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Detection, production, and application of microbial arylsulfatases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9053-9067. [PMID: 27654655 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatases are enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of arylsulfate ester bonds to release a free sulfonate. They are widespread in nature and are found in microorganisms, most animal and human tissues, and plant seeds. However, this review focuses on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and gives an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the production of microbial arylsulfatases using wild-type organisms as well as the recombinant production using Escherichia coli and Kluyveromyces lactis as expression hosts is discussed. Finally, various potential applications of these enzymes are reviewed.
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Kilic M, Lindsay RC. Enrichment of cheeses manufactured from cow's and sheep's milk blends with sheep-like species-related alkylphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1707-1712. [PMID: 15740062 DOI: 10.1021/jf0484834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of concentrations of species-related sheep-like alkylphenols, p- and m-cresols and 3- and 4-ethylphenols, in experimental Manchego-type cheeses manufactured from cow's and sheep's milk blends (80:20) by using arylsulfatases was investigated. A food-grade arylsulfatase from Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC 20719) was produced using a stimulatory medium, and crude dried cells were used as the enzyme source. Exogenous arylsulfatases from Helix pomatia and A. oryzae were added to cheese curd, and the amounts of species-related alkylphenols were measured. Arylsulfatase from H. pomatia released limited amounts of alkylphenols in the cheese only when used at a high level. Arylsulfatase from A. oryzae released substantial amounts of alkylphenols during 2 months of ripening. The concentrations of alkylphenols in A. oryzae arylsulfatase-treated cheese were comparable to the previously reported levels present in aged Manchego-type cheeses manufactured from pure sheep's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Kilic
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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5
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Kertesz MA. Riding the sulfur cycle â metabolism of sulfonates and sulfate esters in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kertesz MA. Riding the sulfur cycle--metabolism of sulfonates and sulfate esters in gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000; 24:135-75. [PMID: 10717312 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(99)00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonates and sulfate esters are widespread in nature, and make up over 95% of the sulfur content of most aerobic soils. Many microorganisms can use sulfonates and sulfate esters as a source of sulfur for growth, even when they are unable to metabolize the carbon skeleton of the compounds. In these organisms, expression of sulfatases and sulfonatases is repressed in the presence of sulfate, in a process mediated by the LysR-type regulator protein CysB, and the corresponding genes therefore constitute an extension of the cys regulon. Additional regulator proteins required for sulfonate desulfonation have been identified in Escherichia coli (the Cbl protein) and Pseudomonas putida (the AsfR protein). Desulfonation of aromatic and aliphatic sulfonates as sulfur sources by aerobic bacteria is oxygen-dependent, carried out by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase, or by one of several FMNH(2)-dependent monooxygenases. Desulfurization of condensed thiophenes is also FMNH(2)-dependent, both in the rhodococci and in two Gram-negative species. Bacterial utilization of aromatic sulfate esters is catalyzed by arylsulfatases, most of which are related to human lysosomal sulfatases and contain an active-site formylglycine group that is generated post-translationally. Sulfate-regulated alkylsulfatases, by contrast, are less well characterized. Our increasing knowledge of the sulfur-regulated metabolism of organosulfur compounds suggests applications in practical fields such as biodesulfurization, bioremediation, and optimization of crop sulfur nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Ohshiro T, Suzuki K, Izumi Y. Regulation of dibenzothiophene degrading enzyme activity of Rhodococcus erythropolis D-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)87588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Kertesz MA, Cook AM, Leisinger T. Microbial metabolism of sulfur- and phosphorus-containing xenobiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 15:195-215. [PMID: 7946467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymes involved in the microbial metabolism of many important phosphorus- or sulfur-containing xenobiotics, including organophosphate insecticides and precursors to organosulfate and organosulfonate detergents and dyestuffs have been characterized. In several instances their genes have been cloned and analysed. For phosphonate xenobiotics, the enzyme system responsible for the cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond has not yet been observed in vitro, though much is understood on a genetic level about phosphonate degradation. Phosphonate metabolism is regulated as part of the Pho regulon, under phosphate starvation control. For organophosphorothionate pesticides the situation is not so clear, and the mode of regulation appears to depend on whether the compounds are utilized to provide phosphorus, carbon or sulfur for cell growth. The same is true for organosulfonate metabolism, where different (and differently regulated) enzymatic pathways are involved in the utilization of sulfonates as carbon and as sulfur sources, respectively. Observations at the protein level in a number of bacteria suggest that a regulatory system is present which responds to sulfate limitation and controls the synthesis of proteins involved in providing sulfur to the cell and which may reveal analogies between the regulation of phosphorus and sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich
