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Abstract
The design of the energy metabolism system in striated muscle remains a major area of investigation. Here, we review our current understanding and emerging hypotheses regarding the metabolic support of muscle contraction. Maintenance of ATP free energy, so called energy homeostasis, via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is critical to sustained contractile activity, and this major design criterion is the focus of this review. Cell volume invested in mitochondria reduces the space available for generating contractile force, and this spatial balance between mitochondria acontractile elements to meet the varying sustained power demands across muscle types is another important design criterion. This is accomplished with remarkably similar mass-specific mitochondrial protein composition across muscle types, implying that it is the organization of mitochondria within the muscle cell that is critical to supporting sustained muscle function. Beyond the production of ATP, ubiquitous distribution of ATPases throughout the muscle requires rapid distribution of potential energy across these large cells. Distribution of potential energy has long been thought to occur primarily through facilitated metabolite diffusion, but recent analysis has questioned the importance of this process under normal physiological conditions. Recent structural and functional studies have supported the hypothesis that the mitochondrial reticulum provides a rapid energy distribution system via the conduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential to maintain metabolic homeostasis during contractile activity. We extensively review this aspect of the energy metabolism design contrasting it with metabolite diffusion models and how mitochondrial structure can play a role in the delivery of energy in the striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Glancy
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insititute and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, Maryland
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insititute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insititute and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, Maryland
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insititute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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“Alternative” fuels contributing to mitochondrial electron transport: Importance of non-classical pathways in the diversity of animal metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Teulier L, Weber JM, Crevier J, Darveau CA. Proline as a fuel for insect flight: enhancing carbohydrate oxidation in hymenopterans. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0333. [PMID: 27412285 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees are thought to be strict users of carbohydrates as metabolic fuel for flight. Many insects, however, have the ability to oxidize the amino acid proline at a high rate, which is a unique feature of this group of animals. The presence of proline in the haemolymph of bees and in the nectar of plants led to the hypothesis that plants may produce proline as a metabolic reward for pollinators. We investigated flight muscle metabolism of hymenopteran species using high-resolution respirometry performed on permeabilized muscle fibres. The muscle fibres of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, do not have a detectable capacity to oxidize proline, as those from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, used here as an outgroup representative. The closely related bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, can oxidize proline alone and more than doubles its respiratory capacity when proline is combined with carbohydrate-derived substrates. A distant wasp species, Vespula vulgaris, exhibits the same metabolic phenotype as the bumblebee, suggesting that proline oxidation is common in hymenopterans. Using a combination of mitochondrial substrates and inhibitors, we further show that in B. impatiens, proline oxidation provides reducing equivalents and electrons directly to the electron transport system. Together, these findings demonstrate that some bee and wasp species can greatly enhance the oxidation of carbohydrates using proline as fuel for flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Teulier
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Jean-Michel Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Julie Crevier
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Syromyatnikov MY, Lopatin AV, Starkov AA, Popov VN. Isolation and properties of flight muscle mitochondria of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:909-14. [PMID: 24228879 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913080075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the isolation procedure and properties of tightly coupled flight muscle mitochondria of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L.). The highest respiratory control index was observed upon oxidation of pyruvate, whereas the highest respiration rates were registered upon oxidation of a combination of the following substrates: pyruvate + malate, pyruvate + proline, or pyruvate + glutamate. The respiration rates upon oxidation of malate, glutamate, glutamate + malate, or succinate were very low. At variance with flight muscle mitochondria of a number of other insects reported earlier, B. terrestris mitochondria did not show high rates of respiration supported by oxidation of proline. The maximal respiration rates were observed upon oxidation of α-glycerophosphate. Bumblebee mitochondria are capable of maintaining high membrane potential in the absence of added respiratory substrates, which was completely dissipated by the addition of rotenone, suggesting high amount of intramitochondrial NAD-linked oxidative substrates. Pyruvate and α-glycerophosphate appear to be the optimal oxidative substrates for maintaining the high rates of oxidative metabolism of the bumblebee mitochondria.
