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Hounkpêvi JA, Adjei-Mensah B, Parobali T, Tona K, Koutinhouin B, Pitala W. Photoperiod manipulation corrects the negative effect of low dietary crude protein levels during weeks 12 to 26 on bone quality and fertility of male Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poult Sci 2024; 103:103743. [PMID: 38676964 PMCID: PMC11066546 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving the reproductive performance of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) based on the management of environmental factors is important for developing meleagriculture. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary crude protein levels and photoperiod during the 12th to 26th wk of age on growth performance, calcium and phosphorus mobilization, and fertility of local Pearl Gray male guinea fowl. In total, 120 twelve-week-old male guinea fowl were divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates each and 5 birds per replicate using a completely random design. The experimental groups included: a group fed a diet containing 15% crude protein and subjected to 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (16LL), a group fed a diet containing 19% crude protein and subjected to 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (16HL), and a group fed a diet containing 15% crude protein and subjected to 18 h of light and 6 h of darkness (18LL) during the 12th to 26th wk of age. The results showed that guinea fowl in the 16HL treatment had a significantly (P = 0.003) lower feed conversion ratio than those in the 16LL and 18LL groups. Calcium and phosphorus levels in the tibia and femur were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in guinea fowl of the 16HL and 18LL groups than in that of the 16LL group. Birds in the 16HL and 18LL treatments had significantly higher peripheral testosterone levels (P < 0.00001) than those in the 16LL treatment. The 16HL and 18LL treatments had significantly higher (P < 0.05) sperm volume, sperm concentration and motility, and fertility rate than the 16LL group. Therefore, a decrease in crude protein level from 19 to 15% in the diet of male guinea fowl between the 12th and 26th wk of age negatively affects the growth performance and fertility of these birds, but this is corrected by an increase in the photoperiod before sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hounkpêvi
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Togo; Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - B Adjei-Mensah
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Togo
| | - T Parobali
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Togo
| | - K Tona
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Togo
| | - B Koutinhouin
- Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - W Pitala
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary, Laboratory of Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Togo
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Tang M, Cao J, Yu Z, Liu H, Yang F, Huang S, He J, Yan H. New semen freezing method for chicken and drake using dimethylacetamide as the cryoprotectant. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101091. [PMID: 34225205 PMCID: PMC8260864 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim is to optimize the dimethylacetamide (DMA) straw freezing technology of Black silkies rooster semen through the handy patent equipment, screening the formula of freezing basic extender and optimizing the DMA addition method, and then by comparing the fertility of DMA straw frozen semen with the pellet frozen semen. After the DMA straw freezing technology is optimized, it is extended to the Youxian Partridge drake semen. The result showed that the frozen sperm motility of Lake and Ravie (LR) group is 64%, the fertility 49.57% and the hatchability 91.52%, all of which are superior to those of FEB, Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) and Lake (P < 0.05). The sperm motility of adding DMA stock solution is 59%, which is superior to adding DMA directly into diluted semen (P > 0.05). The fertility and hatchability of DMA straw group are 77.61% and 92.30%, respectively, and it is significantly higher than those in the pellet group (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). The fresh drake sperm motility of induction collection method is 71%, the massage collection method 61% and the frozen drake sperm motility of induction 33% while the massage 19%. The fertility of frozen drake semen group is 85.93%, while that of the fresh semen group is 88.17%. The frozen drake semen fertility of the highest batch is 93.8%. In conclusion, the world's advanced fertility of frozen semen can be obtained both in the chicken and drake through the optimized DMA straw freezing technology and the method of screening freeze-resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Tang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, Hunan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jiangli Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zonggang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Hunan Guangda Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410131, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shengqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, 410131, Hunan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Santiago-Moreno J, Blesbois E. Functional Aspects of Seminal Plasma in Bird Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5664. [PMID: 32784638 PMCID: