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Dangelmaier CA, Holmsen H. Glyoxylate lowers metabolic ATP in human platelets without altering adenylate energy charge or aggregation. Platelets 2013; 25:36-44. [PMID: 23488475 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.775571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human blood platelets adhere to exposed collagen at the site of vascular injury, initiating a signaling cascade leading to fibrinogen activation, secretion of granules and aggregation, thus producing a stable thrombus. All these steps require metabolic ATP. In this study we have labeled the metabolic pool of ATP with nucleotides, treated platelets with various inhibitors and have monitored their ability to be activated. Incubating platelets with glyoxylate dramatically reduced the ATP level without a change in the adenylate energy charge (AEC). This reduction of ATP did not affect ADP-induced primary or secondary aggregation, whereas glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, or the combination of antimycin plus deoxyglucose reduced both ATP and AEC and inhibited aggregation. The reduction of ATP by glyoxylate was almost quantitatively matched by an increase in hypoxanthine without elevation of ADP. AMP, IMP or inosine, acetoacetate, aspartate, or glutamate had no effect on glyoxylate-induced breakdown of ATP, while pyruvate stopped the ATP reduction fast and efficiently. Glyoxylate also lowered the citrate content. The glyoxylate-induced breakdown of ATP coincided with an increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, indicating that the phosphofructokinase reaction was the main ATP-consuming step. Glyoxylate was a substrate for lactate dehydrogenase although with a Km almost 100 times higher than pyruvate. We suggest that glyoxylate primarily competes with pyruvate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, thus lowering the citrate concentration, which in turn activates phosphofructokinase. Clearly, lowering of ATP in the cytosol by more than 50% does not affect platelet aggregation provided that the AEC is not reduced.
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Stewart PR, Quayle JR. The synergistic decarboxylation of glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate by an enzyme system from pig-liver mitochondria. Biochem J 2010; 102:885-97. [PMID: 16742506 PMCID: PMC1270340 DOI: 10.1042/bj1020885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. An enzyme system that catalyses a synergistic decarboxylation of glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate has been purified from pig-liver mitochondria. 2. The purified system is specific for glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate as substrates, although in earlier stages of purification glycine and l-glutamate are also active. 3. The reaction is inhibited strongly by EDTA and N-ethylmaleimide. Substrate analogues, present at concentrations equimolar with respect to the substrates, are not effective as inhibitors. 4. The reaction proceeds in the absence of added cofactors. Magnesium chloride, mercaptoethanol and sucrose stimulate the reaction, and stabilize the activity of the enzyme. 5. The pH optimum of the reaction is 7.0. The K(m) values of glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate, at saturating concentration of the corresponding co-substrate, are 16mm and 3.6mm respectively. 6. Isotopic work with specifically labelled [(14)C]glyoxylate and 2-oxo[(14)C]-glutarate suggests that the enzyme system catalyses an initial condensation of glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate that results in, or leads to, release of C-1 of both substrates as carbon dioxide. C-2 of glyoxylate and C-5 of 2-oxoglutarate do not appear as carbon dioxide. 7. The stoicheiometry of the reaction is complex. During the initial stages of the reaction, more carbon dioxide is recovered from 2-oxoglutarate than from glyoxylate. Subsequently, there is a disproportionate increase with time of carbon dioxide evolution from the carboxyl group of glyoxylate. The excess of decarboxylation of glyoxylate over 2-oxogluturate is further increased by treatment of reaction products with acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield
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Millerd A, Morton RK, Wells JR. Oxalic acid synthesis in shoots of Oxalis pes-caprae. The precursors of glycollic acid and glyoxylic acid. Biochem J 2006; 88:276-81. [PMID: 16749035 PMCID: PMC1202109 DOI: 10.1042/bj0880276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Millerd
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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Santamaria R, Irace C, Festa M, Maffettone C, Colonna A. Induction of ferritin expression by oxalomalate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1691:151-9. [PMID: 15110995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous protein required for intracellular iron storage; its biosynthesis is mainly regulated by iron-regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) at post-transcriptional level. This regulation prevents iron excess from promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). IRP1 is regulated by such factors as intracellular iron levels, the oxidants H(2)O(2) and NO. We recently demonstrated that oxalomalate (OMA, alpha-hydroxy-beta-oxalosuccinic acid), a competitive inhibitor of aconitase, which is an enzyme of the citric acid cycle, remarkably decreases the binding activity of IRP1. