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Boteva E, Mironova R. Maillard reaction and aging: can bacteria shed light on the link? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1590160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa Boteva
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology ‘Roumen Tsanev’, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roumyana Mironova
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology ‘Roumen Tsanev’, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Ferrer-Polonio E, White K, Mendoza-Roca JA, Bes-Piá A. The role of the operating parameters of SBR systems on the SMP production and on membrane fouling reduction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 228:205-212. [PMID: 30223179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, six identical laboratory SBRs treating simulated wastewater were operated in parallel studying the effect of three food-to-microorganisms ratio (F/M ratio; 0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 kg COD·kg MLSS-1·d-1), two hydraulic retention times (HRT; 24 and 16 h) and two values of number of cycles per day (3 and 6). Influence of these operational parameters on the SMPs production and reactor performance, were studied. Results indicated that the highest F/M ratio, HRT and cycles/day produced 72.7% more of SMP. In a second experimental series, biological process yielding the maximal and the minimal SMPs production were replicated and both mixed liquors (ML) and treated effluents were ultrafiltrated. The flux decay in the conditions of minimum and maximum SMPs production were 52% and 72%, when the SBRs effluents were ultrafiltrated while no significant differences in the ultrafiltration of ML were found. In terms of permeability recovery, this was lower for the case of the ML (73% and 49% of initial permeability recovered for effluent and ML ultrafiltration, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ferrer-Polonio
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain.
| | - K White
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - J A Mendoza-Roca
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - A Bes-Piá
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
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3
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Florea M. Aging and immortality in unicellular species. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 167:5-15. [PMID: 28844968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been historically thought that in conditions that permit growth, most unicellular species do not to age. This was particularly thought to be the case for symmetrically dividing species, as such species lack a clear distinction between the soma and the germline. Despite this, studies of the symmetrically dividing species Escherichia coli and Schizosaccharomyces pombe have recently started to challenge this notion. They indicate that E. coli and S. pombe do age, but only when subjected to environmental stress. If true, this suggests that aging may be widespread among microbial species in general, and that studying aging in microbes may inform other long-standing questions in aging. This review examines the recent evidence for and against replicative aging in symmetrically dividing unicellular organisms, the mechanisms that underlie aging, why aging evolved in these species, and how microbial aging fits into the context of other questions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Florea
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Micrococcus luteus cells died relatively quickly when they were added to natural soil. The results were similar for soil in nature and as soil samples in the laboratory. The cells died more quickly when nutrients were added to the soil. Those cells that survived soil residence exhibited a temporary lengthening of the time required for colonial growth and pigment formation on laboratory media. They had not gained increased survival capability, however. This was evident when they were retested in soil. Good survival of the M. luteus cells was noted when the soil was incubated at lowered temperatures. Some protection to the cells was provided by slow drying of the soil during incubation or by addition of NaCl. Microscopic examination of the soil revealed that the M. luteus cells were being physically destroyed and that two different bacteria were growing in the areas where the cells had lysed. It was suggested that bacterial predators in the soil might be associated with the death of the M. luteus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Casida
- Department of Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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5
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Novitsky JA, Morita RY. Survival of a psychrophilic marine Vibrio under long-term nutrient starvation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 33:635-41. [PMID: 16345219 PMCID: PMC170737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.3.635-641.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ant-300, a psychrophilic marine vibrio isolated from the surface water of the Antarctic convergence, was starved for periods of more than 1 year. During the first week of starvation, cell numbers increased from 100 to 800% of the initial number of cells. Fifty percent of the starved cells remained viable for 6 to 7 weeks while a portion of the population remained viable for more than 1 year. During the first 2 days of starvation, the endogenous respiration of the cells decreased over 80%. After 7 days, respiration had been reduced to 0.0071% total carbon respired per hour and remained constant thereafter. After 6 weeks of starvation, 46% of the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid had been degraded. Observation of the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid with Feulgen staining before starvation showed the average number of nuclear bodies per cell varied from 1.44 to 4.02 depending on the age of the culture. A linear relationship was found between the number of nuclear bodies per cell and the increase in cell numbers upon starvation. Our data suggest that Ant-300 is capable of surviving long periods of time with little or no nutrients and is therefore well adapted for the sparse nutrient conditions of the colder portions of the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Novitsky
