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Dowker-Key PD, Jadi PK, Gill NB, Hubbard KN, Elshaarrawi A, Alfatlawy ND, Bettaieb A. A Closer Look into White Adipose Tissue Biology and the Molecular Regulation of Stem Cell Commitment and Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1017. [PMID: 39202377 PMCID: PMC11353785 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) makes up about 20-25% of total body mass in healthy individuals and is crucial for regulating various metabolic processes, including energy metabolism, endocrine function, immunity, and reproduction. In adipose tissue research, "adipogenesis" is commonly used to refer to the process of adipocyte formation, spanning from stem cell commitment to the development of mature, functional adipocytes. Although, this term should encompass a wide range of processes beyond commitment and differentiation, to also include other stages of adipose tissue development such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration, polarization, etc.… collectively, referred to herein as the adipogenic cycle. The term "differentiation", conversely, should only be used to refer to the process by which committed stem cells progress through distinct phases of subsequent differentiation. Recognizing this distinction is essential for accurately interpreting research findings on the mechanisms and stages of adipose tissue development and function. In this review, we focus on the molecular regulation of white adipose tissue development, from commitment to terminal differentiation, and examine key functional aspects of WAT that are crucial for normal physiology and systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Presley D. Dowker-Key
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Jadi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Gill
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Katelin N. Hubbard
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Elshaarrawi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Naba D. Alfatlawy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
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Ricci M, De Feo MS, Granese GM, Frantellizzi V, Carabellese B, Lubrano E, Cimini A. 18F-FDG PET/CT technology for the assessment of brown adipose tissue: an updated review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023; 20:1143-1156. [PMID: 37965719 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2283618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review provides an update of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F] FDG) for Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity quantification, whose role is not completely understood. AREAS COVERED We conducted an unstructured search of the literature for any studies employing the [18F] FDG PET in BAT assessment. We explored BAT quantification both in healthy individuals and in different pathologies, after cold exposure and as a metabolic biomarker. The assessment of possible BAT modulators by using [18F] FDG PET is shown. Further PET tracers and novel developments for BAT assessments are also described. EXPERT OPINION Further PET tracers and imaging modalities are under investigation, but the [18F] FDG PET is currently the method of choice for the evaluation of BAT and further multicentric trials are needed for a better understanding of the BAT physiopathology, also after cold stimuli. The modulation of BAT activity, assessed by [18F] FDG PET imaging, seems a promising tool for the management of conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, an interesting possible correlation of BAT activation with prognostic [18F] FDG PET indices in cancer patients should be assessed with further multicentric trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia De Feo
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Maria Granese
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Frantellizzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences Oncology and Anatomo-Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ennio Lubrano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi del Molise, Italy
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Cimini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, St. Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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Xu J, Zhang LW, Feng H, Tang Y, Fu SQ, Liu XM, Zhu XY. The Chinese herbal medicine Dai-Zong-Fang promotes browning of white adipocytes in vivo and in vitro by activating PKA pathway to ameliorate obesity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176443. [PMID: 37251344 PMCID: PMC10211343 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The global prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly. Conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) into beige adipose tissue with heat-consuming characteristics, i.e., WAT browning, effectively inhibits obesity. Dai-Zong-Fang (DZF), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has long been used to treat metabolic syndrome and obesity. This study aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanism of DZF against obesity. Methods: In vivo, C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat diets to establish the diet-induced obese (DIO) model. DZF (0.40 g/kg and 0.20 g/kg) and metformin (0.15 g/kg, positive control drug) were used as intervention drugs for six weeks, respectively. The effects of DZF on body size, blood glucose and lipid level, structure and morphology of adipocytes and browning of inguinal WAT (iWAT) in DIO mice were observed. In vitro, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used as the model. Concentrations of DZF (0.8 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL) were selected according to the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). After 2d intervention, lipid droplet morphology was observed by BODIPY493/503 staining, and mitochondria number was observed by mito-tracker Green staining. H-89 dihydrochloride, a PKA inhibitor, was used to observe the change in browning markers' expression. The expression levels of browning markers UCP1 and PGC-1α and key molecules of PKA pathway were detected in vivo and in vitro. Results: In vivo, compared with vehicle control group, 0.40 g/kg DZF significantly reduced obesity in DIO mice from body weight, abdomen circumference, Lee's index, and WAT/body weight (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). 