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Annison EF, Bryden WL. Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. II. Metabolism in ruminant tissues. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 12:147-77. [DOI: 10.1079/095442299108728866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe discovery of the dominance of short-chain fatty acids as energy sources in the 1940s and 1950s, as discussed in part I of this review (Annison & Bryden, 1998) led to uncertainties concerning the interrelationships of glucose and acetate in ruminant metabolism. These were resolved in the following decade largely by use of14C-labelled substrates. Although only small amounts of glucose are absorbed in most dietary situations, glucose availability to ruminant tissues as measured by isotope dilution was shown to be substantial, indicating that gluconeogenesis is a major metabolic activity in both fed and fasted states. Studies with14C-labelled glucose and acetate revealed that in contrast to non-ruminants, acetate and not glucose is the major precursor of long-chain fatty acids in ruminant tissues. Interest in the measurement of energy metabolism in livestock grew rapidly from the 1950s. Most laboratories adopted indirect calorimetry and precise measurements of the energy expenditure of ruminants contributed to the development of new feeding systems. More recently, alternative approaches to the measurement of energy expenditure have included the use of NMR spectroscopy, isotope dilution and the application of the Fick principle to measure O2consumption in the whole animal and in defined tissues. The refinement of the classical arterio-venous difference procedure in the study of mammary gland metabolism in the 1960s, particularly when combined with isotope dilution, encouraged the use of these methods to generate quantitative data on the metabolism of a range of defined tissues. The recent introduction of new methods for the continuous monitoring of both blood flow and blood O2content has greatly increased the precision and scope of arterio-venous difference measurements. The impact of data produced by these and other quantitative procedures on current knowledge of the metabolism of glucose, short-chain fatty acids and lipids, and on N metabolism, is outlined. The role of the portal-drained viscera and liver in N metabolism is discussed in relation to data obtained by the use of multi-catheterized animals. Protein turnover, and the impact of stress (physical, social and disease related) on protein metabolism have been reviewed. The growth of knowledge of mammary gland metabolism and milk synthesis since the first quantitative studies in the 1960s has been charted. Recent findings on the regulation of amino acid uptake and utilization by the mammary gland, and on the control of milk secretion, are of particular interest and importance.
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DEB AK, CAMA HR. Studies on human lactation. Dietary nitrogen utilization during lactation, and distribution of nitrogen in mother's milk. Br J Nutr 2007; 16:65-73. [PMID: 13884639 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19620007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Synge RL, Youngson MA. Metabolic incorporation of l-[C]valine into protein and bound non-protein forms in Italian ryegrass. Biochem J 2006; 78:708-14. [PMID: 16748888 PMCID: PMC1205458 DOI: 10.1042/bj0780708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Synge
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
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VERBEKE R, PEETERS G. UPTAKE OF FREE PLASMA AMINO ACIDS BY THE LACTATING COW'S UDDER AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF UDDER LYMPH. Biochem J 1996; 94:183-9. [PMID: 14342228 PMCID: PMC1206426 DOI: 10.1042/bj0940183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Total alpha-amino N and the amounts of 24 ninhydrin-positive substances were determined in several samples of plasma and lymph from the cow's udder. The arteriovenous differences of these substances across the mammary glands were measured in several experiments performed on lactating cows and in one experiment on a ;dry' cow. Udder lymph obtained from live lactating cows by a lymph fistula and taken after killing lactating cows was analysed. 2. The concentrations of the individual free amino acids in udder lymph obtained from the live cow were similar to those found in cow's plasma. The concentrations of many amino acids in udder lymph taken immediately after death were two- to four-fold higher than those of the corresponding amino acids in udder lymph obtained from the live cow. 3. Most amino acids of the blood showed a considerable decrease in concentration by passage across the lactating mammary gland. Ornithine, a non-casein amino acid, showed arteriovenous differences of up to 60% of the arterial plasma concentration. No substantial amino acid uptake by the udder could be demonstrated in the experiment on the non-lactating cow. 4. The arteriovenous differences obtained for arginine, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, threonine and histidine were probably large enough to provide all the respective amino acid residues in milk protein. 5. The uptake of aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine and proline by the lactating cow's udder was not sufficient to account for all these respective amino acid residues found in milk protein.
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Abstract
Results obtained from experiments dealing with mammalian, bacterial, phage and mitochondrial protein biosynthesis as well as certain enzymatically performed amino acid replacement studies on Kunitz trypsin inhibitor strongly suggest that protein ligation may be occuring in vivo. Amino acid substitution experiments prove the reversibility of endopeptidase reactions, and protein ligation is the reverse of endopeptidase reaction. These experiments are discussed in detail and the suggestion is made that ligation may also be useful in the repair of certain essential proteins which may become damaged.
