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Behring L, Ruiz-Gómez G, Trapp C, Morales M, Wodtke R, Köckerling M, Kopka K, Pisabarro MT, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Dipeptide-Derived Alkynes as Potent and Selective Irreversible Inhibitors of Cysteine Cathepsins. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3818-3851. [PMID: 36867428 PMCID: PMC10041539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of designing irreversible alkyne-based inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins by isoelectronic replacement in reversibly acting potent peptide nitriles was explored. The synthesis of the dipeptide alkynes was developed with special emphasis on stereochemically homogeneous products obtained in the Gilbert-Seyferth homologation for C≡C bond formation. Twenty-three dipeptide alkynes and 12 analogous nitriles were synthesized and investigated for their inhibition of cathepsins B, L, S, and K. Numerous combinations of residues at positions P1 and P2 as well as terminal acyl groups allowed for the derivation of extensive structure-activity relationships, which were rationalized by computational covalent docking for selected examples. The determined inactivation constants of the alkynes at the target enzymes span a range of >3 orders of magnitude (3-10 133 M-1 s-1). Notably, the selectivity profiles of alkynes do not necessarily reflect those of the nitriles. Inhibitory activity at the cellular level was demonstrated for selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Behring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Trapp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maryann Morales
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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2
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A decennary update on diverse heterocycles and their intermediates as privileged scaffolds for cathepsin B inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2270-2308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Zhang C, Meng J, Zhang Y, Huang D, Yan P, Tan B, Jiang H, Deng Z. FITC characterization of a cathepsin B-responsive nanoprobe for report of differentiation of HL60 cells into macrophages. J Pept Sci 2021; 28:e3371. [PMID: 34608710 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A cathepsin B (Cat B)-responsive optical nanoprobe is designed and prepared for report of HL60 differentiation into macrophage. A peptide sequence FRFK is linked to fluorescein (FITC) via the distant amino group of its lysine and N-terminated with acrylic acid (AA) to yield a molecular fluorescent probe AA-FRFK (FITC). The molecular probe is further embedded in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to form a fluorescent nanoprobe AA-FRFK (FITC)@PLGA. The resultant optical nanoprobe is degradable by lysosomal Cat B, which is expressed in macrophages with a level of 5-10 times of that in HL60 cells. As a result, a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity is associated with the differentiation process of HL60 to macrophage and can be used as an indication of the differentiation process. The findings may pave a way toward the development of a universal in vitro labeling strategy of exogenous stem cells for report of in vivo cell differentiation by a dual-mode imaging modality involving optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxing Zhang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Dehua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongwu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Huang D, Zhang C, Meng J, Tan B, Deng Z. IQF characterization of a cathepsin B-responsive nanoprobe for report of differentiation of HL60 cells into macrophages. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16522-16529. [PMID: 35479137 PMCID: PMC9031808 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking of in vivo fates of exogenous cell transplants in terms of viability, migration, directional differentiation and function delivery by a suitable method of medical imaging is of great significance in the development and application of various cell therapies. In this contribution directional differentiation of HL60 cells into macrophages and granulocytes, and a difference in the associated expression level of cathepsin B (Cat B) among the parent and daughter cells is used as a model to guide and evaluate the development of a Cat B-responsive Abz-FRFK-Dnp@PLGA nanoprobe for an optical report of the differentiation process. A well-documented internally quenched fluorescence (IQF) pair coupled with a peptide substrate FRFK of Cat B was synthesized and imbedded in PLGA to form the nanoprobe. The nanoprobe is resistant to leakage when dispersed in water for 10 days. Degradation of the nanoprobe is dominated by Cat B. HL60 cells were then labelled with the Abz-FRFK-Dnp@PLGA nanoprobe to track the differentiation process. Differentiation of labelled HL60 cells into macrophages exhibited a significantly higher fluorescence relative to the granulocytes or the labelled parent cells. The fluorescence difference allows the differentiation process to be followed. The established characterization and assessment procedure is to be used for the development and evaluation of nanoprobes for other imaging modalities. A Cat B-responsive Abz-FRFK-Dnp@PLGA nanoprobe for an optical report of the differentiation of HL60 cells into macrophages.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
| | - Dehua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chengxing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zongwu Deng
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
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5