0.40 g/kg DZF also significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). The iWAT's morphology and mitochondria were browning after DZF intervention. In HE-staining, the lipid droplets became smaller, and the number of mitochondria increased. The mitochondrial structure was remodeled under the electron microscope. The expression of UCP1, PGC-1α and PKA was elevated in iWAT detected by RT-qPCR (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). In vitro, compared with the control group, 0.8 mg/mL DZF intervention significantly increased the number of mitochondria and expression of UCP1, PGC-1α, PKA, and pCREB (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In contrast, UCP1 and PGC-1α expression were significantly reversed after adding PKA inhibitor H-89 dihydrochloride. Conclusion: DZF can promote UCP1 expression by activating the PKA pathway, thereby promoting browning of WAT, attenuating obesity, and reducing obesity-related glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities, indicating that DZF has the potential to be selected as an anti-obesity drug to benefit obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Laboratory of Diabetes, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory of Diabetes, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Qiang Fu
- Department of Laboratory of Diabetes, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Ming Liu
- Department of Laboratory of Diabetes, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhu
- Department of Laboratory of Diabetes, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Selenium and selenoproteins in thermogenic adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 731:109445. [PMID: 36265651 PMCID: PMC9981474 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is involved in energy metabolism in the liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, and may also play a role in thermogenic adipocytes, i.e. brown and beige adipocytes. Thereby this micronutrient is a key nutritional target to aid in combating obesity and metabolic diseases. In thermogenic adipocytes, particularly in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the selenoprotein type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) is essential for the activation of adaptive thermogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that additional selenoproteins may also be participating in this process, and a role for Se itself through its metabolic pathways is also envisioned. In this review, we discuss the recognized effects and the knowledge gaps in the involvement of Se metabolism and selenoproteins in the mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis in thermogenic (brown and beige) adipocytes.
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Du K, Chen GH, Bai X, Chen L, Hu SQ, Li YH, Wang GZ, He JW, Lai SJ. Dynamics of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility revealed sequential regulation of potential transcription factors during the brown adipose tissue whitening in rabbits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981661. [PMID: 36225319 PMCID: PMC9548568 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) represents a valuable target for treating obesity in humans. BAT losses of thermogenic capacity and gains a “white adipose tissue-like (WAT-like)” phenotype (BAT whitening) under thermoneutral environments, which could lead to potential low therapy responsiveness in BAT-based obesity treatments. However, the epigenetic mechanisms of BAT whitening remain largely unknown. In this study, BATs were collected from rabbits at day0 (D0), D15, D85, and 2 years (Y2). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed to investigate transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of BATs at the four whitening stages, respectively. Our data showed that many genes and chromatin accessible regions (refer to as “peaks”) were identified as significantly changed during BAT whitening in rabbits. The BAT-selective genes downregulated while WAT-selective genes upregulated from D0 to Y2, and the de novo lipogenesis-related genes reached the highest expression levels at D85. Both the highly expressed genes and accessible regions in Y2 were significantly enriched in immune response-related signal pathways. Analysis of different relationships between peaks and their nearby genes found an increased proportion of the synchronous changes between chromatin accessibility and gene expression during BAT whitening. The synergistic changes between the chromatin accessibility of promoter and the gene expression were found in the key adipose genes. The upregulated genes which contained increased peaks were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, TGF-beta signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, the footprinting analysis suggested that sequential regulation of potential transcription factors (TFs) mediated the loss of thermogenic phenotype and the gain of a WAT-like phenotype of BAT. In conclusion, our study provided the transcriptional and epigenetic frameworks for understanding BAT whitening in rabbits for the first time and might facilitate potential insights into BAT-based obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan-He Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shen-Qiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo-Ze Wang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing-Wei He
- Sichuan Animal Husbandry Station, Chengdu, China
| | - Song-Jia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Song-Jia Lai,