- Department of Microbiology and School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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6
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Role of intracellular polysaccharide in persistence of Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:7315-22. [PMID: 19801415 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00425-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) is accumulated by Streptococcus mutans when the bacteria are grown in excess sugar and can contribute toward the cariogenicity of S. mutans. Here we show that inactivation of the glgA gene (SMU1536), encoding a putative glycogen synthase, prevented accumulation of IPS. IPS is important for the persistence of S. mutans grown in batch culture with excess glucose and then starved of glucose. The IPS was largely used up within 1 day of glucose starvation, and yet survival of the parental strain was extended by at least 15 days beyond that of a glgA mutant; potentially, some feature of IPS metabolism distinct from providing nutrients is important for persistence. IPS was not needed for persistence when sucrose was the carbon source or when mucin was present.
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7
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Bourassa L, Camilli A. Glycogen contributes to the environmental persistence and transmission of Vibrio cholerae. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:124-38. [PMID: 19226328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae cycle between the nutrient-rich human intestinal tract and nutrient-poor aquatic environments and currently few bacterial factors are known that aid in the transition between these disparate environments. We hypothesized that the ability to store carbon as glycogen would facilitate both bacterial fitness in the aquatic environment and transmission of V. cholerae to new hosts. To investigate the role of glycogen in V. cholerae transmission, we constructed mutants that cannot store or degrade glycogen. Here, we provide the first report of glycogen metabolism in V. cholerae and demonstrate that glycogen prolongs survival in nutrient-poor environments that are known ecological niches of V. cholerae, including pond water and rice-water stool. Additionally, glycogen contributes to the pathogenesis of V. cholerae in a transmission model of cholera. A role for glycogen in the transmission of V. cholerae is further supported by the presence of glycogen granules in rice-water stool vibrios from cholera patients, indicating that glycogen is stored during human infection. Collectively, our findings indicate that glycogen metabolism is critical for V. cholerae to transition between host and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Bourassa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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8
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Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL, Chown SL, Reich PB, Gavrilov VM. Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life's major domains: Evidence for life's metabolic optimum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16994-9. [PMID: 18952839 PMCID: PMC2572558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802148105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental but unanswered biological question asks how much energy, on average, Earth's different life forms spend per unit mass per unit time to remain alive. Here, using the largest database to date, for 3,006 species that includes most of the range of biological diversity on the planet-from bacteria to elephants, and algae to sapling trees-we show that metabolism displays a striking degree of homeostasis across all of life. We demonstrate that, despite the enormous biochemical, physiological, and ecological differences between the surveyed species that vary over 10(20)-fold in body mass, mean metabolic rates of major taxonomic groups displayed at physiological rest converge on a narrow range from 0.3 to 9 W kg(-1). This 30-fold variation among life's disparate forms represents a remarkably small range compared with the 4,000- to 65,000-fold difference between the mean metabolic rates of the smallest and largest organisms that would be observed if life as a whole conformed to universal quarter-power or third-power allometric scaling laws. The observed broad convergence on a narrow range of basal metabolic rates suggests that organismal designs that fit in this physiological window have been favored by natural selection across all of life's major kingdoms, and that this range might therefore be considered as optimal for living matter as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M. Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Victor G. Gorshkov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; and
| | - Valery M. Gavrilov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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9