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Filippova IY, Dvoryakova EA, Sokolenko NI, Simonyan TR, Tereshchenkova VF, Zhiganov NI, Dunaevsky YE, Belozersky MA, Oppert B, Elpidina EN. New Glutamine-Containing Substrates for the Assay of Cysteine Peptidases From the C1 Papain Family. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:578758. [PMID: 33195423 PMCID: PMC7643032 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.578758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New substrates with glutamine in the P1-position are introduced for the assay of peptidases from the C1 papain family, with a general formula of Glp-Phe-Gln-X, where Glp is pyroglutamyl and X is pNA (p-nitroanilide) or AMC (4-amino-7-methylcoumaride). The substrates have a simple structure, and C1 cysteine peptidases of various origins cleave them with high efficiency. The main advantage of the substrates is their selectivity for cysteine peptidases of the C1 family. Peptidases of other clans, including serine trypsin-like peptidases, do not cleave glutamine-containing substrates. We demonstrate that using Glp-Phe-Gln-pNA in combination with a commercially available substrate, Z-Arg-Arg-pNA, provided differential determination of cathepsins L and B. In terms of specific activity and kinetic parameters, the proposed substrates offer improvement over the previously described alanine-containing prototypes. The efficiency and selectivity of the substrates was demonstrated by the example of chromatographic and electrophoretic analysis of a multi-enzyme digestive complex of stored product pests from the Tenebrionidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Y Filippova
- Division of Natural Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Dvoryakova
- Department of Plant Proteins, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay I Sokolenko
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana R Simonyan
- Division of Natural Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nikita I Zhiganov
- Division of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yakov E Dunaevsky
- Department of Plant Proteins, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Belozersky
- Department of Plant Proteins, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Elena N Elpidina
- Department of Plant Proteins, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Barthels F, Marincola G, Marciniak T, Konhäuser M, Hammerschmidt S, Bierlmeier J, Distler U, Wich PR, Tenzer S, Schwarzer D, Ziebuhr W, Schirmeister T. Asymmetric Disulfanylbenzamides as Irreversible and Selective Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:839-850. [PMID: 32118357 PMCID: PMC7318353 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with drug-resistant strains being responsible for tens of thousands of deaths per year. S. aureus sortase A inhibitors are designed to interfere with virulence determinants. We have identified disulfanylbenzamides as a new class of potent inhibitors against sortase A that act by covalent modification of the active-site cysteine. A broad series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationships (SAR). In vitro and in silico methods allowed the experimentally observed binding affinities and selectivities to be rationalized. The most active compounds were found to have single-digit micromolar Ki values and caused up to a 66 % reduction of S. aureus fibrinogen attachment at an effective inhibitor concentration of 10 μM. This new molecule class exhibited minimal cytotoxicity, low bacterial growth inhibition and impaired sortase-mediated adherence of S. aureus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Gabriella Marincola
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Konhäuser
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Stefan Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Bierlmeier
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard-Karls-University of TübingenHoppe-Seyler-Strasse 472076TübingenGermany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for ImmunologyUniversity Medical CenterJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN)University Medical CenterLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Peter R. Wich
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesScience and Engineering BuildingSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for ImmunologyUniversity Medical CenterJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard-Karls-University of TübingenHoppe-Seyler-Strasse 472076TübingenGermany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection BiologyJulius-Maximilians-University of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 297080WürzburgGermany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-University of MainzStaudinger Weg 555128MainzGermany
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7
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Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Technological Considerations. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030360. [PMID: 32111076 PMCID: PMC7175114 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of monoclonal antibodies to specifically bind a target antigen and neutralize or stimulate its activity is the basis for the rapid growth and development of the therapeutic antibody field. In recent years, traditional immunoglobulin antibodies have been further engineered for better efficacy and safety, and technological developments in the field enabled the design and production of engineered antibodies capable of mediating therapeutic functions hitherto unattainable by conventional antibody formats. Representative of this newer generation of therapeutic antibody formats are bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates, each with several approved drugs and dozens more in the clinical development phase. In this review, the technological principles and challenges of bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates are discussed, with emphasis on clinically validated formats but also including recent developments in the fields, many of which are expected to significantly augment the current therapeutic arsenal against cancer and other diseases with unmet medical needs.