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Azakami H, Sugino H, Yokoro N, Iwata N, Murooka Y. moaR, a gene that encodes a positive regulator of the monoamine regulon in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:6287-92. [PMID: 8407801 PMCID: PMC206725 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.19.6287-6292.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned and sequenced a Klebsiella aerogenes gene (moaR) for activation of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine. This gene was cloned by complementation of a K. aerogenes mutant in which tyramine fails to relieve the arylsulfatase repression caused by sulfur compounds. The moaR gene also activated induction of the synthesis of both tyramine oxidase and the 30-kDa protein that is specifically induced by high concentrations of tyramine or catecholamines. The moaR gene on the chromosome of the wild-type strain of K. aerogenes was disrupted by homologous recombination with a plasmid containing the inactivated moaR. The resultant mutant showed the same phenotype as previously isolated atsT mutant strains that are negative for the derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase. In this mutant strain, tyramine also failed to induce the synthesis of tyramine oxidase or the production of a 30-kDa protein. The moaR gene is capable of encoding a protein of 26,238 Da. The putative MoaR protein has a helix-turn-helix motif in its C terminus. Thus, it seems likely that the MoaR protein regulates the operons by binding to the regulatory region of the monoamine regulon. The MoaR protein is subject to autogenous control, which was shown by use of a moaR'-lacZ transcriptional fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azakami
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Azakami H, Sugino H, Murooka Y. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a negative regulator gene for Klebsiella aerogenes arylsulfatase synthesis and identification of the gene as folA. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2344-51. [PMID: 1551851 PMCID: PMC205857 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.7.2344-2351.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A negative regulator gene for synthesis of arylsulfatase in Klebsiella aerogenes was cloned. Deletion analysis showed that the regulator gene was located within a 1.6-kb cloned segment. Transfer of the plasmid, which contains the cloned fragment, into constitutive atsR mutant strains of K. aerogenes resulted in complementation of atsR; the synthesis of arylsulfatase was repressed in the presence of inorganic sulfate or cysteine, and this repression was relieved, in each case, by the addition of tyramine. The nucleotide sequence of the 1.6-kb fragment was determined. From the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA sequence, we found two open reading frames. One of them lacked the N-terminal region but was highly homologous to the gene which codes for diadenosine tetraphosphatase (apaH) in Escherichia coli. The other open reading frame was located counterclockwise to the apaH-like gene. This gene was highly homologous to the gene which codes for dihydrofolate reductase (folA) in E. coli. We detected 30 times more activity of dihydrofolate reductase in the K. aerogenes strains carrying the plasmid, which contains the arylsulfatase regulator gene, than in the strains without plasmid. Further deletion analysis showed that the K. aerogenes folA gene is consistent with the essential region required for the repression of arylsulfatase synthesis. Transfer of a plasmid containing the E. coli folA gene into atsR mutant cells of K. aerogenes resulted in repression of the arylsulfatase synthesis. Thus, we conclude that the folA gene codes a negative regulator for the ats operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azakami
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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11
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O'Hara GW, Franklin M, Dilworth MJ. Effect of sulfur supply on sulfate uptake, and alkaline sulfatase activity in free-living and symbiotic bradyrhizobia. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Cerbelaud EC, Conway LJ, Galliher PM, Langer RS, Cooney CL. Sulfur regulation of heparinase and sulfatases in Flavobacterium heparinum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:640-6. [PMID: 3963813 PMCID: PMC238932 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.3.640-646.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur regulation of heparinase synthesis and sulfatase synthesis was studied in Flavobacterium heparinum. Heparinase synthesis was strongly repressed by sulfate and L-cysteine, while the activity of this enzyme showed little or no inhibition by these compounds. Heparinase was synthesized in the absence of heparin when L-methionine was used as the sole sulfur source. The sulfatases produced by F. heparinum, which include the sulfatases involved in heparin catabolism, were also studied. At least some of the sulfatase activity was regulated by sulfur compounds in a manner similar to heparinase regulation. L-Cysteic acid and taurine were not suitable sulfur sources to support the growth of F. heparinum.
