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Pavan MF, Bok M, Juan RBS, Malito JP, Marcoppido GA, Franco DR, Militello DA, Schammas JM, Bari S, Stone WB, López K, Porier DL, Muller J, Auguste AJ, Yuan L, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño V, Ibañez LI. Nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduced virus load in the brain of challenged mice and neutralized Wuhan, Delta and Omicron Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532528. [PMID: 36993215 PMCID: PMC10054972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed llama-derived nanobodies (Nbs) directed to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and other domains of the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Nanobodies were selected after the biopanning of two VHH-libraries, one of which was generated after the immunization of a llama (lama glama) with the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) Mebus, and another with the full-length pre-fused locked S protein (S-2P) and the RBD from the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain (WT). Most of the neutralizing Nbs selected with either RBD or S-2P from SARS-CoV-2 were directed to RBD and were able to block S-2P/ACE2 interaction. Three Nbs recognized the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S-2P protein as measured by competition with biliverdin, while some non-neutralizing Nbs recognize epitopes in the S2 domain. One Nb from the BCoV immune library was directed to RBD but was non-neutralizing. Intranasal administration of Nbs induced protection ranging from 40% to 80% against COVID-19 death in k18-hACE2 mice challenged with the WT strain. Interestingly, protection was not only associated with a significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinates and lungs, but also with a reduction of virus load in the brain. Employing pseudovirus neutralization assays, we were able to identify Nbs with neutralizing capacity against the Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants. Furthermore, cocktails of different Nbs performed better than individual Nbs to neutralize two Omicron variants (B.1.529 and BA.2). Altogether, the data suggest these Nbs can potentially be used as a cocktail for intranasal treatment to prevent or treat COVID-19 encephalitis, or modified for prophylactic administration to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Pavan
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - Marina Bok
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Rafael Betanzos San Juan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Malito
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Gisela Ariana Marcoppido
- Instituto de Investigación Patobiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
| | - Diego Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
| | - Daniela Ayelen Militello
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - Juan Manuel Schammas
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Sara Bari
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - William B Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - John Muller
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lorena Itatí Ibañez
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
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Kufer W, Scheer H, Holzwarth AR. Isophorcarubin - A Conformationally Restricted and Highly Fluorescent Bilirubin. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Storf M, Parbel A, Meyer M, Strohmann B, Scheer H, Deng MG, Zheng M, Zhou M, Zhao KH. Chromophore attachment to biliproteins: specificity of PecE/PecF, a lyase-isomerase for the photoactive 3(1)-cys-alpha 84-phycoviolobilin chromophore of phycoerythrocyanin. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12444-56. [PMID: 11591166 DOI: 10.1021/bi010776s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PecE and PecF, the products of two phycoerythrocyanin lyase genes (pecE and pecF) of Mastigocladus laminosus (Fischerella), catalyze two reactions: (1) the regiospecific addition of phycocyanobilin (PCB) to Cys-alpha 84 of the phycoerythrocyanin alpha-subunit (PecA), and (2) the Delta 4-->Delta 2 isomerization of the PCB to the phycoviolobilin (PVB)-chromophore [Zhao et al. (2000) FEBS Lett. 469, 9-13]. The alpha-apoprotein (PecA) as well PecE and PecF were overexpressed from two strains of M. laminosus, with and without His-tags. The products of the spontaneous addition of PCB to PecA, and that of the reaction catalyzed by PecE/F, were characterized by their photochemistry and by absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism of the four states obtained by irradiation with light (15-Z/E isomers of the chromophore) and/or modification of Cys-alpha 98/99 with thiol-directed reagents. The spontaneous addition leads to a 3(1)-Cys-PCB adduct, which is characteristic of allophycocyanins and phycocyanins, while the addition catalyzed by PecE and PecF leads to a 3(1)-Cys-PVB adduct which after purification was identical to alpha-PEC. The specificity and kinetics of the chromophore additions were investigated with respect to the structure of the bilin substrate: The 3-ethylidene-bilins, viz., PCB, its 18-vinyl analogue phytochromobilin, phycoerythrobilin and its dimethylester, react spontaneously to yield the conventional addition products (3-H, 3(1)-Cys), while the 3-vinyl-substituted bilins, viz., bilirubin and biliverdin, were inactive. Only phycocyanobilin and phytochromobilin are substrates to the addition-isomerization reaction catalyzed by PecE/F. The slow spontaneous addition of phycoerythrobilin is not influenced, and there is in particular no catalyzed isomerization to urobilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Storf
