mediated Rab protein phosphorylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:587-595. [PMID: 36929701 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) which cause Parkinson's disease increase its kinase activity, and a subset of Rab GTPases have been identified as endogenous LRRK2 kinase substrates. Their phosphorylation correlates with a loss-of-function for the membrane trafficking steps they are normally involved in, but it also allows them to bind to a novel set of effector proteins with dominant cellular consequences. In this brief review, we will summarize novel findings related to the LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab GTPases and its various cellular consequences in vitro and in the intact brain, and we will highlight major outstanding questions in the field.
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7
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Fdez E, Fasiczka R, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fernández B, Naaldijk Y, Hilfiker S. Protocol to measure centrosome cohesion deficits mediated by pathogenic LRRK2 in cultured cells using confocal microscopy. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102024. [PMID: 36856766 PMCID: PMC9860150 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present protocol allows for quantification of inter-centrosome distances in G2 phase cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy to determine centrosome cohesion deficits. We describe transfection and immunofluorescence approaches followed by image acquisition and analysis of inter-centrosome distances. This protocol is for adherent A549 cells transiently overexpressing pathogenic LRRK2 and for immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts endogenously expressing LRRK2 but is amenable to any other cultured cell type as well. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Fdez et al.1 and Lara Ordóñez et al.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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8
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Fernández B, Chittoor-Vinod VG, Kluss JH, Kelly K, Bryant N, Nguyen APT, Bukhari SA, Smith N, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Montine TJ, Wilson MA, Moore DJ, West AB, Cookson MR, Nichols RJ, Hilfiker S. Evaluation of Current Methods to Detect Cellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Kinase Activity. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1423-1447. [PMID: 35599495 PMCID: PMC9398093 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Coding variation in the Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 gene linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD) promotes enhanced activity of the encoded LRRK2 kinase, particularly with respect to autophosphorylation at S1292 and/or phosphorylation of the heterologous substrate RAB10. Objective: To determine the inter-laboratory reliability of measurements of cellular LRRK2 kinase activity in the context of wildtype or mutant LRRK2 expression using published protocols. Methods: Benchmark western blot assessments of phospho-LRRK2 and phospho-RAB10 were performed in parallel with in situ immunological approaches in HEK293T, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Rat brain tissue, with or without adenovirus-mediated LRRK2 expression, and human brain tissues from subjects with or without PD, were also evaluated for LRRK2 kinase activity markers. Results: Western blots were able to detect extracted LRRK2 activity in cells and tissue with pS1292-LRRK2 or pT73-RAB10 antibodies. However, while LRRK2 kinase signal could be detected at the cellular level with over-expressed mutant LRRK2 in cell lines, we were unable to demonstrate specific detection of endogenous cellular LRRK2 activity in cell culture models or tissues that we evaluated. Conclusion: Further development of reliable methods that can be deployed in multiple laboratories to measure endogenous LRRK2 activities are likely required, especially at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jillian H. Kluss
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Andrew B. West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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9
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Ordóñez AJL, Fasiczka R, Fernández B, Naaldijk Y, Fdez E, Ramírez MB, Phan S, Boassa D, Hilfiker S. The LRRK2 signaling network converges on a centriolar phospho-Rab10/RILPL1 complex to cause deficits in centrosome cohesion and cell polarization. Biol Open 2022; 11:275880. [PMID: 35776681 PMCID: PMC9346292 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's-disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway including vps35 and PPM1H converge upon causing centrosomal deficits. The cohesion alterations do not require the presence of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43 or the presence of RILPL2. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab proteins to cause the centrosomal defects. The centrosomal alterations impair cell polarization as monitored by scratch wound assays which is reverted by LRRK2 kinase inhibition. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity impacts upon centrosome-related events to alter the normal biology of a cell. Summary: The Parkinson's disease LRRK2 signaling pathway converges upon the formation of a complex at the subdistal appendage of the mother centriole which causes centrosomal deficits and impairs appropriate cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sébastien Phan