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Murooka Y, Yim MH, Harada T. Formation and Purification of
Serratia marcescens
Arylsulfatase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39:812-7. [PMID: 16345546 PMCID: PMC291424 DOI: 10.1128/aem.39.4.812-817.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of culture conditions on arylsulfatase production by six strains of the genus
Serratia
were studied. Synthesis of arylsulfatases in all six strains was repressed in media with inorganic sulfate or methionine as the sole source of sulfur and derepressed by the addition of tyramine.
Serratia marcescens
IFO 3046 grew most rapidly and produced a high level of arylsulfatase when cultured on mannitol with inorganic sulfate and tyramine. The derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase in
S. marcescens
was not subject to strong catabolite repression. The molecular weight of purified arylsulfatase was determined to be between 46,000 and 49,000. Arylsulfatase from
S. marcescens
differed in
K
m
and
V
max
values, substrate specificities, fluoride inhibition, and electrophoretic mobility from the enzyme from
K. aerogenes
, but had the same molecular weight as the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murooka
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565, Japan
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14
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George J, Fitzgerald J. Tyramine-mediated enhancement of bacterial arylsulphatase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Yamada T, Murooka Y, Harada T. Comparative immunological studies on arylsulfatase in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae: occurrence of latent arylsulfatase protein regulated by sulfur compounds and tyramine. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:536-41. [PMID: 415041 PMCID: PMC222055 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.2.536-541.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylsulfatases of 21 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae were compared by measuring their enzymatic activities and immunological reactivities. Enzyme formation under repressing, nonrepressing, and derepressing conditions was tested. Antiserum prepared against pure arylsulfatase from Klebsiella aerobgenes W70 was tested against the enzyme extracts from the strains using double diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and immunoelectrophoresis. No close relationship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactionship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactivity. The strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae could be divided into two groups on the basis of the immunological properties of their enzyme. Antisera formed a precipitin band with both active and inactive enzyme proteins from Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, but not with the proteins from Serratia, Proteus, and Erwinia, even though some strains of these species had enzyme activity. It was also found that the formation of arylsulfatase proteins, irrespective of whether they had enzyme activity, were under regulation by sulfur compounds and tyramine.
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Murooka Y, Yim MH, Yamada T, Harada T. Affinity chromatography od Klebsiella arylsulfatase on tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamine-beta-1,3-glucan and immunoadsorbent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 485:134-40. [PMID: 334267 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and convenient method for preparation of a highly purified arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been developed. Specificity of purification was achieved by using affinity chromatography on a tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamino-beta-1,3-glucan or on a solid phase immunoadsorbent. By using affinity chromatography a homogeneous enzyme was obtained with high yield. It is also proposed that the beads of curdlan type polysaccharide consisting of beta-1,3-glucan can be used as a good matrix for affinity chromatography.