PMC7460616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an updated overview of the seminal plasma composition, and the role of metabolic and protein components on the sperm function of avian species. In addition, the implication of seminal plasma on assisted reproductive techniques of birds was discussed. The semen of birds usually has exceptionally high sperm concentration with relatively little seminal plasma, but this contributes to very fast changes in sperm metabolism and function. The biochemical characteristics and physiological roles of the various seminal plasma components in birds (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, hormones, and proteins) are poorly understood. Seminal plasma content of proteins has an action on most cellular functions: metabolism, immunity, oxido-reduction regulation, proteolysis, apoptosis, ion homeostasis, and antimicrobial defenses. The variable amount of many proteins is related to a different fertility capacity of poultry sperm. The role of seminal plasma on semen conservation (chilling and freezing) remains largely a matter of speculation, as both inhibitory and stimulating effects have been found. Whereas the presence of seminal plasma did not seem to affect the sperm survival after freezing-thawing, DNA fragmentation is lower in the absence of seminal plasma. The molecular basis of the influence of seminal plasma on sperm cryo-resistance was also discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Blesbois
- UMR-Reproduction Physiology and Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Bootwalla
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - R.D. Miles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Goodarzi P, Akhlaghi A, Zamiri MJ, Shirazi MRJ, Akhlaghi AA, Habibi M, Daryabari H, Saemi F, Peebles ED. Sperm characteristics of Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) breeders as affected by the addition of calcitriol to the semen extender. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3292-3297. [PMID: 30944932 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of supplementing the semen extender with calcitriol on in vitro sperm characteristics in Chukar partridges. A total of 60 male Chukar partridges were habituated for semen collection by abdominal massage. Pooled ejaculates from several males were extended (1 to 5 v/v ratio) in the Sexton's diluent containing 0, 24, 48, 96, or 192 μg calcitriol/mL. These concentrations represented 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-fold levels of the mean seminal calcitriol concentration, respectively. A total of 12 subsamples from each treatment group were kept at 4 to 5°C or 19 to 24°C for 4, 24, or 48 h. The percentages of motile sperm, live sperm, abnormal sperm, incidence of hypoosmotic swelling (HOS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) concentrations were determined. The data were analyzed by the xtmixed procedure of STATA software. The percentages of motile sperm, live sperm, abnormal sperm, and seminal TBARS were affected by calcitriol (P < 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on HOS (P > 0.05). There was an interaction effect between calcitriol, storage time, and storage temperature on sperm motility, sperm viability, and seminal TBARS. Supplementation of the diluent with 96 μg calcitriol/mL resulted in the highest sperm motility at 4°C. Also, the same treatment group recorded the highest sperm viability and lowest seminal TBARS at 19 to 24°C. Supplementing the diluent with calcitriol had beneficial effects on spermatozoa; however, the fertility rate of spermatozoa extended in calcitriol-supplemented diluent needs to be determined before the procedure can be recommended for use in artificial insemination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goodarzi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - A Akhlaghi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M J Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M R Jafarzadeh Shirazi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - A A Akhlaghi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - M Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - H Daryabari
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - F Saemi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, MS 39762
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Santiago-Moreno J, Bernal B, Pérez-Cerezales S, Castaño C, Toledano-Díaz A, Esteso MC, Gutiérrez-Adán A, López-Sebastián A, Gil MG, Woelders H, Blesbois E. Seminal plasma amino acid profile in different breeds of chicken: Role of seminal plasma on sperm cryoresistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209910. [PMID: 30608977 PMCID: PMC6319765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma is a key biological fluid that modulates sperm function in the reproduction process. However, its role in sperm biotechnologies is scarce in poultry. The aims of the present study were to study the amino acids profile and total proteins of seminal plasma in 12 Spanish chicken breeds and to investigate the role of seminal plasma on cryoresistance of rooster sperm. To investigate the role of seminal plasma on cryoresistance, diluted pooled semen samples were cryopreserved in the presence and absence of seminal plasma. Glutamic acid was the most abundant free amino acid in seminal plasma, followed by alanine, serine, valine, and glycine. There was an influence of breed (P<0.05) on the percentage of viable sperm after freezing-thawing of samples with seminal plasma. Cluster analysis revealed