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this molecule could affect the expression of ferritin. The RNA-binding activity of IRP1, evaluated by gel retardation assay, decreased after treatment of several cell lines with 5 mM OMA, with a maximal decrease of about 3-fold after 6 h. This effect remained almost constant up to 48 h after which it returned to basal levels. Intracellular ferritin levels, determined by Western blot analysis, increased in correlation with the OMA-induced decrease of IRP1 binding activity. Furthermore, treatment of cells with OMA caused a rise in ferritin mRNA levels. Interestingly, in cells exposed to iron challenge, OMA-induced overexpression of ferritin prevented formation of ROS and cellular lipid peroxidation. These data show that an inhibitor of aconitase, OMA, besides being involved in energetic metabolism, is able to control ferritin expression, probably through molecular mechanisms of either post-transcriptional regulation or transcriptional modulation, with advantageous consequences for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Santamaria
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Festa M, Colonna A, Pietropaolo C, Ruffo A. Oxalomalate, a competitive inhibitor of aconitase, modulates the RNA-binding activity of iron-regulatory proteins. Biochem J 2000; 348 Pt 2:315-20. [PMID: 10816424 PMCID: PMC1221068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of oxalomalate (OMA, alpha-hydroxy-beta-oxalosuccinic acid), a competitive inhibitor of aconitase, on the RNA-binding activity of the iron-regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) that control the post-transcriptional expression of various proteins involved in iron metabolism. The RNA-binding activity of IRP was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay of cell lysates from 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts, SH-SY5Y human cells and mouse livers incubated in vitro with OMA, with and without 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Analogous experiments were performed in vivo by prolonged incubation (72 h) of 3T3-L1 cells with OMA, and by injecting young mice with equimolar concentrations of oxaloacetate and glyoxylate, which are the precursors of OMA synthesis. OMA remarkably decreased the binding activity of IRP1 and, when present, of IRP2, in all samples analysed. In addition, the recovery of IRP1 by 2-ME in the presence of OMA was constantly lower versus control values. These findings suggest that the severe decrease in IRP1 RNA-binding activity depends on: (i) linking of OMA to the active site of aconitase, which prevents the switch to IRP1 and explains resistance to the reducing agents, and (ii) possible interaction of OMA with some functional amino acid residues in IRP that are responsible for binding to the specific mRNA sequences involved in the regulation of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Festa
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Domenico Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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RUFFO A, TESTA E, PELIZZA G. Control of the etric acid cycle by glyoxylate. I. A new inhibitor of aconitase formed by the condensation of glyoxylate with oxaloacetate. Biochem J 1998; 85:588-93. [PMID: 13983203 PMCID: PMC1243786 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gupta SC, Dekker EE. Malyl-CoA formation in the NAD-, CoASH-, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-dependent oxidation of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate. Possible coupled role of this reaction with 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase activity in a pyruvate-catalyzed cyclic oxidation of glyoxylate. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Rajagopal G, Ramakrishnan S. Effect of ethylene glycol toxicity on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 46:507-15. [PMID: 734676 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(78)90096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
We have studied the isocitrate dehydrogenase of Tetrahymena pyriformis. This enzyme is able to utilize both NAD and NADP, but kinetic studies suggest that the enzymatic activity with NAD is not of physiological signifance. Some of the factors that might regualte the NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase were also studied. This enzyme has an absolute requirement for divalent cations; Mg,+ and Mn2+ will serve as cofactors but the latter is more effective than the former. It is known that this enzyme is subject to a concerted inhibition by oxaloacetate and glyoxylate. Either glyoxylate or oxaloacetate alone also are capable of inhibiting the enzyme although higher concentrations are required. We have found concerted inhibition also for the NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from rat liver and yeast. The activity of the Tetrahymena pyriformis enzyme is inhibited by NADPH. This inhibition is competitive with NADP. The Ki and Km values are, respectively, 20 micrometers and 18 micrometers.
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Rognstad R, Katz J. Effects of hormones and of ethanol on the fructose 6-P-fructose 1,6-P2 futile cycle during gluconeogenesis in the liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 177:337-45. [PMID: 1015825 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Determinations of rectal temperature, blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids, liver acetyl-CoA and carcass fat of thiamin-deficient rats indicated that during the ensuing anorexia they metabolized their fat reserves more rapidly than did pair-fed normal controls. Their lower metabolic rate indicates that the reserves mobilized are utilized inefficiently.