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High-fructose feeding suppresses cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake independently of changes in thermogenesis and the gut microbiome. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100742. [PMID: 36130480 PMCID: PMC9512695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in added sugars are associated with metabolic diseases, and studies have shown a link between these pathologies and changes in the microbiome. Given the reported associations in animal models between the microbiome and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function, and the alterations in the microbiome induced by high-glucose or high-fructose diets, we investigated the potential causal link between high-glucose or -fructose diets and BAT dysfunction in humans. Primary outcomes are changes in BAT cold-induced thermogenesis and the fecal microbiome (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03188835). We show that BAT glucose uptake, but not thermogenesis, is impaired by a high-fructose but not high-glucose diet, in the absence of changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome. We conclude that decreased BAT glucose metabolism occurs earlier than other pathophysiological abnormalities during fructose overconsumption in humans. This is a potential confounding factor for studies relying on 18F-FDG to assess BAT thermogenesis. Fructose overfeeding decreases brown adipose tissue glucose metabolism These changes occur independently of oxidative metabolism No change is observed with glucose overfeeding The gut microbiome is not affected by fructose/glucose overfeeding
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Temporal specificity of IL-6 knockout in enhancing the thermogenic capability of brown adipose tissue. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:619-628. [PMID: 35349101 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been regarded as a homeostatic regulator of fat metabolism, its role in brown adipose thermogenesis remains to be further clarified. By using wild-type (WT) and IL-6-knockout (KO) mice, this study aims to investigate whether IL-6 regulates the thermogenic capability of brown adipose tissue (BAT) at both young and elderly stages. We demonstrated that IL-6 KO enhances BAT thermogenesis at a young age, as evidenced by the increased mRNA and protein expression levels of thermogenic genes, and the elevated interscapular surface temperature. The IL-6-KO enhancement of BAT thermogenesis is associated with improved respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and glucose homeostasis at young stages. However, these improvements disappear in elderly KO mice, which is likely attributable to the highly increased expression of other inflammatory cytokines, such as Tnfα, Il-1β, and Il-10. Our findings indicate that the lack of IL-6 has a temporal-specific contribution to the promotion of BAT thermogenesis.
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Du K, Bai X, Yang L, Shi Y, Chen L, Wang H, Cai M, Wang J, Chen S, Jia X, Lai S. De Novo Reconstruction of Transcriptome Identified Long Non-Coding RNA Regulator of Aging-Related Brown Adipose Tissue Whitening in Rabbits. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111176. [PMID: 34827171 PMCID: PMC8614855 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Brown adipose tissues (BATs) undergo the conversion to white adipose tissues (WATs) with age. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were widely involved in adipose biology. Rabbit is an ideal model for studying the dynamics of the transformation from BATs to WATs. However, our knowledge of lncRNAs that mediate the transformation remains unknown in rabbits. By histological analysis and sequencing, we found rabbit interscapular adipose tissues (iATs) from BATs to WATs within two years and identified a total of 631 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) during the transformation process. Several signal pathways were involved in the transformation from BAT to WAT. A novel lncRNA that was highly expressed in iATs of aged rabbits was validated to impair brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Our study provided a comprehensive catalog of lncRNAs involved in the transformation from BATs to WATs in rabbits, facilitating a better understanding of adipose biology. Abstract Brown adipose tissues (BATs) convert to a “white-like” phenotype with age, which is also known as “aging-related BAT whitening (ARBW)”. Emerging evidence suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were widely involved in adipose biology. Rabbit is an ideal model for studying the dynamics of ARBW. In this study, we performed histological analysis and strand-specific RNA-sequencing (ssRNA-seq) of rabbit interscapular adipose tissues (iATs). Our data indicated that the rabbit iATs underwent the ARBW from 0 days to 2 years and a total of 2281 novel lncRNAs were identified in the iATs. The classical rabbit BATs showed low lncRNA transcriptional complexity compared to white adipose tissues (WATs). A total of 631 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in four stages. The signal pathways of purine metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGMP-PKG) signaling pathway and lipid and atherosclerosis were significantly enriched by the DELs with unique expression patterns. A novel lncRNA that was highly expressed in the iATs of aged rabbits was validated to impair brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Our study provided a comprehensive catalog of lncRNAs involved in ARBW in rabbits, which facilitates a better understanding of adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Xue Bai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Li Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Yu Shi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Li Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Haoding Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Mingchen Cai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.B.); (L.Y.); (Y.S.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (M.C.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (X.J.)