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In situ quantification of mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers of a marine invertebrate with low aerobic capacity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Pichaud N, Ballard JWO, Tanguay RM, Blier PU. Thermal sensitivity of mitochondrial functions in permeabilized muscle fibers from two populations of Drosophila simulans with divergent mitotypes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R48-59. [PMID: 21451139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00542.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In ectotherms, the external temperature is experienced by the mitochondria, and the mitochondrial respiration of different genotypes is likely to change as a result. Using high-resolution respirometry with permeabilized fibers (an in situ approach), we tried to identify differences in mitochondrial performance and thermal sensitivity of two Drosophila simulans populations with two different mitochondrial types (siII and siIII) and geographical distributions. Maximal state 3 respiration rates obtained with electrons converging at the Q junction of the electron transport system (ETS) differed between the mitotypes at 24°C. Catalytic capacities were higher in flies harboring siII than in those harboring siIII mitochondrial DNA (2,129 vs. 1,390 pmol O(2)·s(-1)·mg protein(-1)). The cytochrome c oxidase activity was also higher in siII than siIII flies (3,712 vs. 2,688 pmol O(2)·s(-1)·mg protein(-1)). The higher catalytic capacity detected in the siII mitotype could provide an advantage in terms of intensity of aerobic activity, endurance, or both, if the intensity of exercise that can be aerobically performed is partly dictated by the aerobic capacity of the tissue. Moreover, thermal sensitivity results showed that even if temperature affects the catalytic capacity of the different enzymes of the ETS, both mitotypes revealed high tolerance to temperature variation. Previous in vitro study failed to detect any consistent functional mitochondrial differences between the same mitotypes. We conclude that the in situ approach is more sensitive and that the ETS is a robust system in terms of functional and regulatory properties across a wide range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pichaud
- Laboratoire de biologie intégrative, Département de biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada
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Hems R, Stubbs M, Krebs HA. Restricted permeability of rat liver for glutamate and succinate. Biochem J 2010; 107:807-15. [PMID: 16742606 PMCID: PMC1198752 DOI: 10.1042/bj1070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. When rat liver slices were incubated aerobically with [U-(14)C]glutamate the concentration of (14)C within the slices remained lower (about 50%) than in the medium. The maximal concentration of (14)C in the liver was reached within minutes. In rat kidney-cortex slices by contrast, (14)C reached concentrations more than six times those of the medium. 2. In both liver and kidney (14)C appeared in the respiratory CO(2), indicating penetration of glutamate carbon into the mitochondria. In kidney slices the rate of glutamate oxidation per unit weight was about five times that in liver slices. 3. Taking into account the conversion of glutamate into glucose that occurs in the kidney but not in the liver, the flux rates of glutamate through the kidney were calculated to be about 15 times those through the liver when the external glutamate concentration was 5mm. 4. Anaerobically the glutamate concentrations in medium and tissue rapidly became equal in both liver and kidney. Thus the maintenance of concentration gradients depended on the expenditure of energy. 5. [U-(14)C]Succinate behaved similarly to glutamate. [U-(14)C]Serine was taken up more rapidly by the kidney than by the liver slices, but the concentrations reached in the liver did not remain below those of the medium. [(14)C]Urea was distributed evenly between medium and tissue water. 6. Incubation of liver slices with [(3)H]inulin indicated an extracellular space of liver slices of 26%. 7. When glutamate was generated within liver slices or the perfused liver on addition of oxaloacetate, pyruvate and a source of nitrogen, the concentration of glutamate in the tissue after 1hr. was 70-97 times that in the medium. Thus the exit of glutamate from the liver cell, like its entry, is restricted. This is borne out by measurements of the specific activity of extra- and intra-cellular glutamate on addition of [U-(14)C]glutamate medium. 8. Liver homogenates removed added glutamate and dicarboxylic acids 20-30 times as fast as did the perfused liver. 9. It is concluded that a major permeability barrier restricts the entry and exit through the outer liver cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hems
- Medical Research Council Unit for Research in Cell Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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Abstract
No studies have been performed on the mitochondria of malaria vector mosquitoes. This information would be valuable in understanding mosquito aging and detoxification of insecticides, two parameters that have a significant impact on malaria parasite transmission in endemic regions. In the present study, we report the analyses of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of cultured cells [ASE (Anopheles stephensi Mos. 43) cell line] from A. stephensi, a major vector of malaria in India, South-East Asia and parts of the Middle East. ASE cell mitochondria share many features in common with mammalian muscle mitochondria, despite the fact that these cells are of larval origin. However, two major differences with mammalian mitochondria were apparent. One, the glycerol-phosphate shuttle plays as major a role in NADH oxidation in ASE cell mitochondria as it does in insect muscle mitochondria. In contrast, mammalian white muscle mitochondria depend primarily on lactate dehydrogenase, whereas red muscle mitochondria depend on the malate-oxaloacetate shuttle. Two, ASE mitochondria were able to oxidize proline at a rate comparable with that of alpha-glycerophosphate. However, the proline pathway appeared to differ from the currently accepted pathway, in that oxoglutarate could be catabolized completely by the tricarboxylic acid cycle or via transamination, depending on the ATP need.