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8
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Cathepsin B: Active site mapping with peptidic substrates and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:1-15. [PMID: 30473362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of papain-like cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, as drug discovery targets for systemic human diseases has prevailed over the past years. The development of potent and selective low-molecular cathepsin B inhibitors relies on the detailed expertise on preferred amino acid and inhibitor residues interacting with the corresponding specificity pockets of cathepsin B. Such knowledge might be obtained by mapping the active site of the protease with combinatorial libraries of peptidic substrates and peptidomimetic inhibitors. This review, for the first time, summarizes a wide spectrum of active site mapping approaches. It considers relevant X-ray crystallographic data and discloses propensities towards favorable protein-ligand interactions in case of the therapeutically relevant protease cathepsin B.
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9
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Rebello KM, McKerrow JH, Mota EM, O´Donoghue AJ, Neves-Ferreira AGC. Activity profiling of peptidases in Angiostrongylus costaricensis first-stage larvae and adult worms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006923. [PMID: 30379807 PMCID: PMC6231675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a relatively uncharacterized nematode that causes abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Latin America, a human parasitic disease. Currently, no effective pharmacological treatment for angiostrongyliasis exists. Peptidases are known to be druggable targets for a variety of diseases and are essential for several biological processes in parasites. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically characterize the peptidase activity of A. costaricensis in different developmental stages of this parasitic nematode. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A library of diverse tetradecapeptides was incubated with cellular lysates from adult worms and from first-stage larvae (L1) and cleaved peptide products were identified by mass spectrometry. Lysates were also treated with class specific peptidase inhibitors to determine which enzyme class was responsible for the proteolytic activity. Peptidase activity from the four major mechanistic classes (aspartic, metallo, serine and cysteine) were detected in adult worm lysate, whereas aspartic, metallo and serine-peptidases were found in the larval lysates. In addition, the substrate specificity profile was found to vary at different pH values. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The proteolytic activities in adult worm and L1 lysates were characterized using a highly diversified library of peptide substrates and the activity was validated using a selection of fluorescent substrates. Taken together, peptidase signatures for different developmental stages of this parasite has improved our understanding of the disease pathogenesis and may be useful as potential drug targets or vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M. Rebello
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ester M. Mota
- Laboratory of Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anthony J. O´Donoghue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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10
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Lee YJ, Yu JE, Kim P, Lee JY, Cheong YC, Lee YJ, Chang J, Seong BL. Eliciting unnatural immune responses by activating cryptic epitopes in viral antigens. FASEB J 2018; 32:4658-4669. [PMID: 29570395 PMCID: PMC6103170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701024rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic variation in viral surface antigens is a strategy for escaping the host's adaptive immunity, whereas regions with pivotal functions for infection are less subject to antigenic variability. We hypothesized that genetically invariable and immunologically dormant regions of a viral surface antigen could be exposed to the host immune system and activated by rendering them susceptible to antigen-processing machinery in professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Considering the frequent antigen drift and shift in influenza viruses, we identified and used structural modeling to evaluate the conserved regions on the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) surface as potential epitopes. Mutant viruses containing the cleavage motifs of cathepsin S within HA were generated. Immunization of mice showed that the mutant, but not the wild-type virus, elicited specific antibodies against the cryptic epitope. Those antibodies were purified, and specific binding to HA was confirmed. These results suggest that an unnatural immune response can be elicited through the processing of target antigens in APCs, followed by presentation via the major histocompatibility complex, if not subjected to regulatory pathways. By harnessing the antigen-processing machinery, our study shows a proof-of-principle for designer vaccines with increased efficacy and safety by either activating cryptic, or inactivating naturally occurring, epitopes of viral antigens.-Lee, Y. J., Yu, J. E., Kim, P., Lee, J.-Y., Cheong, Y. C., Lee, Y. J., Chang, J., Seong, B. L. Eliciting unnatural immune responses by activating cryptic epitopes in viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Cheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center (VTRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center (VTRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Wei B, Gunzner-Toste J, Yao H, Wang T, Wang J, Xu Z, Chen J, Wai J, Nonomiya J, Tsai SP, Chuh J, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Yu SF, Lau J, Li G, Phillips GD, Leipold D, Kamath A, Su D, Xu K, Eigenbrot C, Steinbacher S, Ohri R, Raab H, Staben LR, Zhao G, Flygare JA, Pillow TH, Verma V, Masterson LA, Howard PW, Safina B. Discovery of Peptidomimetic Antibody-Drug Conjugate Linkers with Enhanced Protease Specificity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:989-1000. [PMID: 29227683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become an important therapeutic modality for oncology, with three approved by the FDA and over 60 others in clinical trials. Despite the progress, improvements in ADC therapeutic index are desired. Peptide-based ADC linkers that are cleaved by lysosomal proteases have shown sufficient stability in serum and effective payload-release in targeted cells. If the linker can be preferentially hydrolyzed by tumor-specific proteases, safety margin may improve. However, the use of peptide-based linkers limits our ability to modulate protease specificity. Here we report the structure-guided discovery of novel, nonpeptidic ADC linkers. We show that a cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxamide-containing linker is hydrolyzed predominantly by cathepsin B while the valine-citrulline dipeptide linker is not. ADCs bearing the nonpeptidic linker are as efficacious and stable in vivo as those with the dipeptide linker. Our results strongly support the application of the peptidomimetic linker and present new opportunities for improving the selectivity of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jing Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jim Nonomiya