- Botanisches Institut, Universität München, Germany
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Holmes DL, Lightner DA. Synthesis and acidity constants of 13CO2H-labelled dicarboxylic acids. pKas from 13C-NMR. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Reactivity of pyrrole pigments, part XVII. Reduction of bile pigments by sodium dithionite. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00816105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Terry MJ, Maines MD, Lagarias JC. Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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De Matteis F, Dawson SJ, Gibbs AH. Two pathways of iron-catalyzed oxidation of bilirubin: effect of desferrioxamine and trolox, and comparison with microsomal oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1993; 15:301-9. [PMID: 8406130 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The bilirubin-degrading activity of liver microsomes from rats induced with 3-methylcholanthrene has been shown to be markedly stimulated by addition of 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl, a polyhalogenated chemical which resembles in size and shape the most effective inducers of cytochrome P450IA1, but lacks the structural features necessary for it to be metabolised. The degradation of bilirubin by this microsomal system has been compared to oxidation by a chemical model system involving H2O2 and Fe-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). In both systems bilirubin disappearance was accompanied by bleaching. However, when either desferrioxamine or Trolox were present in the chemical model system, the rate of bilirubin oxidation was greatly enhanced and, at the same time, bilirubin was largely or entirely converted to biliverdin, a pathway of oxidation which proceeds by dehydrogenation. In the presence of desferrioxamine, biliverdin was also further oxidised to an unidentified red pigment.
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Iturraspe J, Gossauer A. A biomimetic partial synthesis of the red chlorophyll-a catabolite from Chlorella protothecoides. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 15,16-Dihydrobiliverdin IX alpha is a partially reduced intermediate in the formation of phycobilins from biliverdin IX alpha. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 3(Z)-phycoerythrobilin and 3(Z)-phycocyanobilin are intermediates in the formation of 3(E)-phycocyanobilin from biliverdin IX alpha. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Wrobel R, Bernage P, Niay P, Bocquet H, Descamps C, Huvenne JP, Lacroix B, Brunetaud JM, Mordon SR. XeCl laser in biliary calculus fragmentation: fluence threshold and ablation products. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989; 36:1202-9. [PMID: 2606496 DOI: 10.1109/10.42115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro action of a xenon-chlorine (XeCl) excimer laser on biliary calculi is reported: fluence threshold and rate for ablation process are given. An analysis of gaseous products evolved during irradiation of gallstones, performed through an infrared spectrophotometric technique is also reported. Based on the different results, we discuss the mechanism of destruction.
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Heirwegh KP, Fevery J, Blanckaert N. Chromatographic analysis and structure determination of biliverdins and bilirubins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 496:1-26. [PMID: 2687309 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent applications of thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedures has revealed an unexpected wide variety of naturally occurring unconjugated and conjugated bilirubins. Biliverdins seems to occur only in unconjugated forms, mainly as the IX alpha isomer. Several synthetic biliverdins and bilirubins present interesting models for biochemical and metabolic studies. Owing to recent recognition of the astounding heterogeneity of natural bilirubins and to the various artifactual changes that bile pigments can undergo, considerable confusion has existed, and still exists, with regard to the nomenclature of the bile pigments and their derivatives. To set a background for further discussion, the present review starts with a brief discussion of nomenclature and of the various characteristic forms of lability of the bile pigments. TLC and HPLC procedures for preparation and analysis of unconjugated biliverdins and bilirubins and their methyl ester and sugar ester conjugates, as well as procedures for analysis of bilirubin-protein conjugates, are then discussed. Since, in view of the lability and pronounced heterogeneity of bile pigments, it is important to assess the composition and nature of chromatographically isolated pigments, the review is concluded by a brief evaluation of various structural tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Heirwegh
- Department of Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Belgium
