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Feshchenko SP, Rebrin IA, Sokolnik VP, Sher BM, Sokolov BP, Kalinin VN, Lazjuk GI. The absence of type II collagen and changes in proteoglycan structure of hyaline cartilage in a case of Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis. Hum Genet 1989; 82:49-54. [PMID: 2714779 DOI: 10.1007/bf00288271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix components from the ribs and knee joint of a stillborn female with type II achondrogenesis was carried out. The absence of type II collagen, a decrease in the amount of proteoglycans (PG), and structural changes in PG, namely, increased electrophoretic mobility of PG, lower relative content of chondroitin 4-sulfate (Ch4-S), lower molecular weight and decreased total chondroitin sulfate (ChS) sulfation, were detected. Increased amounts of type I and type III collagens, atypical for hyaline cartilage, were revealed. Among the link proteins (LPs), a large protein with a mol. wt. of 48 kDa was predominant. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of achondrogenesis ("chondrogenesis imperfecta") are discussed. The data obtained suggest that the primary defect in type II achondrogenesis involves ChS or type II collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Feshchenko
- Byelorussian Institute for Hereditary Disease, Minsk, USSR
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2
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Vasan N, Lamb KM, La Manna O. Somite chondrogenesis in vitro: 1. Alterations in proteoglycan synthesis. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1986; 18:79-90. [PMID: 3082522 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(86)90002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, somites undergo chondrogenic differentiation when stimulated by notochord or spinal cord. The present study shows that, when cultured in suitable medium, explanted somites incorporated radioactive sulfate into cartilage-specific proteoglycans and the synthetic rate increased when notochord was included with somites. With increased culture time, explanted somites also synthesized proteoglycan monomers which were larger in size along with a larger proportion that were capable of interacting with exogenous hyaluronic acid. Interaction with notochord also resulted in increased synthesis of chondroitin 4-sulfate. Gel electrophoretic analysis showed that proteoglycans from unstimulated somites did not contain link protein (required for stable aggregate formation), even on day 9, while notochord-induced somites showed link protein as early as day 3, increasing 3-fold by day 9.
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3
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Fife RS, Caterson B, Myers SL. Identification of link proteins in canine synovial cell cultures and canine articular cartilage. J Cell Biol 1985; 100:1050-5. [PMID: 3980578 PMCID: PMC2113745 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.100.4.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Link proteins are glycoproteins in cartilage that are involved in the stabilization of aggregates of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. We have identified link proteins in synovial cell cultures form normal canine synovium using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and immunolocation with specific antibodies by electrophoretic transfer. We have also found evidence for the synthesis of link proteins in these cultures by fluorography of radiolabeled synovial cell extracts. We have identified a 70,000 mol-wt protein in canine synovial cell culture extracts that has antigenic cross-reactivity with the 48,000-mol-wt link protein. Three link proteins were identified in normal canine articular cartilage. These results indicate that link proteins are more widely distributed in connective tissues than previously recognized and may have biological functions other than aggregate stabilization.
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Shinomura T, Kimata K, Oike Y, Maeda N, Yano S, Suzuki S. Appearance of distinct types of proteoglycan in a well-defined temporal and spatial pattern during early cartilage formation in the chick limb. Dev Biol 1984; 103:211-20. [PMID: 6425097 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage synthesizes three distinct species of proteoglycan (PG-H, PG-Lb, and PG-Lt) which are analogous in having glycosaminoglycan side chains of the chondroitin (dermatan) sulfate type but different from one another in regard to the structure of core protein. In the present report, the expression of PG-H and PG-Lb has been studied in developing chick hind limbs (stages 19-33), using antibodies specific for these substances in indirect immunofluorescence. At the onset of cartilage morphogenesis (stage 24), PG-H became recognizable in the cartilage primordia, whereas a parallel section stained for PG-Lb showed no reaction. The first evidence of PG-Lb appearance was seen in a stage 28 cartilage (e.g., tibia) in which the cells in the middiaphysis became elongated in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the cartilage. The PG-Lb fluorescence was confined to the zone of these flattened, disc-like cells, whereas the fluorescence for PG-H was uniformly distributed throughout the cartilage. With further development of cartilage (stage 29 approximately), the zone of flattened cells spread proximally and distally, and simultaneously large hypertrophied cells appeared at the diaphyseal region. During these zonal changes of cell morphology, the PG-Lb fluorescence remained restricted to the zone of flattened cells. Parallel sections stained for PG-H, in contrast, showed an evenly distributed pattern of the PG-H fluorescence throughout the cartilage. The results indicate that the appearance of PG-Lb is closely associated with the zonal changes of cell shape and orientation along the proximal-distal axis of the developing limb cartilage, and further suggest that the flattened chondrocytes in this particular zone have undergone additional changes in gene expression to form an extracellular matrix of still another chemical property.