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D Phillips
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Doug Leipold
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stefan Steinbacher
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH , Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Sun C, Liu J, Li W, Xu G, Yang N. Divergent Proteome Patterns of Egg Albumen from Domestic Chicken, Duck, Goose, Turkey, Quail and Pigeon. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Junnian Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
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13
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Kern HB, Srinivasan S, Convertine AJ, Hockenbery D, Press OW, Stayton PS. Enzyme-Cleavable Polymeric Micelles for the Intracellular Delivery of Proapoptotic Peptides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1450-1459. [PMID: 28277671 PMCID: PMC5823688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the third Bcl-2 homology domain (BH3) renormalize apoptotic signaling by antagonizing prosurvival Bcl-2 family members. These potential peptide drugs exhibit therapeutic activities but are limited by barriers including short circulation half-lives and poor penetration into cells. A diblock polymeric micelle carrier for the BIM BH3 peptide was recently described that demonstrated antitumor activity in a B-cell lymphoma xenograft model [Berguig et al., Mol. Ther. 2015, 23, 907-917]. However, the disulfide linkage used to conjugate the BIM peptide was shown to have nonoptimal blood stability. Here we describe a peptide macromonomer composed of BIM capped with a four amino acid cathepsin B substrate (FKFL) that possesses high blood stability and is cleaved to release the drug inside of target cells. Employing RAFT polymerization, the peptide macromonomer was directly integrated into a multifunctional diblock copolymer tailored for peptide delivery. The first polymer block was made as a macro-chain transfer agent (CTA) and composed of a pH-responsive endosomolytic formulation of N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The second polymer block was a copolymer of the peptide and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA). PEGMA monomers of two sizes were investigated (300 Da and 950 Da). Protein gel analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, and coupled mass spectrometry (MS) showed that incubation with cathepsin B specifically cleaved the FKFL linker and released active BIM peptide with PEGMA300 but not with PEGMA950. MALDI-TOF MS showed that incubation of the peptide monomers alone in human serum resulted in partial cleavage at the FKFL linker after 12 h. However, formulation of the peptides into polymers protected against serum-mediated peptide degradation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated pH-dependent micelle disassembly (25 nm polymer micelles at pH 7.4 versus 6 nm unimers at pH 6.6), and a red blood cell lysis assay showed a corresponding increase in membrane destabilizing activity (<1% lysis at pH 7.4 versus 95% lysis at pH 6.6). The full carrier-drug system successfully induced apoptosis in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, in comparison to a control polymer containing a scrambled BIM peptide sequence. Mechanistic analysis verified target-dependent activation of caspase 3/7 activity (8.1-fold increase), and positive annexin V staining (72% increase). The increased blood stability of this enzyme-cleavable peptide polymer design, together with the direct polymerization approach that eliminated postsynthetic conjugation steps, suggests that this new carrier design could provide important benefits for intracellular peptide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B. Kern
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Oliver W. Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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14
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Srp J, Nussbaumerová M, Horn M, Mareš M. Digestive proteolysis in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata: Activity-based profiling and imaging of a multipeptidase network. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:1-11. [PMID: 27539253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is a major pest of potato plants, and its digestive system is a promising target for development of pest control strategies. This work focuses on functional proteomic analysis of the digestive proteolytic enzymes expressed in the CPB gut. We identified a set of peptidases using imaging with specific activity-based probes and activity profiling with selective substrates and inhibitors. The secreted luminal peptidases were classified as: (i) endopeptidases of cathepsin D, cathepsin L, and trypsin types and (ii) exopeptidases with aminopeptidase (cathepsin H), carboxypeptidase (serine carboxypeptidase, prolyl carboxypeptidase), and carboxydipeptidase (cathepsin B) activities. The proteolytic arsenal also includes non-luminal peptidases with prolyl oligopeptidase and metalloaminopeptidase activities. Our results indicate that the CPB gut employs a multienzyme network of peptidases with complementary specificities to efficiently degrade ingested proteins. This proteolytic system functions in both CPB larvae and adults and is controlled mainly by cysteine and aspartic peptidases and supported by serine and metallopeptidases. The component enzymes identified here are potential targets for inhibitors with tailored specificities that could be engineered into potato plants to confer resistance to CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Nussbaumerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 166 10, Czech Republic.