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Mitchell P. Translocations through natural membranes. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 29:33-87. [PMID: 4235731 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122747.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Ferguson M, Mockett R, Shen Y, Orr W, Sohal R. Age-associated decline in mitochondrial respiration and electron transport in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem J 2006; 390:501-11. [PMID: 15853766 PMCID: PMC1198930 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The principal objective of the present study was to identify specific alterations in mitochondrial respiratory functions during the aging process. Respiration rates and the activities of electron transport chain complexes were measured at various ages in mitochondria isolated from thoraces of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which consist primarily of flight muscles. The rates of state 3 respiration (ADP-stimulated), RCRs (respiratory control ratios) and uncoupled respiration rates decreased significantly as a function of age, using either NAD+- or FAD-linked substrates; however, there were no differences in state 4 respiration (ADP-depleted) rates. There was also a significant age-related decline in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), but not of the other mitochondrial oxidoreductases examined. Exposure of mitochondria isolated from young flies to low doses of KCN or NaAz (sodium azide), complex IV inhibitors, decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased the production of H2O2. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that impairment of mitochondrial respiration may be a causal factor in the aging process, and that such impairment may result from and contribute to increased H2O2 production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferguson
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Robin J. Mockett
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Yi Shen
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - William C. Orr
- †Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman Life Sciences Building, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, U.S.A
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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GREGG CT, JOHNSON JR, HEISLER CR, REMMERT LF. INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND RELATED REACTIONS IN INSECT MITOCHONDRIA. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1996; 82:343-9. [PMID: 14123568 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lalitha K, Rani P, Narayanaswami V. Metabolic relevance of selenium in the insect Corcyra cephalonica. Uptake of 75Se and subcellular distribution. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 41:217-33. [PMID: 7946914 DOI: 10.1007/bf02917424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Requirement, uptake, and subcellular distribution of Na2(75)SeO3 in the larvae of the insect C. cephalonica was investigated. That Se is well tolerated by C. cephalonica upto an added level of 2 ppm in the diet is suggested by the observed increase in body weight, total protein, and succinate dehydrogenase levels. Significant increases in the State 3 respiration ensued with Se supplementation up to 2 ppm in the mitochondrial oxidation of D-glycerol 1-phosphate, succinate and NADH, along with concomitant unaltered State 4 respiration, leading to enhanced RCR values. Maximal uptake of 75Se was registered in the larvae maintained on basal diet when subjected to short-term exposure to 0.5 ppm 75Se level. When exposure level was further increased up to 20 ppm, the observed decrease in the uptake of 75Se suggested that Se status of larvae itself controlled the tissue uptake. Subcellular distribution pattern revealed maximal incorporation of 75Se (cpm/g tissue) in the supernatant fraction, whereas, maximal specific 75Se activity (cpm/mg protein) was associated with the mitochondrial fraction. Autoradiography of the soluble fractions indicated the presence of single selenoprotein in the larval group with short term 2 ppm 75Se exposure. Inherent Se controls both the extent and the nature of distribution of mitochondrial 75Se incorporation. Uptake of 45Ca by the insect mitochondria was enhanced by dietary Se up to 2 ppm but was unaffected by addition of in vitro 75Se in the medium. A more fundamental role for Se in the mitochondrial energy metabolism emerges from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