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Fitzgerald J, Cline ME. The occurrence of an inducible arylsulphatase in Comamonas terrigena. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1977.tb00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Murooka Y, Adachi T, Okamura H, Harada T. Genetic control of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:74-81. [PMID: 853036 PMCID: PMC235175 DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.1.74-81.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown that at least four genes are specifically responsible for arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. Mutations at chromosome site atsA result in enzymatically inactive arylsulfatase. Mutants showing constitutive synthesis of arylsulfatase (atsR) were isolated by using inorganic sulfate or cysteine as the sulfur source. Another mutation in which repression of arylsulfatase by inorganic sulfate or cysteine could not be relieved by tyramine was determined by genetic analysis to be on the tyramine oxidase gene (tyn). This site was distinguished from the atsC mutation site, which is probably concerned with the action or synthesis of corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis. Genetic analysis with transducing phage PW52 showed that the order of mutation sites was atsC-atsR-atsA-tynA-tynB. On the basis of these results and previous physiological findings, we propose a new model for regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis.
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Okamura H, Murooka Y, Harada T. Tyramine oxidase and regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:59-65. [PMID: 830648 PMCID: PMC234894 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.1.59-65.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of tyramine oxidase in the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes was studied. Arylsulfatase was synthesized when this organism was grown with methionine or taurine as the sulfur source (nonrepressing conditions) and was repressed by inorganic sulfate or cysteine; this repression was relieved by tyramine and related compounds (derepressing conditions). Under nonrepressing conditions, arylsulfatase synthesis was not regulated by tyramine oxidase synthesis. However, derepression of arylsulfatase and induction of tyramine oxidase synthesis by tyramine were both antagonized by glucose and other carbohydrate compounds. The derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase, like that of tyramine oxidase, was released from catabolite repression by use of tyramine as the sole source of nitrogen. A mutant strain that exhibits constitutive synthesis of glutamine synthetase and high levels of histidase when grown in glucose-ammonium medium was subject to the catabolite repression of both tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase syntheses. Mutants in which repression of arylsulfatase could not be relieved by tyramine could not utilize tyramine as the sole source of nitrogen and were defective in the gene for tyramine oxidase.
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20
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Fitzgerald JW. Sulfate ester formation and hydrolysis: a potentially important yet often ignored aspect of the sulfur cycle of aerobic soils. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1976; 40:698-721. [PMID: 791238 PMCID: PMC413977 DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.698-721.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Burns GR, Wynn CH. Studies on the Arylsulphatase and phenol sulphotransferase activities of Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem J 1975; 149:697-705. [PMID: 1200998 PMCID: PMC1165676 DOI: 10.1042/bj1490697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Crude extracts of Aspergillus oryzae grown under conditions of sulphur limitation possess high arylsulphatase activity. 2. This activity can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of tyramine or a number of other phenols in the assay medium. 3. The arylsulphatase activity of these extracts can be resolved into three distinct fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 4. The effect of tyramine is restricted to one of these fractions only. 5. Evidence is presented which indicates that this effect is the consequence of a phenol sulphotransferase activity, which shows no requirement for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate as a cofactor, and which will not transfer sulphate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-sulphatophosphate to potential phenolic acceptors. 6. The three enzymes differ also in their molecular weights and substrate specificities.
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Abstract
The occurrence in a strain of Comamonas terrigena of secondary alkylsulphatase activity towards potassium decan-5-yl sulphate is reported. A number of cell-washing and osmotic-shock procedures for releasing bacterial exocytoplasmic enzymes were ineffective in releasing this activity. Primary alkylsulphatases are not present in the organism, nor can their formation be induced under a wide variety of experimental conditions tested.
