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Shahidi N, Pan M, Tran K, Crampin EJ, Nickerson DP. SBML to bond graphs: From conversion to composition. Math Biosci 2022; 352:108901. [PMID: 36096376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a popular software-independent XML-based format for describing models of biological phenomena. The BioModels Database is the largest online repository of SBML models. Several tools and platforms are available to support the reuse and composition of SBML models. However, these tools do not explicitly assess whether models are physically plausible or thermodynamically consistent. This often leads to ill-posed models that are physically impossible, impeding the development of realistic complex models in biology. Here, we present a framework that can automatically convert SBML models into bond graphs, which imposes energy conservation laws on these models. The new bond graph models are easily mergeable, resulting in physically plausible coupled models. We illustrate this by automatically converting and coupling a model of pyruvate distribution to a model of the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Shahidi
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Michael Pan
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Tran
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Nickerson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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The different effects of intramuscularly-injected lactate on white and brown adipose tissue in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8507-8516. [PMID: 35753026 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate is an important product of glycolysis metabolism during exercise and has long been recognized as an important metabolic signaling molecule involved in inhibiting lipolysis and promoting lipogenesis, which consequently leads to regulated adipose tissue metabolism. However, recent studies have shown that lactate promotes the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which induces heat production and energy expenditure and ultimately causes weight loss. These studies assessing the effects of lactate on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue have revealed conflicting data, making it an important area worthy of further research. METHODS In this study, using intramuscular injection of lactate to the gastrocnemius, we identified the role of lactate treatment on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (BAT). RESULTS Our results showed that lactate treatment activated the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and promoted the expression of lipolysis-related proteins (AMPK, HSL, ATGL) and mitochondrial biomarkers (PGC-1α, COXIV) of WAT, while BAT showed an opposite trend after lactate treatment. Further studies showed that lactate treatment significantly increased serum epinephrine and promoted β3-AR protein expression in WAT and significantly decreased in BAT. CONCLUSION Our study shows that lactate seems to regulate β3-adrenergic receptors differently in WAT and BAT, thereby eliciting disparate responses in adipose tissue.
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Istfan N, Hasson B, Apovian C, Meshulam T, Yu L, Anderson W, Corkey BE. Acute carbohydrate overfeeding: a redox model of insulin action and its impact on metabolic dysfunction in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E636-E651. [PMID: 34569273 PMCID: PMC8782668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A role for fat overfeeding in metabolic dysfunction in humans is commonly implied in the literature. Comparatively less is known about acute carbohydrate overfeeding (COF). We tested the hypothesis that COF predisposes to oxidative stress by channeling electrons away from antioxidants to support energy storage. In a study of 24 healthy human subjects with and without obesity, COF was simulated by oral administration of excess carbohydrates; a two-step hyperinsulinemic clamp was used to evaluate insulin action. The distribution of electrons between oxidative and reductive pathways was evaluated by the changes in the reduction potentials (Eh) of cytoplasmic (lactate, pyruvate) and mitochondrial (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate) redox couples. Antioxidant redox was measured by the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. We used cross-correlation analysis to evaluate the relationships between the trajectories of Eh, insulin, glucose, and respiratory exchange during COF. DDIT3 and XBP1s/u mRNA were measured as markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in adipose tissue before and after COF. Here, we show that acute COF is characterized by net transfer of electrons from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Circulating glutathione is oxidized in a manner that significantly cross-correlates with increasing insulin levels and precedes the decrease in cytoplasmic Eh. This effect is more pronounced in overweight individuals (OW). Markers of ER stress in subcutaneous fat are detectable in OW within 4 h. We conclude that acute COF contributes to metabolic dysfunction through insulin-dependent pathways that promote electron transfer to the cytoplasm and decrease antioxidant capacity. Characterization of redox during overfeeding is important for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current principles assume that conversion of thermic energy to metabolically useful energy follows fixed rules. These principles ignore the possibility of variable proton uncoupling in mitochondria. Our study shows that the net balance of electron distribution between mitochondria and cytoplasm is influenced by insulin in a manner that reduces proton leakage during overfeeding. Characterization of the effects of insulin on redox balance is important for understanding obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal Istfan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Caroline Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tova Meshulam
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liqun Yu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy Anderson