that White Prat, Black Castellana, Blue Andaluza, Quail Castellana, and Red-Barred Vasca returned the best freezing-thawing response (good freezers). There was a positive correlation between seminal plasma concentrations of valine, isoleucine lysine, leucine and post thaw viability. The evaluation of fertilization capacity of frozen-thawed semen from the breeds White Prat ('good freezer') and Black-Red Andaluza ('bad freezer') showed that good freezer had higher fertility (20/68, 29.4%) compared to bad freezer breed (14/76, 18.4%), even if the difference was not significant (P = 0.08). The TUNEL assay revealed that freezing/thawing procedures in presence of seminal plasma provoked higher DNA fragmentation in most of the breeds, with a positive correlation between seminal alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine concentrations and DNA integrity. DNA fragmentation was lower in absence of seminal plasma and the breed effect on sperm viability was highly reduced. It is concluded that specific seminal plasma amino acids were associated with post-thaw percentage of viable sperm and DNA integrity. The removal of seminal plasma decreases the variability of the results and DNA fragmentation damages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María G. Gil
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Blesbois
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA-CNRS-Université François Rabelais-Haras Nationaux, Nouzilly, France
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Setchell BP, Hinks NT, Voglmayr JK, Scott TW. Amino acids in ram testicular fluid and semen and their metabolism by spermatozoa. Biochem J 2010; 105:1061-5. [PMID: 16742531 PMCID: PMC1198426 DOI: 10.1042/bj1051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The testis of the ram secretes considerable amounts of amino acids (200mumoles/day) into the fluid collected from the efferent ducts. The principal amino acid in this testicular fluid is glutamate, which is present in concentrations about eight times those in testicular lymph or in blood from the internal spermatic vein. 2. The concentration of glutamate in seminal plasma from the tail of the epididymis is about ten times that in testicular fluid, and, though glutamate is the major amino acid in ejaculated seminal plasma, its concentration is less than in epididymal plasma. 3. After the intravenous infusion of [U-(14)C]glucose, labelled glutamate was found in the testicular fluid. Radioactivity was also detected in alanine, glycine, serine plus glutamine and aspartate. Alanine had the highest specific activity, about 50% of the specific activity of blood glucose. 4. When [U-(14)C]glutamate was infused, the specific activity of glutamate in testicular fluid was only about 2% that in the blood plasma. 5. Testicular and ejaculated ram spermatozoa oxidized both [U-(14)C]glutamate and [U-(14)C]leucine to a small extent, but neither substrate altered the respiration from endogenous levels. 6. No radioactivity was detected in testicular spermatozoal protein after incubation with [U-(14)C]glutamate or [U-(14)C]leucine. Small amounts of radioactivity were detected in protein from ejaculated ram spermatozoa after incubation with [U-(14)C]glutamate. 7. The carbon of [U-(14)C]glucose was incorporated into amino acids by testicular spermatozoa; most of the radioactivity occurred in glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Setchell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Animal Physiology, The Ian Clunies Ross Animal Research Laboratory, Prospect, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Siudzińska A, Łukaszewicz E. Effect of Semen Extenders and Storage Time on Sperm Morphology of Four Chicken Breeds. J APPL POULTRY RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Froman DP, Wardell JC, Feltmann AJ. Sperm Mobility: Deduction of a Model Explaining Phenotypic Variation in Roosters (Gallus domesticus)1. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:487-91. [PMID: 16291926 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.046755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, variation in sperm mobility phenotype was attributed to the proportion of ejaculated fowl sperm containing dysfunctional mitochondria. In the present work, latent mitochondrial dysfunction was inferred from patterns of sperm egress from the oviduct's sperm-storage tubules. In addition, experiments were performed to help explain how mitochondrial function could be compromised in viable sperm cells. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that sperm Ca2+ content differed between low and high sperm-mobility phenotypes when sperm were stained with rhod-2 AM, a Ca2+ -specific dye. Fluorescence was associated with the nuclear envelope, a variant of the endoplasmic reticulum, and greater fluorescence was observed in sperm from low sperm-mobility males. Fluorescence was reduced by 50% when motile sperm were rendered immotile by incubation with a Ca2+ chelator. Thus, a relationship was established between a dynamic intracellular Ca2+ pool and sperm motility. Sperm N-methy-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors were inferred by the action of D-homocysteinesulfinic acid, a potent NMDA receptor agonist. Seminal plasma from low sperm mobility males was characterized by an elevated glutamate concentration. Thapsigargin, which inhibits the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump and thereby promotes Ca2+ efflux, rendered sperm immotile. This effect was blocked by cyclosporin A, which prevents the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) in response to elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ content. In summary, we propose that 1) glutamate enables Ca2+ uptake into sperm before ejaculation, 2) excessive Ca2+ uptake triggers formation of the PTP in a subpopulation of sperm, and 3) sperm mobility is decreased in proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Froman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Abstract