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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10
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Fdez E, Madero-Pérez J, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Naaldijk Y, Fasiczka R, Aiastui A, Ruiz-Martínez J, López de Munain A, Cowley SA, Wade-Martins R, Hilfiker S. Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates centrosome cohesion via Rab10/RILPL1-mediated CDK5RAP2 displacement. iScience 2022; 25:104476. [PMID: 35721463 PMCID: PMC9198432 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity and cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab proteins which allows for their binding to RILPL1. The phospho-Rab/RILPL1 interaction causes deficits in ciliogenesis and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes. We show here that centrosomal deficits mediated by pathogenic LRRK2 can also be observed in patient-derived iPS cells, and we have used transiently transfected cell lines to identify the underlying mechanism. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal cohesion deficits are dependent on both the GTP conformation and phosphorylation status of the Rab proteins. Pathogenic LRRK2 does not displace proteinaceous linker proteins which hold duplicated centrosomes together, but causes the centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2, a protein critical for centrosome cohesion. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2 requires RILPL1 and phospho-Rab proteins, which stably associate with centrosomes. These data provide fundamental information as to how pathogenic LRRK2 alters the normal physiology of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ana Aiastui
- CIBERNED (Institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,Cell Culture Platform, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- CIBERNED (Institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- CIBERNED (Institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastian, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Marchand A, Sarchione A, Athanasopoulos PS, Roy HBL, Goveas L, Magnez R, Drouyer M, Emanuele M, Ho FY, Liberelle M, Melnyk P, Lebègue N, Thuru X, Nichols RJ, Greggio E, Kortholt A, Galli T, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. A Phosphosite Mutant Approach on LRRK2 Links Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation to Protective and Deleterious Markers, Respectively. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061018. [PMID: 35326469 PMCID: PMC8946913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is a major genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD), encoding a homonymous multi-domain protein with two catalytic activities, GTPase and Kinase, involved in intracellular signaling and trafficking. LRRK2 is phosphorylated at multiple sites, including a cluster of autophosphorylation sites in the GTPase domain and a cluster of heterologous phosphorylation sites at residues 860 to 976. Phosphorylation at these latter sites is found to be modified in brains of PD patients, as well as for some disease mutant forms of LRRK2. The main aim of this study is to investigate the functional consequences of LRRK2 phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at LRRK2’s heterologous phosphorylation sites. To this end, we generated LRRK2 phosphorylation site mutants and studied how these affected LRRK2 catalytic activity, neurite outgrowth and lysosomal physiology in cellular models. We show that phosphorylation of RAB8a and RAB10 substrates are reduced with phosphomimicking forms of LRRK2, while RAB29 induced activation of LRRK2 kinase activity is enhanced for phosphodead forms of LRRK2. Considering the hypothesis that PD pathology is associated to increased LRRK2 kinase activity, our results suggest that for its heterologous phosphorylation sites LRRK2 phosphorylation correlates to healthy phenotypes and LRRK2 dephosphorylation correlates to phenotypes associated to the PD pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Panagiotis S. Athanasopoulos
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Liesel Goveas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Romain Magnez
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Marco Emanuele
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Franz Y. Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Platform of Integrative Chemical Biology, F-59000 Lille, France; (R.M.); (X.T.)
| | - R. Jeremy Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Physiology, Genetics and Behavior Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (P.S.A.); (F.Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Thierry Galli
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France;
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.M.); (A.S.); (L.G.); (M.D.); (M.E.); (M.L.); (P.M.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.C.-H.); (J.-M.T.)