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cabezas H, Raposo RR, Meléndez-Hevia E. Activity and metabolic roles of the pentose phosphate cycle in several rat tissues. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 201:57-63. [PMID: 10630623 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007042531454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the pentose-phosphate pathway in several rat tissues was investigated, developing a new method that gives the activity of each phase (oxidative and non-oxidative) as well as the whole pathway separately. Our results demonstrate that this method is easy to carry out and that it has not the problems of indirect determinations of the previous ones. The activities of the oxidative and non-oxidative phases assayed separately gives us new information on the design of the pathway in the different tissues, from which several conclusions about the physiological role of this pathway can be derived. In all cases the activity of the oxidative phase was much higher than the non-oxidative one, and the global activity of the whole pathway was the same as the activity of the non-oxidative phase. The highest activity was found in lactating mammary gland and adipose tissue. Lung and liver showed to have a moderately high activity. Brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, and intestinal mucosa showed to have also a significant activity although less than other tissues. The switch in the mammary gland from the non-lactating state to the lactating one causes a very high increase of activity of 22 times, remaining the same ratio between the activity of the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cabezas
- Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Javier Corpas F, García-Salguero L, Peragón J, Lupiáñez J. Kinetic properties of hexose-monophosphate dehydrogenases. I. Isolation and partial purification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and kidney cortex. Life Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abdel-Rahim EA, el-Saadany SS, Abo-Eytta AM, Wasif MM. The effect of sammo administration on some fundamental enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway and energy metabolites of alloxanized rats. DIE NAHRUNG 1992; 36:8-14. [PMID: 1579154 DOI: 10.1002/food.19920360103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sammo plant which is traditionally used in Egypt for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, was administered at low and high levels (4% and 8% respectively at the expense of starch) to adult male alloxanized albino rats, to study its effect on energy metabolism. Adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) in the brain (B), liver (L) and kidneys (K) organs of alloxanized rats was significantly lowered compared with the negative control. On the other hand, adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) contents in the same organs were elevated markedly. In this connection myokinase activity in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of B, L and K organs was stimulated at control. Also, the activities of some fundamental enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway i.e. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of the same organs were markedly increased. Administration of Sammo at low and high levels reduced the consumption of ATP in B, L and K organs relative to positive control. Whereas, ADP and AMP contents were relatively reduced. Also, myokinase activity in the same organs were relatively inhibited. The activity of G-6-PD and 6-PGD in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of the same organs were also decreased relative to the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Abdel-Rahim
- Biochemical Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
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el-Saadany SS. Biochemical effect of chocolate colouring and flavouring like substances on thyroid function and protein biosynthesis. DIE NAHRUNG 1991; 35:335-43. [PMID: 1717848 DOI: 10.1002/food.19910350402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chocolate colourant, flavourant and the mixture of both were administered to healthy adult male albino rats to evaluate their effect on the nucleic acids metabolism, i.e. deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids (DNA and RNA), total serum protein, thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and nuclease enzymes, i.e. cytoplasmic- and mitochondrial deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) in brain, liver, and kidneys. Also, the activity of the fundamental enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, i.e. cytoplasmic and mitochondrial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD and 6-PGD), as well as total lipids and cholesterol contents in the same organs were studied. Ingestion of the studied food additives significantly increased serum protein, RNA and T4 hormone, while, DNA and T3 hormone were insignificantly elevated. In connection with this, the hydrolytic enzymes of nucleic acids (DNase and RNase activities) were stimulated by all studied food additives and in all mentioned organs. The activity of G-6-PD and 6-PGD in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of all studied organs were increased. The highest increase was noticed in rats fed on diets supplemented with the mixture of both colourant and flavourant followed by colourant then flavourant, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S el-Saadany
- Biochemical Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Williams JF, Arora KK, Longenecker JP. The pentose pathway: a random harvest. Impediments which oppose acceptance of the classical (F-type) pentose cycle for liver, some neoplasms and photosynthetic tissue. The case for the L-type pentose pathway. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 19:749-817. [PMID: 3319734 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(87)90239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra
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Härkönen P. Androgenic control of glycolysis, the pentose cycle and pyruvate dehydrogenase in the rat ventral prostate. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 14:1075-84. [PMID: 7300327 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(81)90219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wright BE, Kelly PJ. Kinetic models of metabolism in intact cells, tissues, and organisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1981; 19:103-58. [PMID: 7037313 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152819-5.50021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Borowitz MJ, Stein RB, Blum JJ. Quantitative analysis of the change of metabolite fluxes along the pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways in Tetrahymena in response to carbohydrates. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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