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Brown SB, Holroyd JA, Vernon DI, Shim YK, Smith KM. The biosynthesis of the chromophore of phycocyanin. Pathway of reduction of biliverdin to phycocyanobilin. Biochem J 1989; 261:259-63. [PMID: 2505754 PMCID: PMC1138809 DOI: 10.1042/bj2610259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The later stages in the pathway of biosynthesis of phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin, were studied by using radiolabelled intermediates. Three possible pathways from biliverdin IX-alpha to phycocyanobilin were considered. 14C-labelled samples of key intermediates in two of the pathways, 3-vinyl-18-ethyl biliverdin IX-alpha and 3-ethyl-18-vinyl biliverdin IX-alpha, were synthesized chemically and were administered to cultures of Cyanidium caldarium that were actively synthesizing photosynthetic pigments in the light. Neither of these two compounds was apparently incorporated into the phycobiliprotein chromophore, suggesting that two of the three pathways were not operative. By elimination, the results imply that the third possible pathway, which involves phytochromobilin, the chromophore of phytochrome, represents the route for biosynthesis of phycocyanobilin. Unfortunately, since 14C-labelled phytochromobilin is not available, no direct proof of this pathway could be obtained. However, if correct, the present interpretation represents a unified pathway for biosynthesis of all plant bilins, via the intermediacy of phytochromobilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, U.K
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Arciero DM, Dallas JL, Glazer AN. In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. II. Determination of the structures of tryptic bilin peptides derived from the phycocyanobilin adduct. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Elektrophile Substitution und nucleophile Addition an 3,4-Dihydro-5(1H)-pyrromethenonen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00809213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Trull FR, Franklin RW, Lightner DA. Total synthesis of symmetric bile pigments: Mesobilirubin-IVα, mesobilirubin-XIIIα and etiobilirubin-IVγ. J Heterocycl Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570240614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Beale SI, Cornejo J. Enzymatic heme oxygenase activity in soluble extracts of the unicellular red alga, Cyanidium caldarium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 235:371-84. [PMID: 6549121 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of the phycocyanin-containing unicellular red alga, Cyanidium caldarium, catalyzed enzymatic cleavage of the heme macrocycle to form the linear tetrapyrrole bilin structure. This is the key first step in the branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway leading to phycobilin photosynthetic accessory pigments. A mixed-function oxidase mechanism, similar to the biliverdin-forming reaction catalyzed by animal cell-derived microsomal heme oxygenase, was indicated by requirements for O2 and a reduced pyridine nucleotide. To avoid enzymatic conversion of the bilin product to phycocyanobilins and subsequent degradation during incubation, mesoheme IX was substituted for the normal physiological substrate, protoheme IX. Mesobiliverdin IX alpha was identified as the primary incubation product by comparative reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. The enzymatic nature of the reaction was indicated by the requirement for cell extract, absence of activity in boiled cell extract, high specificity for NADPH as cosubstrate, formation of the physiologically relevant IX alpha bilin isomer, and over 75% inhibition by 1 microM Sn-protoporphyrin, which has been reported to be a competitive inhibitor of animal microsomal heme oxygenase. On the other hand, coupled oxidation of mesoheme, catalyzed by ascorbate plus pyridine or myoglobin, yielded a mixture of ring-opening mesobiliverdin IX isomers, was not inhibited by Sn-protoporphyrin, and could not use NADPH as the reductant. Unlike the animal microsomal heme oxygenase, the algal reaction appeared to be catalyzed by a soluble enzyme that was not sedimentable by centrifugation for 1 h at 200,000g. Although NADPH was the preferred reductant, small amounts of activity were obtained with NADH or ascorbate. A portion of the activity was retained after gel filtration of the cell extract to remove low-molecular-weight components. Considerable stimulation of activity, particularly in preparations that had been subjected to gel filtration, was obtained by addition of ascorbate to the incubation mixture containing NADPH. The results indicate that C. caldarium possesses a true heme oxygenase system, with properties somewhat different from that catalyzing heme degradation in animals. Taken together with previous results indicating that biliverdin is a precursor to phycocyanobilin, the results suggest that algal heme oxygenase is a component of the phycobilin biosynthetic pathway.
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Brown SB, Holroyd JA. Biosynthesis of the chromophore of phycobiliproteins. A study of mesohaem and mesobiliverdin as possible intermediates and further evidence for an algal haem oxygenase. Biochem J 1984; 217:265-72. [PMID: 6546514 PMCID: PMC1153205 DOI: 10.1042/bj2170265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possible roles of mesohaem and mesobiliverdin as metabolic precursors of phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin, were studied in the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Dark-grown cells of this organism, which had been exposed to mesohaem, were either incubated in the dark with 5-aminolaevulinate, which results in excretion of bilins into the suspending medium, or incubated in the light, which results in synthesis of phycocyanin within the cells. By using 14C-labelling, either in the mesohaem or in the 5-aminolaevulinate administered, it was shown that mesohaem is not a precursor of phycocyanobilin in either dark or light systems. However, mesohaem was converted into mesobiliverdin in both systems, a phenomenon that is further evidence for the existence of an algal haem oxygenase. The data also showed that mesobiliverdin is not a precursor of phycocyanobilin. These results suggest that algal bilins are formed via haem degradation to biliverdin in the same way as mammalian bile pigments.