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12
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Rocha EM, Keeney MT, Di Maio R, De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. LRRK2 and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:224-236. [PMID: 34991886 PMCID: PMC8854345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is multifactorial, and both genetics and environmental exposures are risk factors. While mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) that are associated with increased kinase activity are the most common cause of autosomal dominant PD, the role of LRRK2 in iPD, independent of mutations, remains uncertain. In this review, we discuss how the architecture of LRRK2 influences kinase activation and how enhanced LRRK2 substrate phosphorylation might contribute to pathogenesis. We describe how oxidative stress and endolysosomal dysfunction, both of which occur in iPD, can activate non-mutated LRRK2 to a similar degree as pathogenic mutations. Similarly, environmental toxicants that are linked epidemiologically to iPD risk can also activate LRRK2. In aggregate, current evidence suggests an important role for LRRK2 in iPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Li J, Wu M, Gong Y, Tang J, Shen J, Xu L, Dang B, Chen G. Inhibition of LRRK2-Rab10 Pathway Improves Secondary Brain Injury After Surgical Brain Injury in Rats. Front Surg 2022; 8:749310. [PMID: 35071308 PMCID: PMC8766807 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.749310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is considered as a potential target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This protein is expressed in the brain and has been associated with various diseases and lysosomal maintenance. Rab10 is a member of the Rab protein GTPase family that has been recently shown to be a kinase substrate of LRRK2. In addition, LRRK2 and its kinase substrate Rab10 constitute a key stress response pathway during lysosomal overload stress. This study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism underlying LRRK2 and its kinase substrate Rab10 involving surgical brain injury (SBI). One hundred and forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined using an SBI model, and some had received the LRRK2-specific inhibitor PF-06447475. Thereafter, western blotting, immunofluorescence, brain water content analysis, neuronal apoptosis assay, and neurological score analysis were conducted. The results showed that after SBI, LRRK2 and phosphorylated Rab10 (p-Rab10) expression in neuronal cells were upregulated, and administration of PF-06447475 significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and brain water content 12 h after SBI and improved neurological deficit 72 h after SBI, which is related to the decreased expression of LRRK2 and p-Rab10, and the lessening of lysosomal overload stress. Our research suggests that the inhibition of LRRK2 can effectively interfere with the role of p-Rab10 in promoting the secretion of lysosomal hydrolase in lysosomal overload stress after SBI, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis and inflammation after SBI and playing a major role in brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinchao Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xu
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
- Baoqi Dang
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Rab GTPases in Parkinson's disease: a primer. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:961-974. [PMID: 34414419 PMCID: PMC8709891 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a prominent and debilitating movement disorder characterized by the death of vulnerable neurons which share a set of structural and physiological properties. Over the recent years, increasing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases can directly as well as indirectly contribute to the cellular alterations leading to PD. Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking events, and alterations in certain membrane trafficking steps can be particularly disruptive to vulnerable neurons. Here, we describe current knowledge on the direct links between altered Rab protein function and PD pathomechanisms.
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15
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Mamais A, Kluss JH, Bonet-Ponce L, Landeck N, Langston RG, Smith N, Beilina A, Kaganovich A, Ghosh MC, Pellegrini L, Kumaran R, Papazoglou I, Heaton GR, Bandopadhyay R, Maio N, Kim C, LaVoie MJ, Gershlick DC, Cookson MR. Mutations in LRRK2 linked to Parkinson disease sequester Rab8a to damaged lysosomes and regulate transferrin-mediated iron uptake in microglia. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001480. [PMID: 34914695 PMCID: PMC8675653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause autosomal dominant Parkinson disease (PD), while polymorphic LRRK2 variants are associated with sporadic PD. PD-linked mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity and induce neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The small GTPase Rab8a is a LRRK2 kinase substrate and is involved in receptor-mediated recycling and endocytic trafficking of transferrin, but the effect of PD-linked LRRK2 mutations on the function of Rab8a is poorly understood. Here, we show that gain-of-function mutations in LRRK2 induce sequestration of endogenous Rab8a to lysosomes in overexpression cell models, while pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity reverses this