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Effects of methoprene and juvenile hormone on the oxidative metabolism of isolated mitochondria from flight muscle ofLocusta migratoria L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01958821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of aging on the release of H2O2 by mitochondria was studied in the housefly in order to elucidate the causes of previously observed age-related increase in the level of oxidative stress. Intact flight muscle mitochondria of the housefly, supplemented with alpha-glycerophosphate, produce 1-2 nmol H2O2/min per mg protein, even in the absence of respiratory inhibitors. The rate of H2O2 secretion progressively increases approximately 2-fold during aging of the fly. Neither uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation nor mechanical damage to mitochondria during the isolation procedure appear to be responsible for the age-related increase in H2O2 production. Activities of NADH-ferricyanide reductase, succinate-ubiquinone reductase, and NADH-, succinate- and alpha-glycerophosphate-cytochrome c reductases, were approximately 2-fold higher in mitochondria from the old than those from the young flies. However, the concentration of enzymatically reducible ubiquinone remained unchanged with age. Infliction of damage by exposure of mitochondria to free radical-generating systems in vitro caused an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation. Glutaraldehyde, an intermolecular crosslinking agent, induced an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation by mitochondria. Results of this study demonstrate that aging in the housefly is associated with an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation by mitochondria probably due, at least in part, to self-inflicted damage by mitochondria. Intermolecular cross-linking in the inner mitochondrial membrane can contribute towards the increased H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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Farmer KJ, Sohal RS. Relationship between superoxide anion radical generation and aging in the housefly, Musca domestica. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 7:23-9. [PMID: 2546868 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the possible cause of increased oxidative stress observed in the adult housefly during aging. The hypothesis that increased production of oxygen radicals may be a cause of the increased oxidative stress was tested by comparison of 8-day and 15-day old flies, which represent the stage of full maturation and the beginning of the dying phase, respectively. Rates of both antimycin A-resistant respiration of isolated mitochondria and O2 generation at ubiquinone-cytochrome b site by submitochondrial particles increased during aging and were associated with life expectancy of flies. Flies destined to die earlier than their cohorts of the same age exhibited a relatively higher rate of O2- production. Age-related increase in O2- generation was not associated with corresponding changes in ubiquinone content of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Farmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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Miyoshi H, Fujita T. Quantitative analyses of the uncoupling activity of substituted phenols with mitochondria from flight muscles of house flies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 935:312-21. [PMID: 2844258 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling activity with flight-muscle mitochondria from house flies was measured for a series of weakly acidic uncouplers (substituted phenols) and compared with the protonophoric potency across lecithin liposomal membranes. The activity was linearly related to the protonophoric potency when such factors as the stability of anionic species in the membrane phase and the difference in the pH conditions of the extramembranous aqueous phase were taken into account. Relationships of the flight-muscle activity with activities measured previously with rat-liver mitochondria and spinach chloroplasts were linear. Our findings were further evidence for the shuttle-type mechanism of the uncoupling action of weakly acidic uncouplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyoshi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Dowton M, Kennedy IR, Mei Chi Wang. Localization of glutamine synthetase in fleshfly flight muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aging in Insects. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Sire O, Mangeney M, Montagne J, Nordmann R, Nordmann J. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Inhibition by D-galactosamine and role of phospholipids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 136:371-5. [PMID: 6628388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Palmitate oxidation by liver mitochondria from rats treated with D-galactosamine (GalN) was markedly inhibited, 3 h after administration. The mitochondrial defect responsible for this inhibition was shown to be an inhibition of the activity of palmitoylcarnitine transferase I (EC 2.3.1.21). Apparent Km of the enzyme remained unchanged whereas apparent V was reduced by 30%. Addition of 10 mM GalN did not impair the activity of palmitoylcarnitine transferase I in mitochondria isolated from normal rats. Inhibition of palmitoylcarnitine biosynthesis by GalN treatment was completely reversed by phospholipid supply. At this stage of intoxication, mitochondrial phospholipid content was decreased whereas incorporation of [14C]palmitate into phospholipids in isolated hepatocytes was drastically inhibited: the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio was reduced by 33%. The results obtained from these studies show that the depletion of the phospholipid membrane content could account for the altered functional activity of palmitoylcarnitine transferase I.