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JONES KL, RHODES-ROBERTS MURIELE. The Survival of Marine Bacteria under Starvation Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Goncharuk VV, Kozyatnik IP, Klimenko NA, Savchina LA. Natural bioregeneration of activated carbons in filters for add-on treatment of drinking water during their continuous operation. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x07060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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McMeechan A, Lovell MA, Cogan TA, Marston KL, Humphrey TJ, Barrow PA. Glycogen production by different Salmonella enterica serotypes: contribution of functional glgC to virulence, intestinal colonization and environmental survival. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 151:3969-3977. [PMID: 16339941 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In enteric bacteria, the contribution of endogenous energy sources to survival both inside and outside the host is poorly understood. The contribution of glycogen production to the virulence, colonization and environmental survival of different Salmonella enterica serotypes was assessed. Of 19 serotypes (339 strains) tested for glycogen production, 17 (256 strains) were positive. The avian-specific serovars S. Gallinarum (62 strains) and S. Pullorum (21 strains) did not produce glycogen. The sequence of glgC in three S. Gallinarum strains tested revealed an identical deletion of 11 consecutive bases, which was not present in S. Pullorum, and a CCC insertion after position 597. Transduction of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum to a glycogen-positive phenotype did not change the ability to colonize the intestine or affect virulence in the chicken. Mortality rates in chickens following oral infection with a S. Typhimurium glycogen mutant (glgC : : km) were not significantly reduced, although colonization of the intestine was reduced over the first 4 weeks of the trial. Growth and yield of the glgC : : km mutant were comparable to the parent. The glgC mutant survived less well in faeces and in water at 4 degrees C when the strain was grown in LB broth containing 0.5 % glucose, and in saline it died off more rapidly after 7 days. The data suggest that glycogen has a complex but comparatively minor role in virulence and colonization, but a more significant role in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair McMeechan
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Margaret A Lovell
- Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Tristan A Cogan
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Kerrie L Marston
- Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Tom J Humphrey
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Paul A Barrow
- Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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12
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Abstract
Like ageing insects, worms and mammals, growth-arrested Escherichia coli cells accumulate oxidatively damaged proteins. In the early stages of the E. coli stationary phase, this oxidation is caused by an increased production of aberrant proteins, which are especially susceptible to oxidative attack. This route of oxidation appears to elude the classical oxidative defence proteins. The failure of growth-arrested cells fully to combat oxidative damage may also be linked to a trade-off between proliferation activities (primarily directed by the housekeeping sigma factor, sigma70) and maintenance (primarily directed by sigmaS). This trade-off is regulated by the alarmone ppGpp such that elevated ppGpp levels allow sigmaS, and other alternative sigma factors, to work in concert with sigma70 by shifting their relative competitiveness for RNA polymerase binding. However, even during elevated ppGpp levels and stasis, E. coli cells maintain a basal transcription of housekeeping sigma70-dependent genes, and resources are thus partly diverted from maintenance and stress defences to activities relating to proliferation. An alternative view argues for ppGpp being involved in programmed cell death upon growth arrest by regulating chromosomally located toxin-antitoxin loci. Thus, models of bacterial senescence, like those dealing with ageing in higher organisms, encompass both stochastic deterioration theories and programming theories. This review summarizes and evaluates these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nyström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology - Microbiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
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13
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Abstract
Upon starvation and growth arrest, Escherichia coli cells gradually lose their ability to reproduce. These apparently sterile/nonculturable cells initially remain intact and metabolically active and the underlying molecular mechanism behind this sterility is something of an enigma in bacteriology. Three different models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. The first theory suggests that starving cells become nonculturable due to cellular deterioration, are moribund, and show some of the same signs of senescence as aging organisms. The two other theories suggest that genetically programmed pathways, rather than stochastic deterioration, trigger nonculturability. One "program" theory suggests that nonculturability is the culmination of an adaptive pathway generating dormant survival forms, similar to spore formation in differentiating bacteria. The other "program" theory states that starved cells lose viability due to activation of genetic modules mediating programmed cell death. The different models will be reviewed and evaluated in light of recent data on the physiology and molecular biology of growth-arrested E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nyström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Göteborg University, Box 462, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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14