phenotype. Furthermore, we show that LRRK2 mutations drive association of endocytosed transferrin with Rab8a-positive lysosomes. LRRK2 has been nominated as an integral part of cellular responses downstream of proinflammatory signals and is activated in microglia in postmortem PD tissue. Here, we show that iPSC-derived microglia from patients carrying the most common LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, mistraffic transferrin to lysosomes proximal to the nucleus in proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, G2019S knock-in mice show a significant increase in iron deposition in microglia following intrastriatal LPS injection compared to wild-type mice, accompanied by striatal accumulation of ferritin. Our data support a role of LRRK2 in modulating iron uptake and storage in response to proinflammatory stimuli in microglia. Brain iron deposition is a feature of Parkinson’s disease pathology, but how this contributes to neurodegeneration is unclear. This study show that Parkinson’s disease-linked mutations in LRRK2 cause aberrant brain iron accumulation in vivo and iron dyshomeostasis in vitro, supporting a role of LRRK2 in modulating iron uptake and storage in response to proinflammatory stimuli in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jillian H. Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebekah G. Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manik C. Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, ‘Eunice Kennedy Shriver’ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Papazoglou
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Heaton
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- UCL Institute of Neurology and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, ‘Eunice Kennedy Shriver’ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Keeney MT, Hoffman EK, Greenamyre TJ, Di Maio R. Measurement of LRRK2 Kinase Activity by Proximity Ligation Assay. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4140. [PMID: 34604446 PMCID: PMC8443460 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in leucine rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause forms of familial Parkinson's disease and have been linked to 'idiopathic' Parkinson's disease. Assessment of LRRK2 kinase activity has been very challenging due to its size, complex structure, and relatively low abundance. A standard in the field to assess LRRK2 kinase activity is to measure the level of substrate phosphorylation (pThr73-Rab10) or autophosphorylation of serine 1292 (i.e., phosphoserine 1292; pS1292). The levels of pS1292 have typically been assessed by western blotting, which limits cellular and anatomical resolution. Here, we describe the method for a novel proximity ligation assay (PLA) that can detect endogenous LRRK2 kinase activity (PLA LRRK2) in situ at cellular and subcellular resolutions. PLA is a fluorescence- or chromogen-based assay that can be used to either (1) detect protein-protein interactions or (2) detect and amplify post-translational modifications on proteins. We used PLA for in situ detection and amplification of LRRK2 autophosphorylation levels at serine 1292. Our findings demonstrate that PLA LRRK2 is a highly sensitive and specific assay that can be used for assessing kinase activity in cultured cells and postmortem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric K. Hoffman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J. Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes regulate leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation and accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105426. [PMID: 34144124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 is a highly phosphorylated multidomain protein and mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 are a major genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD). Dephosphorylation at LRRK2's S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphosite cluster is observed in several conditions including in sporadic PD brain, in several disease mutant forms of LRRK2 and after pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. However, the mechanism of LRRK2 dephosphorylation is poorly understood. We performed a phosphatome-wide reverse genetics screen to identify phosphatases involved in the dephosphorylation of the LRRK2 phosphosite S935. Candidate phosphatases selected from the primary screen were tested in mammalian cells, Xenopus oocytes and in vitro. Effects of PP2A on endogenous LRRK2 phosphorylation were examined via expression modulation with CRISPR/dCas9. Our screening revealed LRRK2 phosphorylation regulators linked to the PP1 and PP2A holoenzyme complexes as well as CDC25 phosphatases. We showed that dephosphorylation induced by different kinase inhibitor triggered relocalisation of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A in LRRK2 subcellular compartments in HEK-293 T cells. We also demonstrated that LRRK2 is an authentic substrate of PP2A both in vitro and in Xenopus oocytes. We singled out the PP2A holoenzyme PPP2CA:PPP2R2 as a powerful phosphoregulator of pS935-LRRK2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this specific PP2A holoenzyme induces LRRK2 relocalization and triggers LRRK2 ubiquitination, suggesting its involvement in LRRK2 clearance. The identification of the PPP2CA:PPP2R2 complex regulating LRRK2 S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphorylation paves the way for studies refining PD therapeutic strategies that impact LRRK2 phosphorylation.