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Salter DN, Coates ME, Westgarth DR. Studies on the incorporation of 14 C-labelled amino acids into egg proteins. Br Poult Sci 1971; 12:483-98. [PMID: 5131069 DOI: 10.1080/00071667108415904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Faust H, Mielke H, Richter H, Gürtler H. Untersuchungen zum N-Stoffwechsel beim laktierenden Rind unter Verwendung von oral verabreichtem Harnstoff-[15N]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1080/17450396609424093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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SANSOM BF, BARRY JM. The use of asparagine and glutamine for the biosynthesis of casein and plasma proteins. Biochem J 1958; 68:487-93. [PMID: 13522649 PMCID: PMC1200381 DOI: 10.1042/bj0680487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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HABERLAND GL, SCHREIER K, ALTMAN KI, HEMPELMANN LH. Cellular destruction and protein breakdown induced by exposure to x-rays. II. Further studies using the concept of the dynamic glycine pool. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1957; 25:237-41. [PMID: 13471560 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(57)90464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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HENRIQUES SB, HENRIQUES OB, MANDELBAUM FR. Incorporation of glycine into glutathione and fibrinogen of rats under adrenaline treatment. Biochem J 1957; 66:222-7. [PMID: 13445675 PMCID: PMC1199996 DOI: 10.1042/bj0660222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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BEECKMANS ML. Plasma proteins: studies with C14 labeled glycine in patients with various blood diseases. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1957; 157:85-92. [PMID: 13410542 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb14409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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RAO NA, WADHWANI TK. The amino acid composition of the cellular protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1956; 72:12-5. [PMID: 13345768 PMCID: PMC289714 DOI: 10.1128/jb.72.1.12-15.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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GEHRMANN G, LAUENSTEIN K, ALTMAN KI. Evidence for nonuniform labeling of glycine residues in rat collagen. Arch Biochem Biophys 1956; 62:509-11. [PMID: 13328144 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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BORSOOK H. The biosynthesis of peptides and proteins. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1956; 47:35-80. [PMID: 13332014 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030470407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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GODIN C, WORK TS. Biosynthesis of proteins. 4. The effect of intravenous peptides on casein synthesis in a lactating goat. Biochem J 1956; 63:69-71. [PMID: 13315250 PMCID: PMC1216002 DOI: 10.1042/bj0630069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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DIXON FJ, MAURER PH, WEIGLE WO, DEICHMILLER MP. Rates of antibody synthesis during first, second, and hyperimmune responses of rabbits to bovine gamma globulin. J Exp Med 1956; 103:425-38. [PMID: 13306852 PMCID: PMC2180353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.103.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Determinations of the rates of antibody synthesis during first, second, and hyperimmune responses to bovine gamma globulin using S(35)-labelle aminod acids indicate the following: 1. In all three responses the rate of antibody synthesis increases while antigen is circulating and then begins to decline rapidly after elimination of detectable circulating antigen. 2. The initial rates of decline of antibody synthesis are approximately the same for all three responses. 3. There is a relatively persistent source of antibody production which appears after repeated stimulation and increases in proportion to the number of repeated stimuli.
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CAMPBELL PN. Utilization of glucose for the synthesis of protein in chicken and rat liver and rat hepatoma in vitro. Biochem J 1955; 61:496-503. [PMID: 13269387 PMCID: PMC1215817 DOI: 10.1042/bj0610496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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ASKONAS BA, CAMPBELL PN, GODIN C, WORK TS. Biosynthesis of proteins. 3. Precursors in the synthesis of casein and beta-lactoglobulin. Biochem J 1955; 61:105-15. [PMID: 13260183 PMCID: PMC1215752 DOI: 10.1042/bj0610105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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HENRIQUES OB, HENRIQUES SB, NEUBERGER A. Quantitative aspects of glycine metabolism in the rabbit. Biochem J 1955; 60:409-24. [PMID: 13239574 PMCID: PMC1215716 DOI: 10.1042/bj0600409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The effect of tryptophan analogs on the induced synthesis of maltase and protein synthesis in yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 1955. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(55)90429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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BLAKLEY RL. The interconversion of serine and glycine: role of pteroylglutamic acid and other cofactors. Biochem J 1954; 58:448-62. [PMID: 13208636 PMCID: PMC1269920 DOI: 10.1042/bj0580448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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ASKONAS BA, CAMPBELL PN, WORK TS. The biosynthesis of proteins. II. Synthesis of milk proteins by the goat. Biochem J 1954; 58:326-31. [PMID: 13208597 PMCID: PMC1269896 DOI: 10.1042/bj0580326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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ARNSTEIN HR, GRANT PT. The biosynthesis of penicillin. 1. The incorporation of some amino acids into penicillin. Biochem J 1954; 57:353-9. [PMID: 13181839 PMCID: PMC1269761 DOI: 10.1042/bj0570353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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ASKONAS BA, CAMPBELL PN, HUMPHREY JH, WORK TS. The source of antibody globulin in rabbit milk and goat colostrum. Biochem J 1954; 56:597-601. [PMID: 13159886 PMCID: PMC1269674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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HARKNESS RD, MARKO AM, MUIR HM, NEUBERGER A. The metabolism of collagen and other proteins of the skin of rabbits. Biochem J 1954; 56:558-69. [PMID: 13159881 PMCID: PMC1269669 DOI: 10.1042/bj0560558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GREENBAUM AL, GREENWOOD FC. Some enzymic changes in the mammary gland of rats during pregnancy, lactation and mammary involution. Biochem J 1954; 56:625-31. [PMID: 13159893 PMCID: PMC1269681 DOI: 10.1042/bj0560625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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KORITZ SB, CHANTRENNE H. The relationship of ribonucleic acid to the in vitro incorporation of radioactive glycine into the proteins of reticulocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1954; 13:209-15. [PMID: 13140316 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(54)90305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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ASKONAS BA, CAMPBELL PN. Biosynthesis of milk proteins in the fasting goat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1953; 11:304-5. [PMID: 13081606 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(53)90042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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