- Correspondence: or
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Herz CT, Kulterer OC, Prager M, Schmöltzer C, Langer FB, Prager G, Marculescu R, Kautzky-Willer A, Hacker M, Haug AR, Kiefer FW. Active Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated With a Healthier Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210475. [PMID: 34957487 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increasing cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Not everyone with obesity, however, develops metabolic complications. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been suggested as a promoter of leanness and metabolic health. To date, little is known about the prevalence and metabolic function of BAT in subjects with severe obesity, a population at high cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study, we included 40 individuals with WHO class II-III obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Employing a 150-minute personalized cooling protocol and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, cold-activated BAT was detectable in 14 (35%) of the participants. Cold-induced thermogenesis was significantly higher in participants with detectable BAT compared to those without. Notably, individuals with obesity and active BAT had 28.8% lower visceral fat mass despite slightly higher total fat mass compared to those without detectable BAT 18F-FDG uptake. This was accompanied by lower insulin resistance and systemic inflammation and improved NAFLD parameters, all adjusted for age, sex, and percent body fat. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show here that a significant fraction of individuals with severe obesity has active BAT. We found that decreased BAT 18F-FDG uptake was not associated with adiposity per se but with higher visceral fat mass. In summary, active BAT is linked to a healthier metabolic phenotype in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T Herz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oana C Kulterer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Prager
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schmöltzer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix B Langer
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander R Haug
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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12
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Pérez DIV, Soto DAS, Barroso JM, Dos Santos DA, Queiroz ACC, Miarka B, Brito CJ, Quintana MS. Physically active men with high brown adipose tissue activity showed increased energy expenditure after caffeine supplementation. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103000. [PMID: 34420632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the effect of caffeine on brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and the energy expenditure (EE) of subjects with high (HBAT) or low (LBAT) activation. We performed a quasi-experimental double-blind protocol in which 24 physically active healthy men were measured (age: 24.1 ± 6.0 yrs; BM: 75.3 ± 14.4 kg; HT: 171.8 ± 5.9 cm; BMI: 25.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2). Infrared thermography (IRT) protocol was used to separate the participants into the groups according to the BAT activation: high (HBAT; n = 11) and low (LBAT; n = 13). All participants ingested a single supplement caffeine capsule (CAF) of 375 mg (~5 mg/kg BM) or placebo (PLA). Our experimental protocol measured two groups (HBAT and LBAT) under two conditions (CAF and PLA), with intake 30-min before the data collection. BAT activity lasted 60-min (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) and was estimated by IRT in subclavicular (Δ SCV) and external (Δ EXT) regions of interest (ROI) and EE by indirect calorimetry. The main results indicated that HBAT at 40-min showed an increased EE versus the other groups and conditions (p = 0.009). There was a significant difference for BAT activation at the 30 (p = 0.019), 40 (p = 0.009), 50 (p = 0.007) and 60 min (p = 0.012) between HBAT-CAF vs. LBAT-CAF. There was also a significant difference at the 20 (p = 0.024), 30 (p = 0.036), 50 (p = 0.05) and 60 min (p = 0.011) between HBAT-CAF vs. HBAT-PLA. In conclusion CAF intake (≈5 mg) increases the thermogenic activity of BAT in healthy young men and increases EE in HBAT subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ignacio Valenzuela Pérez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dany Alexis Sobarzo Soto
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julieta Montañez Barroso
- Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Alves Dos Santos
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
| | - Manuel Sillero Quintana
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Zhang Z, DiVittorio JR, Joseph AM, Correa SM. The Effects of Estrogens on Neural Circuits That Control Temperature. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6262699. [PMID: 33939822 PMCID: PMC8237993 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Declining and variable levels of estrogens around the time of menopause are associated with a suite of metabolic, vascular, and neuroendocrine changes. The archetypal adverse effects of perimenopause are vasomotor symptoms, which include hot flashes and night sweats. Although vasomotor symptoms are routinely treated with hormone therapy, the risks associated with these treatments encourage us to seek alternative treatment avenues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens on temperature regulation is a first step toward identifying novel therapeutic targets. Here we outline findings in rodents that reveal neural and molecular targets of estrogens within brain regions that control distinct components of temperature homeostasis. These insights suggest that estrogens may alter the function of multiple specialized neural circuits to coordinate the suite of changes after menopause. Thus, defining the precise cells and neural circuits that mediate the effects of estrogens on temperature has promise to identify strategies that would selectively counteract hot flashes or other negative side effects without the health risks that accompany systemic hormone therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Johnathon R DiVittorio