Methods of semen collection and artificial insemination (AI) in poultry, requirement for diluents, methods of liquid and frozen storage of avian semen and evaluation of spermatozoa after storage for fertilizing ability are reviewed. Frozen storage of semen from non-domestic birds is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Donoghuea
- Avian Reproductive Group, School of Science and Engineering, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, DDI IHG, Scotland, Dundee, UK
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12
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Thurston RJ, Hess RA, Hughes BL, Froman DP. Seminal plasma free amino acids and seminal and blood plasma proteins of the guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris). Poult Sci 1982; 61:1744-7. [PMID: 7134130 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0611744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid was the major free amino acid in guinea seminal plasma, representing 90.00% of the total amino acids. Threonine comprised 3.74%, aspartic acid 3.23%, and serine 1.50%. Others were detected at less than .50% of the total free amino acids. Blood plasma protein concentration and SE were 2.68 +/- .35 g/100 ml, and the proteins were fractionated by disc acrylamide electrophoresis into seven major bands: albumin, alpha-1, a dense beta fraction, and four postbeta, or gamma, proteins. Seminal plasma protein concentration and SE were .45 +/- .03 g/100 ml, and the proteins separated into nine fractions: albumin, alpha-1 and -2, beta-1, -2, and -3, and three postbeta, or gamma, bands.
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Abbas M, Foor WE. Ascaris suum: free amino acids and proteins in the pseudocoelom, seminal vesicle, and glandular vas deferens. Exp Parasitol 1978; 45:263-73. [PMID: 680082 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(78)90068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Sexton TJ, Fewlass TA. A new poultry semen extender 2. Effect of the diluent components on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. Poult Sci 1978; 57:277-84. [PMID: 674015 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0570277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major objective of this study was to assess the relationship of various components of the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to the maintenance of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. A secondary objective was to rest the effectiveness of certain chemical additives on maintining the fertilizing capacity of stored semen. The data indicate that the components of the BPSE which contribute most to the preservation of semen were sodium glutamate and potassium phosphate. Also the high level of potassium in the BPSE was critical to the survival of spermatozoa during low temperature storage. Although the fructose component of the BPSE was not a significant factor during storage, attempts to substitute fructose with other carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in fertility. The addition of gentamicin sulfate (100 to 200 microgram/ml.), or pasteurized milk (10% v./v.) to the BPSE did not significantly alter the fertilizing capacity of semen stored for 24 hr., whereas similar levels of whole egg, egg yolk, egg albumen or seminal plasma had a depressive effect. The data in this study clearly indicate that components of and additions to the BPSE were responsible for the maintenance of only about 50 to 60% of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored for 24 hr. at 5 degrees C.
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Tingari MD, Lake PE. Histochemical localization of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, some oxidative enzymes and cholinesterases in the reproductive tract of the male fowl (Gallus domesticus). J Anat 1972; 112:273-87. [PMID: 4263232 PMCID: PMC1271199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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16
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Graham EF, Schmehl ML, Brown KI, Crabo BG, Ertel G. Some chemical studies of the female reproductive tract and seminal plasma of the male turkey and their relationship to fertility. Poult Sci 1971; 50:1170-81. [PMID: 5095828 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0501170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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17
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Sexton TJ, Amann RP, Flipse RJ. Free amino acids and protein in rete testis fluid, vas deferens plasma, accessory sex gland fluid, and seminal plasma of the conscious bull. J Dairy Sci 1971; 54:412-6. [PMID: 5096119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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PHYSIOLOGY OF SEMEN AND OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. Reprod Domest Anim 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-179251-0.50016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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