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18
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Abstract
Point mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are implicated in a significant proportion of apparently sporadic PD cases. Clinically, LRRK2-driven PD is indistinguishable from sporadic PD, making it an attractive genetic model for the much more common sporadic PD. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding LRRK2's subcellular functions using LRRK2-driven PD models, while also considering some of the limitations of these model systems. Recent developments of particular importance include new evidence of key LRRK2 functions in the endolysosomal system and LRRK2's regulation of and by Rab GTPases. Additionally, LRRK2's interaction with the cytoskeleton allowed elucidation of the LRRK2 structure and appears relevant to LRRK2 protein degradation and LRRK2 inhibitor therapies. We further discuss how LRRK2's interactions with other PD-driving genes, such as the VPS35, GBA1, and SNCA genes, may highlight cellular pathways more broadly disrupted in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Farbod Shavarebi
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annie Hiniker
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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19
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Goveas L, Mutez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. Mind the Gap: LRRK2 Phenotypes in the Clinic vs. in Patient Cells. Cells 2021; 10:981. [PMID: 33922322 PMCID: PMC8145309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkinson's disease (PD) protein Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been under study for more than 15 years and our understanding of the cellular phenotypes for the pathogenic mutant forms of LRRK2 has significantly advanced. In parallel to research on LRRK2 mutations in experimental systems, clinical characterization of patients carrying LRRK2 mutations has advanced, as has the analysis of cells that are derived from these patients, including fibroblasts, blood-derived cells, or cells rendered pluripotent. Under the hypothesis that patient clinical phenotypes are a consequence of a cascade of underlying molecular mechanisms gone astray, we currently have a unique opportunity to compare findings from patients and patient-derived cells to ask the question of whether the clinical phenotype of LRRK2 Parkinson's disease and cellular phenotypes of LRRK2 patient-derived cells may be mutually informative. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information on phenotypes of LRRK2 mutations in the clinic, in patient-derived cells, and in experimental models in order to better understand the relationship between the three at the molecular and cellular levels and identify trends and gaps in correlating the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Goveas
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
- Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, CHU Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
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20
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Pathological Functions of LRRK2 in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122565. [PMID: 33266247 PMCID: PMC7759975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are common genetic risk factors for both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 have been shown to induce changes in its activity, and abnormal increase in LRRK2 kinase activity is thought to contribute to PD pathology. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying LRRK2-associated PD pathology are far from clear, however the identification of LRRK2 substrates and the elucidation of cellular pathways involved suggest a role of LRRK2 in microtubule dynamics, vesicular trafficking, and synaptic transmission. Moreover, LRRK2 is associated with pathologies of α-synuclein, a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs). Evidence from various cellular and animal models supports a role of LRRK2 in the regulation of aggregation and propagation of α-synuclein. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how pathogenic mutations dysregulate LRRK2 and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.
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21
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Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Thacker EA, Toste CM, Boularand S, Deprets S, Dubois L, Sanders LH. Mitochondrial DNA damage as a potential biomarker of LRRK2 kinase activity in LRRK2 Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17293. [PMID: 33057100 PMCID: PMC7557909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are currently being tested in early phase clinical trials. In order to ensure the highest chance of success, a biomarker-guided entry into clinical trials is key. LRRK2 phosphorylation, and phosphorylation of the LRRK2 substrate Rab10, have been proposed as target engagement biomarkers for LRRK2 kinase inhibition. However, a pharmacodynamic biomarker to demonstrate that a biological response has occurred is lacking. We previously discovered that the LRRK2 G2019S mutation causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and is LRRK2 kinase activity-dependent. Here, we have explored the possibility that measurement of mtDNA damage is a "surrogate" for LRRK2 kinase activity and consequently of kinase inhibitor activity. Mitochondrial DNA damage was robustly increased in PD patient-derived immune cells with LRRK2 G2019S mutations as compared with controls. Following treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, a full reversal of mtDNA damage to healthy control levels was observed and correlated with measures of LRRK2 dephosphorylation. Taken together, assessment of mtDNA damage levels may be a sensitive measure of altered kinase activity and provide an extended profile of LRRK2 kinase modulation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Gonzalez-Hunt
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - E A Thacker
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - C M Toste
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - S Boularand
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - S Deprets
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - L Dubois
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - L H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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22