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Kimata K, Takeda M, Suzuki S, Pennypacker JP, Barrach HJ, Brown KS. Presence of link protein in cartilage from cmd/cmd (cartilage matrix deficiency) mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 226:506-16. [PMID: 6357091 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence that the cartilage from cmd/cmd mice, who have an autosomal recessive lethal mutation causing cartilage matrix deficiency, synthesizes link protein nearly at a normal level is provided. Since cartilage-characteristic proteoglycan is not synthesized in this mutant mouse (K. Kimata, H-J. Barrach, K. S. Brown, and J. P. Pennypacker (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6961-6968), link proteins are apparently not in conventional proteoglycan aggregate. However, the link proteins are functional and able to interact with exogenous cartilage-characteristic proteoglycan monomer and hyaluronic acid to form aggregates.
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Mort JS, Poole AR, Roughley PJ. Age-related changes in the structure of proteoglycan link proteins present in normal human articular cartilage. Biochem J 1983; 214:269-72. [PMID: 6615469 PMCID: PMC1152237 DOI: 10.1042/bj2140269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Link proteins were identified immunologically in human articular-cartilage protein preparations from various individuals. Irrespective of age, all cartilages contained three link proteins of mol.wts. 48000, 44000 and 41000. However, with increasing age, multiple additional components of mol.wts. 26000-30000 were commonly observed under conditions where disulphide bonds were reduced.
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7
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Roughley PJ, Poole AR, Mort JS. The heterogeneity of link proteins isolated from human articular cartilage proteoglycan aggregates. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Ryu J, Towle CA, Treadwell BV. Characterisation of human articular cartilage link proteins from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 1982; 41:164-7. [PMID: 7073344 PMCID: PMC1000902 DOI: 10.1136/ard.41.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycan link proteins were isolated from human articular cartilage obtained from normal and osteoarthritic femoral heads and purified to homogeneity employing a method previously described by this laboratory. The link proteins were analysed for amino acid composition, molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels, and ability to stabilise proteoglycan aggregates. The results of these studies were compared with those obtained with bovine link proteins. Two link proteins were identified in the purified fraction from normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage with apparent molecular weights of 54 000 (link 1) and 48 000 (link 2). Functionally the link proteins, isolated from osteoarthritic and normal cartilage, were indistinguishable as measured by their ability to stabilise aggregate. The amino acid compositions of normal and osteoarthritic link proteins were also found to be similar to each other but significantly different from the amino acid composition reported for the bovine link proteins. The quantities of these proteins in extracts from normal and diseased tissue were similar, as was the ratio of link protein 1 to link protein 2.
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10
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McKeown-Longo PJ, Sparks KJ, Goetinck PF. Physical and immunochemical properties of low-buoyant-density proteoglycans from avian cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 212:216-28. [PMID: 6171205 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Sawyer LM, Goetinck PF. Chondrogenesis in the mutant nanomelia. Changes in the fine structure and proteoglycan synthesis in high density limb bud cell cultures. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1981; 216:121-31. [PMID: 7026728 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402160113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High density limb bud micromass cultures, derived from individual four-day embryos, were established in order to examine chondrogenesis in normal and nanomelic embryos. One- and three-day cultures revealed no morphological differences between the two genotypes. At six days in culture, the scalloping of the cell surface observed in normal chondrocytes is not extensive in the mutant, and the extracellular matrix granules are greatly reduced in number. Differences in sulfated proteoglycan (PGS) synthesis were first detected at three days in culture when the mutant failed to synthesize cartilage-specific PGS. The study, therefore, indicates that the mutant gene is not expressed in prechondrogenic cells.