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15
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Oliveira LC, Okamoto DN, Oliveira JR, Kondo MY, Gouvea IE, Biteau N, Baltz T, Murakami MT, Juliano L, Juliano MA. Analysis of peptidase activities of a cathepsin B-like (TcoCBc1) from Trypanosoma congolense. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kim CJ, Lee DI, Kim C, Lee K, Lee CH, Ahn IS. Gold Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Assay for Cathepsin B Activity and the Efficiency of Its Inhibitors. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3825-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4039064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Jin Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Lee
- Dityrosine Innovation Chemical (D. I. Chemical), Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Cheonghee Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Kangtaek Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ha Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Ik-Sung Ahn
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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17
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Selective chromogenic and fluorogenic peptide substrates for the assay of cysteine peptidases in complex mixtures. Anal Biochem 2014; 449:179-87. [PMID: 24388866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the design, synthesis, and use of selective peptide substrates for cysteine peptidases of the C1 papain family, important in many biological processes. The structure of the newly synthesized substrates is Glp-Xaa-Ala-Y (where Glp=pyroglutamyl; Xaa=Phe or Val; and Y=pNA [p-nitroanilide], AMC [4-amino-7-methylcoumaride], or AFC [4-amino-7-trifluoromethyl-coumaride]). Substrates were synthesized enzymatically to guarantee selectivity of the reaction and optical purity of the target compounds, simplifying the scheme of synthesis and isolation of products. The hydrolysis of the synthesized substrates was evaluated by C1 cysteine peptidases from different organisms and with different functions, including plant enzymes papain, bromelain, ficin, and mammalian lysosomal cathepsins B and L. The new substrates were selective for C1 cysteine peptidases and were not hydrolyzed by serine, aspartic, or metallo peptidases. We demonstrated an application of the selectivity of the synthesized substrates during the chromatographic separation of a multicomponent set of digestive peptidases from a beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Used in combination with the cysteine peptidase inhibitor E-64, these substrates were able to differentiate cysteine peptidases from peptidases of other classes in midgut extracts from T. molitor larvae and larvae of the genus Tribolium; thus, they are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures containing peptidases from different classes.