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Thörig GE, Heinstra PW, Scharloo W. The action of the notch locus in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Effects of the notch8 deficiency on mitochondrial enzymes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 182:31-8. [PMID: 6790911 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that the Notch8 deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster affects a number of enzyme activities localized in the mitochondria, such as NADH oxidase (activity of the complete respiratory chain), NADH dehydrogenase (the first step in the respiratory chain before transfer to ubiquinone), Succinate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The experiments reported here do not exclude the possibility of involvement of other genes in the deficiency. The effect of duplications of the Notch locus on NADH oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase suggest that the locus determines the enzyme activities. The dosage effects of the Notch locus on activity suggest that this locus contains the structural genes for these enzymes.
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Wohlrab H. Purification of a reconstitutively active mitochondrial phosphate transport protein. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Danks SM, Tribe MA. Biochemical changes in blowfly flight muscle mitochondria following temperature acclimation. J Therm Biol 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(79)90035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barbee SJ, Hartung R. Diethanolamine-induced alteration of hepatic mitochondrial function and structure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 47:431-40. [PMID: 442087 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wohlrab H, Greaney J. Mitochondrial phosphate transport and the N-ethylmaleimide binding proteins of the inner membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 503:425-36. [PMID: 687612 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(78)90142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been prepared from the flight muscles of mature blow-flies (Sarcophaga bullata). Phosphate transport by these mitochondria, determined by rates of passive swelling in ammonium phosphate, is sensitive to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide. 20 nmol of N-ethylmaleimide/nmol cytochrome A inhibit the swelling by 90%. When the mitochondria are inhibited by N-[3H]ethylmaleimide, then solubilized in dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol at 100 degrees C and then electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, many labeled protein bands can be detected, including a large labeled peak that has the same mobility as the tracking dye, bromophenol blue. Sonic submitochondrial particles that are prepared from the N-[3H]ethylmaleimide-labeled mitochondria, solubilized, and electrophoresed on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, possess only seven major labeled protein bands with no radioactive peak at the tracking dye. These labeled proteins have molecular weights of 71, 68, 64, 45, 32, 30, and approx. 10 . 10(3). The nmol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide bound to each of these proteins per nmol cytochrome A are 0.15, 0.19, 0.35, 0.45, 0.87, 0.10, and 0.17, respectively, when the mitochondria are inhibited with 21.5 mol N-[3H]ethylmaleimide/mol cytochrome a at 10 micron cytochrome A. Coty and Pedersen (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3515-3521) sensitized rat liver mitochondria to N-[3H]ethylmaleimide and identified five labeled proteins. Only the labeled 32 . 10(3) dalton and the 45 . 10(3) dalton proteins are common to both systems.
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Opperdoes FR, Borst P, Bakker S, Leene W. Localization of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase in the mitochondrion and particulate NAD+-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the microbodies of the bloodstream form to Trypanosoma brucei. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 76:29-39. [PMID: 142010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Oxidation of α-glycerophosphate by mitochondria isolated from flight muscles of the blowfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(77)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Slack EN, Bursell E. The isolation of mitochondria from dipteran flight muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 449:491-9. [PMID: 999849 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(76)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Procedures for the isolation of mitochondria from dipteran flight muscle have been investigated in an attempt to determine the extent and to identify the causes of deterioration associated with isolation. In the light of the results obtained isolation procedures have been improved by minimising mechanical damage, avoiding the development of anoxic conditions, and by the use of an isolation medium of a more physiological nature, containing the potassium salt of an organic anion as the principal osmoeffector, phosphate as the principal buffer, and low concentrations of free Mg2+. The oxidative capacity of mitochondria isolated by the improved method is adequate to support the in vivo requirements of the flight system.