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12
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Vasan N. Analysis of perinotochordal materials. I. Studies on proteoglycans synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1981; 215:229-33. [PMID: 6792321 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinotochordal proteoglycans have been shown to influence somite chondrogenic differentiation. However, information concerning the composition of the proteoglycan molecules synthesized by the notochord, or the exact type of molecule necessary for the induction of somite chondrogenesis is not known. The results of the present study indicate that the proteoglycan extracted from the 8 day old notochord culture consists of predominantly small proteoglycans, while the large aggregates form less than 30% of the total. The chondroitin sulfate composition also shows a cartilage type of proteoglycan molecules synthesized by the notochord.
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13
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Kleine TO. Biosynthesis of proteoglycans: an approach to locate it in different membrane systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1981; 9:27-98. [PMID: 7040277 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363709-3.50008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Royal P, Sparks K, Goetinck P. Physical and immunochemical characterization of proteoglycans synthesized during chondrogenesis in the chick embryo. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Amadio PC, Treadwell BV, Towle CA, Mankin HJ. Characterization of the link protein from bovine epiphyseal plate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 95:1695-702. [PMID: 6774731 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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17
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Upholt WB, Vertel BM, Dorfman A. Translation and characterization of messenger RNAs in differentiating chicken cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:4847-51. [PMID: 291903 PMCID: PMC413034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Total RNA, prepared from chicken limb bud cultures undergoing differentiation to cartilage, has been translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Antibodies against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein immunoprecipitate a single component which migrates as a protein of 340,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The messenger RNA for this protein sediments at approximately 27 S in 70% formamide or aqueous sucrose gradients. The 340,000-dalton protein is present in cell-free translation products directed by RNA prepared from limb bud cultures and sternae and is absent in cell-free translation directed by RNA prepared from embryonic calvaria or liver. The level of synthesis of this protein is greatly reduced when RNA prepared from limb bud cultures inhibited from differentiation by BrdUrd is used. (Pre)pro alpha 1(I), -alpha 2(I), and -alpha 1(II) collagen bands have been identified on gels by electrophoresis of collagenase-digested or immunoprecipitated cell-free translation products directed by RNA from differentiating limb bud cultures, embryonic sternae, and embryonic calvaria.
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18
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Caterson B, Baker J, Levitt D, Paslay J. Radioimmunoassay of the link proteins associated with bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Linsenmayer TF, Kochhar DM. In vitro cartilage formation: effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) on glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis. Dev Biol 1979; 69:517-28. [PMID: 437352 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Vertel BM, Dorfman A. Simultaneous localization of type II collagen and core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in individual chondrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:1261-4. [PMID: 375234 PMCID: PMC383230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the coordinated synthesis of matrix components by individual chondrocytes, specific antibodies to type I collagen, type II collagen, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein were used in simultaneous double immunofluorescence reactions. Extensive accumulation of core protein surrounding chondrocytes and the intracellular accumulation of type II collagen were observed. Extracellular core protein immunofluorescence obscured the intracellular reaction product, but the extracellular immunoreactive material could be removed by digestion with purified testicular hyaluronidase prior to fixation. Subsequent to digestion, core protein and type II collagen were observed in the same chondrocytes within discrete, sometimes identical, cytoplasmic regions, thus demonstrating the simultaneous localization of these two products characteristic of differentiating cartilage.
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Lash JW, Vasan NS. Somite chondrogenesis in vitro. Stimulation by exogenous extracellular matrix components. Dev Biol 1978; 66:151-71. [PMID: 751834 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Proteoglycans from two regions of the chick limb rudiment (articular and epiphyseal) were examined for chemical microheterogeneity. These cartilages are composed of at least two series of proteoglycan variants whose glycosaminoglycan side chains display microheterogeneity with respect to the proportions of 4- and 6-linked ester sulfate. Other differences are noted which are consonant with the hypothesis that extracellular matrix components may be structurally adapted to a tissue's developmental fate or function.
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