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Schreiner O, Lien T, Knutsen G. The capacity for arylsulfatase synthesis in synchronous and synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardti. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 384:180-93. [PMID: 1131360 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(75)90107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardti synthesizes arylsulfatase (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase EC 3.1.6.1) by derepression when the concentration of SO4-2-minus in the growth medium is less than about 5-10-minus 5 M. The following observations indicate that the arylsulfatase enzyme is stable while its mRNA was unstable: (1) The increase in enzyme activity stopped and remained constant after addition of cycloheximide to derepressed cells. (2) After readdition of SO4-2-minus the increase in enzyme activity continued at a lower rate whereafter it remained constant. (3) No decay of radioactivity was observed after readdition of SO4 2-minus in labelled enzyme protein isolated from pulse-labelled --S cells. The maximum rate of arylsulfatase synthesis. Measurements of this capacity in cells taken at different developmental stages from a selection synchronous and from a light-dark synchronized culture showed that: (1) Arylsulfatase was derepressible at all stages of the life cycle. (2) The same periodic capacity patterns were found, both with the synchronized and the synchronous cells. Furthermore, the rate of accummulation of RNA and protein changed in the same periodic manner during the life cycle as did the enzyme capacity.
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Adachi T, Murooka Y, Harada T. Regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis by sulfur compounds in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:29-35. [PMID: 1116990 PMCID: PMC285609 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.29-35.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Klebsiella aerogenes, arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by inorganic sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, thiosulfate, and cysteine, but not by methionine under normal growth conditions. We isolated cysteine-requiring mutants (Cys minus), and mutants (AtsS minus, AtsR minus) in which the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis was altered. In the cysteine auxotroph, enzyme synthesis was also repressed by inorganic sulfate or cysteine. Kinetic studies on mutants of the cysteine auxotroph showed that inorganic sulfate repressed arylsulfatase synthesis and that this was not due to cysteine formed by reduction of sulfate. Arylsulfatase synthesis in the AtsS minus mutant was not repressed by inorganic sulfate but was repressed by cysteine. This mutant strain had a normal level of inorganic sulfate transport. Another mutant strain, defective in the inorganic sulfate transport system, synthesized arylsulfatase in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not in the presence of cysteine. The AtsS minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not cysteine. The AtsR minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of either inorganic sulfate or cysteine. These results suggest that there are two independent functional corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis in K. aerogenes.
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Adachi T, Okamura H, Murooka Y, Harada T. Catabolite repression and derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:880-5. [PMID: 4376143 PMCID: PMC245852 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.2.880-885.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When a mutant (Mao(-)) of Klebsiella aerogenes lacking an enzyme for tyramine degradation (monoamine oxidase) was grown with d-xylose as a carbon source, arylsulfatase was repressed by inorganic sulfate and repression was relieved by tyramine. When the cells were grown on glucose, tyramine failed to derepress the arylsulfatase synthesis. When grown with methionine as the sole sulfur source, the enzyme was synthesized irrespective of the carbon source used. Addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate overcame the catabolite repression of synthesis of the derepressed enzyme caused by tyramine. Uptake of tyramine was not affected by the carbon source. We isolated a mutant strain in which derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine occurred even in the presence of glucose and inorganic sulfate. This strain also produced beta-galactosidase in the presence of an inducer and glucose. These results, and those on other mutant strains in which tyramine cannot derepress enzyme synthesis, strongly suggest that a protein factor regulated by catabolite repression is involved in the derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine.
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26
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Adachi T, Murooka Y, Harada T. Derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis in Aerobacter aerogenes by tyramine. J Bacteriol 1973; 116:19-24. [PMID: 4745414 PMCID: PMC246385 DOI: 10.1128/jb.116.1.19-24.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were made on the effect of tyramine on arylsulfatase synthesis in mutants of Aerobacter aerogenes ATCC 9621 deficient in enzymes involved in tyramine degradation. As shown previously, some sulfur compounds, such as inorganic sulfate, repressed enzyme synthesis while others, such as methionine, did not. Tyramine caused derepression of enzyme synthesis, which is repressed by inorganic sulfate. The present work showed that, although tyramine readily derepressed arylsulfatase synthesis, metabolites of tyramine in either the wild-type or mutant strains did not, so that the derepression is due to the particular structure of tyramine. Kinetic studies on the cells indicated that incorporation of sulfur into protein and enzyme synthesis occurred on supply of either a sulfur compound, which did not cause repression, or of tyramine, which caused derepression, irrespective of the type of sulfur compound added, if any.