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Guarnieri M, Nair PP, Sacktor B. The lipid composition of flight muscle mitochondria isolated from the blowfly, Phormia regina. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:672-8. [PMID: 1259426 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Murfitt RR, Vogel K, Sanadi DR. Characterization of the mitochondria of the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 53:423-30. [PMID: 131020 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hansford RG, Johnson RN. Some aspects of the oxidation of pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine by moth (Manduca sexta) flight muscle mitochondria. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 55:543-51. [PMID: 1000947 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pataki A. Histochemical study of monoamine oxidase latency in the liver of the rat. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1975; 43:323-32. [PMID: 1184414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00490191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In a histochemical test system with adrenaline as substrate and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as electron acceptor, an increase of NBT reduction in rat liver sections was found microspectrophotometrically following short hypotonic treatment. Investigations with iproniazide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and non-enzymatic NBT reduction showed that the increased formazan formation was related to the presence of monoamine oxidase. It is suggested that the reason for the observed increase of formazan formation is due to increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to NBT. Consequently, the increase of monoamine oxidase observed in the histochemical test system does not represent mobilization of a latent activity, but rather complete assessment of activity that is normally present.
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Sohal RD. Mitochondrial changes in flight muscles of normal and flightless Drosophila melanogaster with age. J Morphol 1975; 145:337-53. [PMID: 804040 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051450307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fine structural changes in mitochondrial morphology pertaining to size, number and growth were examined in flight muscles of normal and experimentally dewinged male Drosophila melanogaster ranging up to 26 days of age. In the normal winged flies, the number of mitochondria decreases during the first week of adult life whereas the size of individual mitochondrial profile increases significantly. Changes in mitochondrial size and number are due to the fusion of mitochondria. Fused mitochondria are are extremely large in size and irregular in shape. In 26-day old normal flies, the number of mitochondria increases while the mitochondrial size is recuced indicating mitochondrial division. In comparison to the normal flies, dewinged flies exhibit a similar degree of mitochondrial fusion and growth during the first week of life. However, the extent of mitochondrial fission in 26-day old dewinged flies is greater than in the normal flies of this age. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission are described. The objective of this study was to examine the relative effects of age and flight activity on the mitochondria.
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Johnson RN, Hansford RG. The control of tricarboxylate-cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of citrate, isocitrate 2-oxoglutarate and malate in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria. Biochem J 1975; 146:527-35. [PMID: 1147907 PMCID: PMC1165341 DOI: 10.1042/bj1460527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle mitochondria were allowed to oxidize pyruvate under a variety of experimental conditions, and determinations of the citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate and malate contents of both the mitochondria and the incubation medium were made. For each intermediate a substantial portion of the total was present within the mitochondria. 2. Activation of respiration by either ADP or uncoupling agent resulted in a decreased content of citrate and isocitrate and an increased content of 2-oxoglutarate and malate when the substrate was pyruvate, APT and HCO3 minus. Such a decrease in citrate content was obscured when the substrate was pyruvate and proline owing to a large rise in the total content of tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates in the presence of proline and ADP. 3. An experiment involving oligomycin and uncoupling agent demonstrated that the ATP/ADP ratio is the main determinant of flux through the tricarboxylate cycle, with the redox state of nicotinamide nucleotide being of lesser importance. 4. Addition of ADP and Ca-2+ to activate the oxidation of both glycerol 3-phosphate and pyruvate, simulating conditions on initiation of flight, gave a decrease in citrate and isocitrate and an increase in 2-oxoglutarate and malate content. 5. There was a good correlation between these results with isolated flight-muscle mitochondria and the changes found in fly thoraces after 30s and 2 mihorax. 6. It is concluded that NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) controls the rate of pyruvate oxidation in both resting fly flight muscle in vivo and isolated mitochondria in state 4 (nomenclature of Change & Williams, 1955).
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Hansford RG. The control of tricarboxylate-cycle of oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A and succinyl-coenzyme A in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria. Biochem J 1974; 142:509-19. [PMID: 4464839 PMCID: PMC1168315 DOI: 10.1042/bj1420509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
(1) A ;cycling' method involving citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was modified by the inclusion of succinyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.5) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) to permit the determination of very small amounts of succinyl-CoA in addition to CoA and acetyl-CoA. (2) Application of this technique to blowfly (Phormia regina) flight-muscle extracts reveals no change in acetyl-CoA concentration, a slight fall in CoA concentration and a rise in succinyl-CoA concentration during flight. (3) Extraction of isolated mitochondria during controlled (state 4) pyruvate oxidation reveals essentially only acetyl-CoA. Activation of respiration by ADP (state 3) or uncoupling agents leads to a fall in acetyl-CoA and a rise in CoA and succinyl-CoA content. (4) The presence of glycerol phosphate in addition to pyruvate results in a lower acetyl-CoA content in state 4. (5) It is contended that these results are consistent with a primary control of one of the reactions of the tricarboxylate cycle, rather than of pyruvate dehydrogenase, during the state 4 oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria, and that the modulation of citrate synthase activity by the ratio of acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA is unimportant under these conditions.