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexia M Joseph
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie M Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: Stephanie Correa, Ph.D., UCLA Dept. of Integrative Biology and Physiology 2028 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E Young Drive East, Box 957239 Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Human Brown Adipose Tissue-A Decade Later. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1099-1101. [PMID: 34002540 PMCID: PMC8360096 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Center +MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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15
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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16
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De Nardi M, Bisio A, Della Guardia L, Facheris C, Faelli E, La Torre A, Luzi L, Ruggeri P, Codella R. Partial-Body Cryostimulation Increases Resting Energy Expenditure in Lean and Obese Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084127. [PMID: 33919703 PMCID: PMC8070728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryostimulation is currently seen as a potential adjuvant strategy to tackle obesity and dysmetabolism by triggering cold-induced thermogenesis. Although suggestive, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly elucidated. We tested whether single or repeated applications of partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) could influence resting energy expenditure (REE) in exposed individuals. Fifteen middle-aged obese and sixteen control lean women (body mass index 31 ± 1.6 kg/m2 and 22 ± 1.7 kg/m2) underwent a daily PBC (−130 °C × 150 s) for five consecutive days. Resting energy metabolism (REE) was assessed by indirect calorimetry pre- and post-PBC on day 1 and day 5. As concerns REE, the linear mixed model revealed that REE changes were explained by session and time (F1,29 = 5.58; p = 0.02; ƞp2 = 0.16) independent of the group (F1,29 = 2.9; p = 0.09; ƞp2 = 0.09). REE pre-PBC increased from day 1 to day 5 either in leans (by 8.2%, from 1538 ± 111 to 1665 ± 106 kcal/day) or in obese women (by 5.5%, from 1610 ± 110 to 1698 ± 142 vs kcal/day). Respiratory quotient was significantly affected by the time (F1,29 = 51.61; p < 0.000001, ƞp2 = 0.64), as it increased from pre- to post-PBC, suggesting a shift in substrate oxidation. According to these preliminary data, cold-induced thermogenesis could be explored as a strategy to elevate REE in obese subjects. Longitudinal studies could test whether chronic PBC effects may entail favorable metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Nardi
- Krioplanet Ltd., Treviglio, 24047 Bergamo, Italy; (M.D.N.); (C.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.F.); (P.R.)
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.D.G.); (A.L.T.); (L.L.)
| | - Carlo Facheris
- Krioplanet Ltd., Treviglio, 24047 Bergamo, Italy; (M.D.N.); (C.F.)
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.F.); (P.R.)
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.D.G.); (A.L.T.); (L.L.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.D.G.); (A.L.T.); (L.L.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.F.); (P.R.)
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.D.G.); (A.L.T.); (L.L.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50330356
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17
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Loss of α-actinin-3 during human evolution provides superior cold resilience and muscle heat generation. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:446-457. [PMID: 33600773 PMCID: PMC8008486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein α-actinin-3 expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber is absent in 1.5 billion people worldwide due to homozygosity for a nonsense polymorphism in ACTN3 (R577X). The prevalence of the 577X allele increased as modern humans moved to colder climates, suggesting a link between α-actinin-3 deficiency and improved cold tolerance. Here, we show that humans lacking α-actinin-3 (XX) are superior in maintaining core body temperature during cold-water immersion due to changes in skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Muscles of XX individuals displayed a shift toward more slow-twitch isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins, accompanied by altered neuronal muscle activation resulting in increased tone rather than overt shivering. Experiments on Actn3 knockout mice showed no alterations in brown adipose tissue (BAT) properties that could explain the improved cold tolerance in XX individuals. Thus, this study provides a mechanism for the positive selection of the ACTN3 X-allele in cold climates and supports a key thermogenic role of skeletal muscle during cold exposure in humans.