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Giralt E, Ribó JM, Trull FR. Polymer bound pyrrole compounds. Reversible anchoring of bilirubin and biliverdin to a polystyrene matrix. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Köst HP, Benedikt E, Cmiehl E, Schneider S. Synthesis and characterization of coprobiliverdin III, a new model chromophore. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Defoin-Straatmann R, Defoin A, Kuhn HJ, Schaffner K. Chromatographic Separation and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Bilirubin Isomers IIIα, IXα, XIIIα and Their Dimethyl Esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198219821002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Scheer H, Formanek H, Schneider S. Theoretical studies of biliprotein chromophores and related Bile pigments by molecular orbital and ramachandran type calculations. Photochem Photobiol 1982; 36:259-72. [PMID: 7146106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kufer W, Krauss C, Scheer H. Zwei milde, regioselektive Abbaumethoden von Biliprotein-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198210500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence is presented which supports the postulate that the photobilirubins IIA and IIB are diastereoisomers in which the C-3 vinyl group has cyclized intramolecularly. The evidence comes principally from proton n.m.r. spectroscopy at 400 MHz and from chemical considerations. The cyclic structures require the E-configuration at the C-4 double bond in the precursor; this is the first structural evidence for the Z leads to E isomerization in bilirubin and supports the view that the precursor (photobilirubin IA or IB) is (4E, 15Z)-bilirubin. Brief irradiation of photobilirubin II gives bilirubin, a new compound (photobilirubin III) and unchanged starting material. The various photoisomers are discussed in terms of their inter-relationships and biological fates.
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Saito S, Itano HA. beta-meso-Phenylbiliverdin IX alpha and N-phenylprotoporphyrin IX, products of the reaction of phenylhydrazine with oxyhemoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:5508-12. [PMID: 6946488 PMCID: PMC348775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin were allowed to react aerobically with phenylhydrazine and p-tolylhydrazine. The chloroform extract of each reaction mixture, after treatment with H2SO4/methanol, yielded a blue pigment and a green pigment, which were identified by electronic absorption, mass, and proton NMR spectroscopy as the dimethyl esters of beta-meso-arylbiliverdin IX alpha and N-arylprotoporphyrin IX, respectively. N-Phenylprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester formed complexes with Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ but not with other cations. The proton NMR spectrum of the zinc complex suggested binding of the phenyl group to one of the two pyrrole rings of protoporphyrin IX with a propionic acid substituent. The effectiveness of phenylhydrazine as an inducer of Heinz body formation may be due to destabilization of the hemoglobin molecule by the replacement of heme with phenyl adducts of biliverdin and protoporphyrin.
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Falk H, Schlederer T. Beitr�ge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 40. Mitt.: Azafulvene, Schl�sselstellen beim Aufbau von Pyrrolpigmenten? ?Eine neue Synthese von verdinoiden und rubinoiden Gallenfarbstoffen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00901829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Beitr�ge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 38. Mitt.: Zur Assoziation von Gallenpigmenten. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00911086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McDonagh AF, Palma LA. Preparation and properties of crystalline biliverdin IX alpha. Simple methods for preparing isomerically homogeneous biliverdin and [14C[biliverdin by using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Biochem J 1980; 189:193-208. [PMID: 7458909 PMCID: PMC1161990 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous isomerically pure biliverdin IX alpha is readily prepared in more than 70% yield by dehydrogenation of bilirubin with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in dimethyl sulphoxide under carefully controlled conditions. Crystalline biliverdin IX alpha and amorphous [14C]biliverdin can be obtained similarly in more than 40+ yield. The pure crystalline pigment was characterized by elemental analysis, methylation, chemical and enzymic reduction to bilirubin, i.r.- and u.v.-visible-absorption spectroscopy, n.m.r. spectroscopy and field-desorption mass spectrometry, and its solubility was determined. Under certain conditions, dehydrogenation, gave biliverdin contaminated with III alpha and XIII alpha isomers as a result of disproporationation of bilirubin. Formation of non-IX alpha isomers depends on the concentrations of the reagents and the order in which they are mixed, and occurs under neutral anaerobic conditions. Free-radical reactions probably are responsible, suggesting that the first step in the deydrogenation of bilirubin with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in dimethyl sulphoxide is formation of a bilirubin cation radical, rather than hydride ion abstraction.