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Subcellular fractionation of fleshfly flight muscle in attempts to isolate synaptosomes and to establish the location of glutamate enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(74)90048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Balcavage WX, Lloyd JL, Mattoon JR, Ohnishi T, Scarpa A. Cation movements and respiratory response in yeast mitochondria treated with high Ca2+ concentrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 305:41-51. [PMID: 4578276 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(73)90229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kleineke J, Sauer H, Söling HD. On the specificity of the tricarboxylate carrier system in rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1973; 29:82-6. [PMID: 4719206 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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O'Brien SJ, MacIntyre RJ. The -glycerophosphate cycle in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Biochemical and developmental aspects. Biochem Genet 1972; 7:141-61. [PMID: 4340553 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chiang PK. Flight muscle triosephosphate isomerase of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the housefly, Musca domestica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(72)90033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sohal RS, McCarthy JL, Allison VF. The formation of 'giant' mitochondria in the fibrillar flight muscles of the house fly, Musca domestica L. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 39:484-95. [PMID: 4556322 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bulos B, Shukla S, Sacktor B. Bioenergetic properties of mitochondria from flight muscle of aging blowflies. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 149:461-9. [PMID: 4666114 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hansford RG. Some properties of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidation by blowfly flight-muscle mitochondria. Biochem J 1972; 127:271-83. [PMID: 4342212 PMCID: PMC1178582 DOI: 10.1042/bj1270271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. High rates of state 3 pyruvate oxidation are dependent on high concentrations of inorganic phosphate and a predominance of ADP in the intramitochondrial pool of adenine nucleotides. The latter requirement is most marked at alkaline pH values, where ATP is profoundly inhibitory. 2. Addition of CaCl(2) during state 4, state 3 (Chance & Williams, 1955) or uncoupled pyruvate oxidation causes a marked inhibition in the rate of oxygen uptake when low concentrations of mitochondria are employed, but may lead to an enhancement of state 4 oxygen uptake when very high concentrations of mitochondria are used. 3. These properties are consistent with the kinetics of the NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) from this tissue, which is activated by isocitrate, citrate, ADP, phosphate and H(+) ions, and inhibited by ATP, NADH and Ca(2+). 4. Studies of the redox state of NAD and cytochrome c show that addition of ADP during pyruvate oxidation causes a slight reduction, whereas addition during glycerol phosphate oxidation causes a ;classical' oxidation. Nevertheless, it is concluded that pyruvate oxidation is probably limited by the respiratory chain in state 4 and by the NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in state 3. 5. The oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate by swollen mitochondria is also stimulated by high concentrations of ADP and phosphate, and is not uncoupled by arsenate.
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Kramen MA, Biggers JD. Uptake of tricarboxyli acid cycle intermediates by preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2656-9. [PMID: 5288241 PMCID: PMC389494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.11.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation mouse embryos were incubated for various periods in the (14)C-labeled intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, malate, citrate, or 2-oxoglutarate. A marked increase in uptake of these substrates first occurred at the 4-cell stage, the uptake increasing with the length of incubation and the developmental stage of the embryo. In the light of recent observations on ultrastructural changes in mouse embryos with development, studies of mitochondrial transport systems, and the growth of metabolic activities in developing mouse embryos, the increase in accumulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates with development may indicate fundamental changes in mitochondrial function that is necessary for further development.
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Williams KL, Birt LM. Incorporation in vitro of ( 14 C)leucine into the mitochondrial protein of Lucilia cuprina. 1. Basic requirements. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 22:87-95. [PMID: 4999815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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