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18
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Bal NC, Gupta SC, Pant M, Sopariwala DH, Gonzalez-Escobedo G, Turner J, Gunn JS, Pierson CR, Harper SQ, Rafael-Fortney JA, Periasamy M. Is Upregulation of Sarcolipin Beneficial or Detrimental to Muscle Function? Front Physiol 2021; 12:633058. [PMID: 33732165 PMCID: PMC7956958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcolipin (SLN) is a regulator of sarco/endo plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump and has been shown to be involved in muscle nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and energy metabolism. Interestingly, SLN expression is significantly upregulated both during muscle development and in several disease states. However, the significance of altered SLN expression in muscle patho-physiology is not completely understood. We have previously shown that transgenic over-expression of SLN in skeletal muscle is not detrimental, and can promote oxidative metabolism and exercise capacity. In contrast, some studies have suggested that SLN upregulation in disease states is deleterious for muscle function and ablation of SLN can be beneficial. In this perspective article, we critically examine both published and some new data to determine the relevance of SLN expression to disease pathology. The new data presented in this paper show that SLN levels are induced in muscle during systemic bacterial (Salmonella) infection or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment. We also present data showing that SLN expression is significantly upregulated in different types of muscular dystrophies including myotubular myopathy. These data taken together reveal that upregulation of SLN expression in muscle disease is progressive and increases with severity. Therefore, we suggest that increased SLN expression should not be viewed as the cause of the disease; rather, it is a compensatory response to meet the higher energy demand of the muscle. We interpret that higher SLN/SERCA ratio positively modulate cytosolic Ca2+ signaling pathways to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism to meet higher energy demand in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghna Pant
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Danesh H Sopariwala
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Geoffrey Gonzalez-Escobedo
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Scott Q Harper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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19
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Current and emerging roles of adipose tissue in health and disease. Biochem J 2021; 477:3645-3647. [PMID: 33017469 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Pan R, Zhu X, Maretich P, Chen Y. Metabolic Improvement via Enhancing Thermogenic Fat-Mediated Non-shivering Thermogenesis: From Rodents to Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 33013706 PMCID: PMC7511774 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues play a large role in non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in mammals, and subsequently have been studied for decades as potential therapeutic targets to treat obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanistic regulation of brown/beige adipose tissue induction and maintenance in humans is very limited due to the ethical reasons. In fact, metabolic signaling has primarily been investigated using rodent models. A better understanding of non-shivering thermogenesis in humans is thus vital and urgent in order to treat obesity by targeting human brown adipose tissue (BAT). In this review, we summarize the anatomical and physiological differences between rodent and human BAT, current useful and mostly non-invasive methods in studying human BAT, as well as recent advancements targeting thermogenic adipocytes as a means to combat metabolic diseases in humans. Furthermore, we also discuss several novel relevant strategies of therapeutic interventions, which has been attempted in rodent experiments, and possible future investigations in humans in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pema Maretich
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Chen
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21
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Abstract
Understanding the mammalian energy balance can pave the way for future therapeutics that enhance energy expenditure as an anti-obesity and anti-diabetic strategy. Several studies showed that brown adipose tissue activity increases daily energy expenditure. However, the size and activity of brown adipose tissue is reduced in individuals with obesity and type two diabetes. Humans have an abundance of functionally similar beige adipocytes that have the potential to contribute to increased energy expenditure. This makes beige adipocytes a promising target for metabolic disease therapies. While brown adipocytes tend to be stable, beige adipocytes have a high level of plasticity that allows for the rapid and dynamic induction of thermogenesis by external stimuli such as low environmental temperatures. This means that after browning stimuli have been withdrawn beige adipocytes quickly transition back to their white adipose state. The detailed molecular mechanisms regulating beige adipocytes development, function, and reversibility are not fully understood. The goal of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of beige fat development and origins, along with the transcriptional and epigenetic programs that lead to beige fat formation, and subsequent thermogenesis in humans. An improved understanding of the molecular pathways of beige adipocyte plasticity will enable us to selectively manipulate beige cells to induce and maintain their thermogenic output thus improving the whole-body energy homeostasis.
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