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Rogers AH, Zilm PS. The influence of intracellular polyglucose and prior growth rate on the survival of Fusobacterium nucleatum under starvation conditions. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 10:119-21. [PMID: 7675517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1995.tb00130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Grown in a chemically defined medium containing glucose at a dilution rate of D = 0.065 h-1, Fusobacterium nucleatum D212B-2 produced large amounts of intracellular polyglucose. Aliquots of this culture were starved by anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C and at various times, assayed for intracellular polyglucose content and viability. This protocol was repeated using cells grown under the same conditions in a chemically defined medium, a medium lacking carbohydrate and in which the organism produced no intracellular polyglucose. Both cultures had 50% survival time values of about 1.5 h and were not eliminated even after 32 h of starvation. It was, therefore concluded that starvation-survival is not influenced by intracellular polyglucose. Starvation-survival was also determined for cells grown in a chemically defined medium at D = 0.048 h-1 and D = 0.12 h-1. The faster-grown cells had a 50% survival time of 3.8 h but were completely eliminated after 8-16 h of starvation. In contrast, slower-grown cells had a 50% survival time of 1.5 h but were not completely eliminated after 32 h of starvation. This illustrates the importance of cell history and technique standardization in comparing the starvation-survival of different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rogers
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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15
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Cabral JP. Viability and respiratory activity of Pseudomonas syringae cells starved in buffer. Can J Microbiol 1995; 41:372-7. [PMID: 8590414 DOI: 10.1139/m95-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae cells starved in buffer released orcinol-reactive molecules and materials that absorbed ultraviolet light. The number of cells culturable in nutrient medium decreased more rapidly than the number of intact particles determined by microscopy. The results suggested that starvation resulted in the lysis of an increasing number of cells, and that a fraction of the intact particles were not culturable. Starvation also resulted in a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption with acetate, glycerol, and succinate, but at different levels. Whereas the respiration of acetate and glycerol decreased concomitantly with culturability, the respiration of succinate decreased to levels similar to the concentration of intact cells, suggesting that all intact particles respired the succinate, but only the culturable cells respired the acetate and glycerol. The results suggest that measuring the activity of the electron-transport system can overestimate the viability of starved bacterial cells, and that complex metabolic activities such as the respiration of acetate and glycerol are probably better suited for the evaluation of this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cabral
- Centro de Citologia Experimental, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wanner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control, Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, Dübendorf
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- J Preiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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18
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Nyström T, Mårdén P, Kjelleberg S. Relative changes in incorporation rates of leucine and methionine during starvation survival of two bacteria isolated from marine waters. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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M�rd�n P, Tunlid A, Malmcrona-Friberg K, Odham G, Kjelleberg S. Physiological and morphological changes during short term starvation of marine bacterial islates. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00491898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Mink RW, Patterson JA, Hespell RB. Changes in Viability, Cell Composition, and Enzyme Levels During Starvation of Continuously Cultured (Ammonia-Limited)
Selenomonas ruminantium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:913-22. [PMID: 16346116 PMCID: PMC242117 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.4.913-922.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under nitrogen (ammonia)-limited continuous culture conditions, the ruminal anaerobe
Selenomonas ruminantium
was grown at various dilution rates (D). The proportion of the population that was viable increased with D, being 91% at D = 0.5 h
−1
. Washed cell suspensions were subjected to long-term nutrient starvation at 39°C. All populations exhibited logarithmic linear declines in viability that were related to the growth rate. Cells grown at D = 0.05, 0.20, and 0.50 lost about 50% viability after 8.1, 4.6, and 3.6 h, respectively. The linear rates of decline in total cell numbers were dramatically less and constant regardless of dilution rate. All major cell constituents declined during starvation, with the rates of decline being greatest with RNA, followed by DNA, carbohydrate, cell dry weight, and protein. The rates of RNA loss increased with cells grown at higher D values, whereas the opposite was observed for rates of carbohydrate losses. The majority of the degraded RNA was not catabolized but was excreted into the suspending buffer. At all D values,