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27
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Kaltwasser H, Krämer J, Conger WR. Control of urease formation in certain aerobic bacteria. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 81:178-96. [PMID: 4622647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00412327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Delisle G, Milazzo FH. The isolation of arylsulphatase isoenzymes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 212:505-8. [PMID: 4989682 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Murooka Y, Harada T. Regulation of O-alkylhomoserine-forming enzyme involved in methionine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium acetophilum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 215:333-8. [PMID: 5503389 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lloyd AG, Large PJ, Davies M, Olavesen AH, Dodgson KS. The glycosulphatase of Trichoderma viride. Biochem J 1968; 108:393-9. [PMID: 5691197 PMCID: PMC1198824 DOI: 10.1042/bj1080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the mould Trichoderma viride on a defined medium containing either potassium d-glucose 6-O-sulphate or potassium d-galactose 6-O-sulphate as sole sources of both carbon and sulphur is marked by the production of an enzyme system capable of liberating inorganic SO(4) (2-) ions from either of the sulphate esters. The enzyme is not produced when the organism is grown with glucose (or galactose) and potassium sulphate or with glucose and methionine as sole sources of carbon and sulphur. Experimental conditions are described whereby inorganic SO(4) (2-) ions liberated from potassium glucose 6-O-sulphate by the growing mould appear in the culture medium after a constant lag period of 21-24hr. The enzyme has been shown to be a simple glycosulphatase that is active towards the 6-O-sulphate esters of d-glucose and d-galactose but not towards potassium glucose 3-O-sulphate. The properties of the crude glycosulphatase show the enzyme to be appreciably different from analogous molluscan enzymes that can degrade monosaccharide sulphate esters.
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Milazzo FH, Fitzgerald JW. The effect of some cultural conditions on the arylsulfatase of Proteus rettgeri. Can J Microbiol 1967; 13:659-64. [PMID: 6035143 DOI: 10.1139/m67-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of temperature, pH, and sulfur source on arylsulfatase formation in P. rettgeri was investigated. The highest level of enzyme activity was found when the organism was grown at 28 °C in a glycerol–salts medium (pH 7.0) containing 2.7 mM methionine. Low levels of enzyme activity were found when the organism was grown in the presence of 0.8 and 1.5 mM sulfate but 3.0 and 9.0 mM sulfate repressed enzyme formation.Conditions optimal for the formation of enzyme active against p-nitrophenol sulfate were not identical with those optimal for formation of enzyme active against nitrocatechol sulfate.The findings of this work are compared to similar findings in other bacterial systems.
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Abstract
Arylsulfatase was detected in a strain of Froteus rettgeri using two substrates, nitrocatechol sulfate (NCS) and nitrophenyl sulfate (NTS). Activity was found when the organism was grown in a chemically defined medium with methionine as the only added source of sulfur. No activity was demonstrated when sulfate was substituted for methionine in the growth medium.Maximum hydrolysis of NCS occurred at pH 6.7 in 0.15 M phosphate buffer at 37 °C and maximum hydrolysis of NPS at pH 8.3 in 0.75 M Tris–acetate buffer at 34.5 °C.Sodium cyanide (10−2 M) inhibited hydrolysis of both substrates and sodium sulfate (10−2 M) inhibited hydrolysis of NCS but not NPS. With sodium dihydrogen phosphate (10−2 M) there was increased hydrolysis of NCS and inhibition of NPS hydrolysis.The sulfatase activity in P. rettgeri is compared with that reported in other bacterial systems.
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Metzenberg RL, Parson JW. Altered repression of some enzymes of sulfur utilization in a temperature-conditional lethal mutant of Neurospora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:629-35. [PMID: 5221246 PMCID: PMC224198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.3.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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