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Jasch LG, Schmidt AJ. Isocitrate lyase activity in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1974; 190:199-210. [PMID: 4436629 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401900209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schwander J, Duval C, Lamarche M. [Experimental study on some effects of glyoxalate on the oxidative cellular metabolism and an essay interpreting the results]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1973; 81:223-34. [PMID: 4131597 DOI: 10.3109/13813457309074454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Blass JP, Schulman JD, Young DS, Hom E. An inherited defect affecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle in a patient with congenital lactic acidosis. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:1845-51. [PMID: 5032527 PMCID: PMC292332 DOI: 10.1172/jci106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured skin fibroblasts from a 3 yr old girl with severe, diffuse neurologic disease and persistant lactic acidosis, oxidized radioactive citrate, palmitate, and pyruvate at less than one-third the rate of control cells. Her fibroblasts oxidized isocitrate and glutamate at rates comparable with controls. In disrupted cells from this patient, the activity of aconitate hydratase appeared normal. The binding of citrate to aconitate hydratase and the activities of the NAD- and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases were also normal, while the activity of citrate synthase was slightly below control values. A significant defect was, however, apparent in the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex although not in the thiamine-dependent first enzyme of that complex. This patient appears to have a partial genetic defect affecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Zinsser HH, Stern F, Marshall S, Karp F, Seneca E, Gursel E. Urinary organic acids found in B6-deficient rats and calcium oxalate calculus patients. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1971; 43:523-35. [PMID: 5118131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1971.tb10038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bachmann E, Golberg L. Reappraisal of the toxicology of ethylene glycol. 3. Mitochondrial effects. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1971; 9:39-55. [PMID: 4996515 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(71)80115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
1. Incubation of rat liver homogenate with [1-(14)C]glyoxylate, ATP and acetate shows a rapid sequential incorporation of radioactivity into malate, oxaloacetate and citrate. 2. In liver from normal rats the rate of the formation of each substance in question is higher than that in liver from thiamin-deficient rats. 3. The net accumulation of malate is greater with liver from thiamin-deficient rats. Its further metabolism is retarded, it is suggested, by inhibitors formed by a condensation of glyoxylate and oxaloacetate.
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Wegener WS, Reeves HC, Rabin R, Ajl SJ. Alternate pathways of metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:1-26. [PMID: 4869938 PMCID: PMC378289 DOI: 10.1128/br.32.1.1-26.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Clayton BE, Dobbs RH, Patrick AD. Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalopathy: clinical and biochemical study, with special reference to therapy with lipoate. Arch Dis Child 1967; 42:467-78. [PMID: 4862967 PMCID: PMC2019798 DOI: 10.1136/adc.42.225.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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23
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Sinha SK, Cossins EA. Pathways for the metabolism of glyoxylate and acetate in germinating fatty seeds. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1965; 43:1531-41. [PMID: 5898625 DOI: 10.1139/o65-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cotyledons of germinating sunflower, pumpkin, linseed, and watermelon seeds and the endosperm of germinating castor bean seeds have been examined for their ability to utilize glyoxylate-C14and acetate-C14for the biosynthesis of amino acids. All of the tissues examined readily utilized these acids when supplied in micromolar amounts to tissue slices. The chief products of this utilization included the organic acids of the glyoxylate and tricarboxylic acid cycles and a number of amino acids and amides. The results are interpreted as indicating that, in sunflower, watermelon, linseed, and pumpkin seeds, malate formed in the malate synthetase reaction is metabolized by the partial reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. α-Ketoglutarate produced by these reactions is extensively utilized in the biosynthesis of glutamate, γ-aminobutyrate, and glutamine. In agreement with data already published, castor bean endosperm utilized acetate for the biosynthesis of sugars. This tissue also utilized glyoxylate for the formation of glycine, serine, glycollate, and malate. It is concluded that, with the exception of castor bean endosperm, acetyl CoA arising as a result of fatty acid oxidation might be utilized for amino acid biosynthesis via the partial reactions of the glyoxylate and tricarboxylic acid cycles.
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Guidotti GG, Loreti L, Ciaranfi E. Studies on the anti-tumour activity of aliphatic aldehydes. I. The mechanism of inhibition of amino acid incorporation into protein of Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells. Eur J Cancer 1965; 1:23-32. [PMID: 4289545 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(65)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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MORTON RK, WELLS JR. Isocitrate-Lyase and the Formation of α-Keto γ-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Oxalis. Nature 1964; 201:477-9. [PMID: 14164620 DOI: 10.1038/201477a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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PAYES B, LATIES GG. The inhibition of several tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes by γ-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1963; 10:460-6. [PMID: 13942143 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(63)90380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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