S. ruminantium
produced mainly lactate and lesser amounts of acetate, propionate, and succinate during growth. With starvation, only small amounts of acetate were produced. Addition of glucose, vitamins, or both to the suspending buffer or starvation in the spent culture medium resulted in greater losses of viability than in buffer alone. Examination of extracts made from starving cells indicated that fructose diphosphate aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase activities remained relatively constant. Both urease and glutamate dehydrogenase activities declined gradually during starvation, whereas glutamine synthetase activity increased slightly. The data indicate that nitrogen (ammonia)-limited
S. ruminantium
cells have limited survival capacity, but this capacity is greater than that found previously with energy (glucose)-limited cells. Apparently no one cellular constituent serves as a catabolic substrate for endogenous metabolism. Relative to losses in viability, cellular enzymes are stable, indicating that nonviable cells maintain potential metabolic activity and that generalized, nonspecific enzyme degradation is not a major factor contributing to viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Mink
- Department of Dairy Science, Microbiology Division, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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21
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Starvation-Survival of Heterotrophs in the Marine Environment. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8318-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Mink RW, Hespell RB. Long-term nutrient starvation of continuously cultured (glucose-limited) Selenomonas ruminantium. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:541-50. [PMID: 6170629 PMCID: PMC216238 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.2.541-550.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic ruminal bacterium, was grown at various dilution rates (D = 0.05, 0.25, and 0.35 h-1) under glucose-limited continuous culture conditions. Suspensions of washed cells prepared anaerobically in mineral buffer were subjected to nutrient starvation (24 to 36 h; 39 degrees C; N2 atmosphere). Regardless of growth rate, viability declined logarithmically, and within about 2.5 h, about 50% of the populations were nonviable. After 24 h of starvation, the numbers of viable cells appeared to be inversely related to growth rate, the highest levels occurring with the slowest grown population. Cell dry weight, carbohydrate, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid declined logarithmically during starvation, and the decline rates of each were generally greater with cells grown at higher D values. Both cellular carbohydrate and RNA declined substantially during the first 12 h of starvation. Most of the cellular RNA that disappeared was found in the suspending buffer as low-molecular-weight, orcinol-positive materials. During growth, S. ruminantium made a variety of fermentation acids from glucose, but during starvation, acetate was the only acid made from catabolism of cellular material. Addition of glucose or vitamins to starving cell suspensions did not decrease loss of viability, whereas a starvation in the spent culture medium resulted in a slight decrease in the rate of viability loss. Overall, the data indicate that S. ruminantium strain D has very little survival capacity under the conditions tested compared with other bacterial species that have been studied.
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23
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Scherer CG, Boylen CW. Macromolecular synthesis and degradation in Arthrobacter during periods of nutrient deprivation. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:584-9. [PMID: 914778 PMCID: PMC221899 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.2.584-589.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of Arthrobacter atrocyaneus and A. crystallopoietes, harvested during their exponential phase, were starved in 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for 28 days. During this time, the cells maintained 90 to 100% viability. Experimental results were similar for both organisms. Total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid was maintained. Measurable degradation rates for deoxyribonucleic acid as determined by radioisotope techniques were not observed, and only during the initial hours of starvation could a synthetic rate be determined. Total ribonucleic acid levels remained stable for the first 24 h of starvation, after which slow, continuous loss of orcinol-reactive material occurred. Synthetic and degradative rates of ribonucleic acid, as determined by radioisotope techniques, dropped quickly at the onset of starvation. Constant basal rates were attained after 24 h. In A. atrocyaneus, total cell protein was degraded continuously from the onset of starvation. In A. crystallopoietes, total cell protein remained stable for the first 24 h, after which slow continuous loss occurred. After 28 days, the total protein per cell was similar for both organisms. In the first week, amino acid pools stabilized at about 50% of the values characteristic of growth. Rates of degradation of protein decreased rapidly for the first 24 h for both organisms, but leveled to a constant basal rate thereafter. Rates of new protein synthesis dropped during the first 24 h and by 48 h achieved a constant basal rate.