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Rideout HJ, Chartier-Harlin MC, Fell MJ, Hirst WD, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Leyns CEG, Mabrouk OS, Taymans JM. The Current State-of-the Art of LRRK2-Based Biomarker Assay Development in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:865. [PMID: 33013290 PMCID: PMC7461933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that LRRK2 function, particularly its kinase activity, is elevated in multiple forms of Parkinson's disease, both idiopathic as well as familial forms linked to mutations in the LRRK2 gene. However, sensitive quantitative markers of LRRK2 activation in clinical samples remain at the early stages of development. There are several measures of LRRK2 activity that could potentially be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression, as inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trials, to predict response to therapy, or as markers of target engagement. Among these are levels of LRRK2, phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself, either by other kinases or via auto-phosphorylation, its in vitro kinase activity, or phosphorylation of downstream substrates. This is advantageous on many levels, in that multiple indices of elevated kinase activity clearly strengthen the rationale for targeting this kinase with novel therapeutic candidates, and provide alternate markers of activation in certain tissues or biofluids for which specific measures are not detectable. However, this can also complicate interpretation of findings from different studies using disparate measures. In this review we discuss the current state of LRRK2-focused biomarkers, the advantages and disadvantages of the current pallet of outcome measures, the gaps that need to be addressed, and the priorities that the field has defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J. Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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23
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Mancini A, Mazzocchetti P, Sciaccaluga M, Megaro A, Bellingacci L, Beccano-Kelly DA, Di Filippo M, Tozzi A, Calabresi P. From Synaptic Dysfunction to Neuroprotective Strategies in Genetic Parkinson's Disease: Lessons From LRRK2. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:158. [PMID: 32848606 PMCID: PMC7399363 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is thought to rely on a complex interaction between the patient’s genetic background and a variety of largely unknown environmental factors. In this scenario, the investigation of the genetic bases underlying familial PD could unveil key molecular pathways to be targeted by new disease-modifying therapies, still currently unavailable. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are responsible for the majority of inherited familial PD cases and can also be found in sporadic PD, but the pathophysiological functions of LRRK2 have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will review the evidence obtained in transgenic LRRK2 experimental models, characterized by altered striatal synaptic transmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and α-synuclein aggregation. Interestingly, the processes triggered by mutant LRRK2 might represent early pathological phenomena in the pathogenesis of PD, anticipating the typical neurodegenerative features characterizing the late phases of the disease. A comprehensive view of LRRK2 neuronal pathophysiology will support the possible clinical application of pharmacological compounds targeting this protein, with potential therapeutic implications for patients suffering from both familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Bellingacci
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dayne A Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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24
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Rivero-Ríos P, Romo-Lozano M, Fernández B, Fdez E, Hilfiker S. Distinct Roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in Pathogenic LRRK2-Mediated Endolysosomal Trafficking Alterations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071719. [PMID: 32709066 PMCID: PMC7407826 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Statement Pathogenic LRRK2 expression causes endolysosomal trafficking alterations by impairing RAB10 function, and these alterations are rescued by RAB29 independent of its Golgi localization. Abstract Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinson’s disease, and sequence variations are associated with the sporadic form of the disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of RAB proteins implicated in secretory and recycling trafficking pathways, including RAB8A and RAB10. Another RAB protein, RAB29, has been reported to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi, where it stimulates its kinase activity. Our previous studies revealed that G2019S LRRK2 expression or knockdown of RAB8A deregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking, with a concomitant accumulation of the receptor in a RAB4-positive recycling compartment. Here, we show that the G2019S LRRK2-mediated EGFR deficits are mimicked by knockdown of RAB10 and rescued by expression of active RAB10. By contrast, RAB29 knockdown is without effect, but expression of RAB29 also rescues the pathogenic LRRK2-mediated trafficking deficits independently of Golgi integrity. Our data suggest that G2019S LRRK2 deregulates endolysosomal trafficking by impairing the function of RAB8A and RAB10, while RAB29 positively modulates non-Golgi-related trafficking events impaired by pathogenic LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Romo-Lozano
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Marchand A, Drouyer M, Sarchione A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. LRRK2 Phosphorylation, More Than an Epiphenomenon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:527. [PMID: 32612495 PMCID: PMC7308437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are linked to autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and genetic variations at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk for sporadic PD. This gene encodes a kinase that is physiologically multiphosphorylated, including clusters of both heterologous phosphorylation and autophosphorylation sites. Several pieces of evidence indicate that LRRK2's phosphorylation is important for its pathological and physiological functioning. These include a reduced LRRK2 heterologous phosphorylation in PD brains or after pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as well as the appearance of subcellular LRRK2 accumulations when this protein is dephosphorylated at heterologous phosphosites. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms governing LRRK2 phosphorylation levels and the cellular consequences of changes in LRRK2 phosphorylation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we present current knowledge on LRRK2 phosphorylation, LRRK2 phosphoregulation, and how LRRK2 phosphorylation changes affect cellular processes that may ultimately be linked to PD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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