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Falk H, M�ller N, Schlederer T. Beitr�ge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 35. Mitt.: Eine regioselektive, reversible Addition an Bilatriene-abc. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00938725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gaidano G, Angeli A, Rovero E, Rolfo E, Rosatti P, Anselmo P. Plasma bile pigment conjugation modalities in icterus syndromes of various origin. LA RICERCA IN CLINICA E IN LABORATORIO 1979; 9:379-86. [PMID: 545646 DOI: 10.1007/bf02904574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma azopigments derived from conjugated bilirubin were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography according to HEIRWEGH et al. in 14 cases of obstructive jaundice and in 11 of acute hepatitis. The chromatographic patterns were compared with those obtained from azopigments derived from 8 normal bile samples. The plasma pigment patterns did not differ from those of the bile in number and chromatographic mobility of the spots. However, the quantitative percentages of the plasma azopigments were significantly modified: the alpha 0 fraction (free azodipyrrolic pigment) increased in both icteric syndromes, while the delta fraction (mainly glucuronide azopigment) decreased. Moreover, the behavior of two closed components of the delta group showed significant differences in both icteric syndromes. It can be postulated that the synthesis of bilirubin diconjugates decreases both in hepatocellular and cholestatic jaundice, while monoglucuronidated as well as saccharide and glucoside conjugates increase. In cholestatic jaundice the conjugation with glucuronic acid mainly takes place in the normal way, whereas compounds with different features are formed in hepatitis.
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Stoll MS, Zenone EA, Ostrow JD, Zarembo JE. Preparation and properties of bilirubin photoisomers. Biochem J 1979; 183:139-46. [PMID: 534477 PMCID: PMC1161482 DOI: 10.1042/bj1830139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polar photoisomers of bilirubin were formed by irradiation of bilirubin in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. Two pairs of compounds were isolated with molecular weights identical with bilirubin. One pair reverted to bilirubin in polar media and gave chemical reactions similar to bilirubin; the other pair were not reconverted into bilirubin by chemical means and gave reactions distinct from those of bilirubin. However, both groups were reconverted into bilirubin by irradiation in chloroform solution in the absence of O2. The probable role of these photoisomers in the catabolism of bilirubin during phototherapy of neonatal jaundice is discussed.
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Ogata T, Fusetani N, Yamaguchi K. Turboverdin, a new bile pigment from a turban shell, Turbo cornutus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Radiolucent (33 cases) and radiopaque (17 cases) black pigment gallstones from patients who underwent cholecystectomy were studied using several spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Radiolucent pigment stones (mean Ca percentage 2.1%) are composed chiefly of degenerated tetrapyrrolic bile pigments (mean 85.3%) deriving from bilirubin and bilirubinates. Degeneration includes both polymerization and bacterial reduction and leads to products of different grade of polymerization. Final extraction residues (mean 55.5%), called the 'black pigments' are considered to be degenerated bile pigments of high molecular weight. The mean percentage of bilirubin (free and inorganic bound bilirubin) was 8.5%, while the percentage of lipids was very low (mean of total lipids approximately 2.7%). Radiopaque black pigment stones (Ca: 12.4%) were composed of 'black pigments', too, but contained large amounts of calcium phosphate (carbonate apatite) and/or calcium carbonate. 65% of the radiopaque stones were calcified by calcium phosphate. 'Black pigments' were degraded by chromate to maleimides and 2,5-pyrroledialdehyde. These degradation products can be prepared in the same way from normal bile pigments with a tetrapyrrole structure. Polymerized dipyrrolic bile pigments like polymer propentdyopent or 'mesobilifuscin' did not give 2,5-pyrroledialdehydes during chromate oxidation. Thus we conclude that the formation of 'black pigments' starts from the polymerization of tetrapyrrolic, but not from dipyrrolic units. Accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubinates within the gallbladder will precede the development of 'black pigments' which play an important role in pigment gallstone formation.
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Wosiewitz U, Schroebler S. 'Polymer pigments' in human pigment gallstones. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1978; 65:162-3. [PMID: 643090 DOI: 10.1007/bf00440357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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