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Hespell RB, Thomashow MF, Rittenberg SC. Changes in cell composition and viability of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus during starvation. Arch Microbiol 1974; 97:313-27. [PMID: 4599992 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dawes EA, Senior PJ. The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Adv Microb Physiol 1973; 10:135-266. [PMID: 4594739 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hammond BF. Intracellular polysaccharide production by human oral strains of Lactobacillus casei. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16:323-38. [PMID: 4995779 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(71)90024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Boylen CW, Ensign JC. Intracellular substrates for endogenous metabolism during long-term starvation of rod and spherical cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. J Bacteriol 1970; 103:578-87. [PMID: 5474876 PMCID: PMC248129 DOI: 10.1128/jb.103.3.578-587.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, harvested during growth as spheres and as rods, were starved by shaking at 30 C in phosphate buffer for 30 days, during which time they maintained 100% viability. Changes in cellular components and the activity of specific enzyme pathways were monitored. A glycogen-like polysaccharide comprised 40% of the dry weight of growing spherical cells and 10% of the dry weight of rod cells. This material was utilized at approximately the same rate, on a percentage basis, during starvation of both cell forms. The rods degraded intracellular protein at approximately twice the rate of the spheres. At the end of 30 days, the rods had degraded 40% and the spheres 20% of their initial content of protein. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was degraded significantly more rapidly in the rods. After 30 days starvation, 85 and 32% of the initial RNA of rods and spheres, respectively, had been depleted. Magnesium ion followed this same general pattern; the rods lost 65% and the spheres 45% of their initial content during 28 days of starvation. Deoxyribonucleic acid increased by 20% during the first few hours of starvation of both cell forms and then remained constant. The ability of glucose-, succinate-, and 2-hydroxypyridine (2-HP)-grown cells to oxidize glucose remained constant during 14 days of starvation. The ability of succinate-grown cells to oxidize succinate decreased rapidly during the first few hours of starvation to a rate which remained constant for 14 days. Cells adapted to growth on 2-HP completely lost their ability to oxidize this substrate after 3 days starvation.
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Ensign JC. Long-term starvation survival of rod and spherical cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. J Bacteriol 1970; 103:569-77. [PMID: 4919984 PMCID: PMC248128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.103.3.569-577.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spherical and rod-shaped cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, harvested during exponential growth, were subjected to total starvation for periods of time as long as 80 days. Viability measurements were made by plate count and slide culture procedures. Both cell forms remained 100% viable for 30 days. Thereafter, viability of rods and spheres decreased equally at a slow rate. After 60 days of starvation, more than 65% of both cell forms were viable. No significant cell lysis occurred as evidenced by microscopic examination, the small amount of 260-nm absorbing material found in the starvation buffer, and stability of radioactively labeled deoxyribonucleic acid in the cells. Endogenous respiration decreased 80-fold during the first 2 days of starvation, accompanied by a 30% decrease in dry weight of the cells. Thereafter, cellular carbon was oxidized to CO(2) at the constant level of 0.03%/hr over the remaining 78-day starvation period.
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Abstract
Evidence has been obtained which indicates that the possession of glycogen by Streptococcus mitis favors its survival during starvation.
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Allwood MC, Russell AD. Influence of ionic and nonionic materials on thermally-induced ribonucleic acid degradation and leakage in Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Sci 1970; 59:180-3. [PMID: 5411339 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600590208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Allwood MC, Russell AD. Mechanisms of thermal injury in nonsporulating bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1970; 12:89-119. [PMID: 4920863 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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