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18
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Moitinho-Silva L, Kondo MY, Oliveira LCG, Okamoto DN, Paes JA, Machado MFM, Veronez CL, Motta G, Andrade SS, Juliano MA, Ferreira HB, Juliano L, Gouvea IE. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vitro peptidase activities: identification and cleavage of kallikrein-kinin system-like substrates. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:264-73. [PMID: 23421966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are important for metabolic processes and pathogenesis in host organisms. The bacterial swine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has 15 putative protease-encoding genes annotated, but none of them have been functionally characterized. To identify and characterize peptidases that could be relevant for infection of swine hosts, we investigated the peptidase activity present in the pathogenic 7448 strain of M. hyopneumoniae. Combinatorial libraries of fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides, specific inhibitors and pH profiling were used to screen and characterize endopeptidase, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities in cell lysates. One metalloendopeptidase, one serine endopeptidase, and one aminopeptidase were detected. The detected metalloendopeptidase activity, prominent at neutral and basic pH ranges, was due to a thimet oligopeptidase family member (M3 family), likely an oligoendopeptidase F (PepF), which cleaved the peptide Abz-GFSPFRQ-EDDnp at the F-S bond. A chymotrypsin-like serine endopeptidase activity, possibly a subtilisin-like serine protease, was prominent at higher pH levels, and was characterized by its preference for a Phe residue at the P1 position of the substrate. The aminopeptidase P (APP) activity showed a similar profile to that of human membrane-bound APP. Genes coding for these three peptidases were identified and their transcription was confirmed in the 7448 strain. Furthermore, M. hyopneumoniae cell lysate peptidases showed effects on kallikrein-kinin system-like substrates, such as bradykinin-derived substrates and human high molecular weight kininogen. The M. hyopneumoniae peptidase activities, here characterized for the first time, may be important for bacterial survival strategies and thus represent possible targets for drug development against M. hyopneumoniae swine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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New strategy for selective and sensitive assay of cathepsin B using a dityrosine-based material. Anal Biochem 2013; 435:166-73. [PMID: 23348078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of reports for disease-related proteases has necessitated materials for the fast, sensitive, and specific assessment of protease activities. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and test a dityrosine-based substrate for the selective assay of a specific cysteine cathepsin. DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was synthesized from the conjugation of N,N'-diBoc-dityrosine (DBDY) with two molecules of glycine and isoniazid (INH) for this purpose. The fluorescence of DBDY (λex=284-320nm, λem=400-420nm) disappeared due to the quenching effect of INH. However, the protease-catalyzed hydrolysis resulted in the release of INH and recovered the fluorescence of DBDY. When reacted with 13 proteases, DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was hydrolyzed by the cysteine proteases only. Meeting the growing need to discriminate cysteine cathepsins (e.g., cathepsins B, L, and S found at high levels in various cancers), DBDY-Gly-INH)2 was tested as a substrate for cathepsins B, L, and S. Only cathepsin B catalyzed the hydrolysis reaction among the three cathepsins. The reaction rate followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the KM and kcat/KM values were 2.88μM and 3.87×10(3)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, which were comparable to those for the materials reported for the selective assay of cathepsin B. Considering the simple preparation of DBDY-(Gly-INH)2, DBDY-(Gly-INH)2 is believed to be valuable for the sensitive and selective assay of cathepsin B activity.
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20
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Biniossek ML, Nägler DK, Becker-Pauly C, Schilling O. Proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites characterizes prime and non-prime specificity of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5363-73. [PMID: 21967108 DOI: 10.1021/pr200621z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins mediate proteome homeostasis and have pivotal functions in diseases such as cancer. To better understand substrate recognition by cathepsins B, L, and S, we applied proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites (PICS) for simultaneous profiling of prime and non-prime specificity. PICS profiling of cathepsin B endopeptidase specificity highlights strong selectivity for glycine in P3' due to an occluding loop blocking access to the primed subsites. In P1', cathepsin B has a partial preference for phenylalanine, which is not found for cathepsins L and S. Occurrence of P1' phenylalanine often coincides with aromatic residues in P2. For cathepsin L, PICS identifies 845 cleavage sites, representing the most comprehensive PICS profile to date. Cathepsin L specificity is dominated by the canonical preference for aromatic residues in P2 with limited contribution of prime-site selectivity determinants. Profiling of cathepsins B and L with a shorter incubation time (4 h instead of 16 h) did not reveal time-dependency of individual specificity determinants. Cathepsin S specificity was profiled at pH 6.0 and 7.5. The PICS profiles at both pH values display a high degree of similarity. Cathepsin S specificity is primarily guided by aliphatic residues in P2 with limited importance of prime-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Chu DSH, Johnson RN, Pun SH. Cathepsin B-sensitive polymers for compartment-specific degradation and nucleic acid release. J Control Release 2011; 157:445-54. [PMID: 22036879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Degradable cationic polymers are desirable for in vivo nucleic acid delivery because they offer significantly decreased toxicity over non-degradable counterparts. Peptide linkers provide chemical stability and high specificity for particular endopeptidases but have not been extensively studied for nucleic acid delivery applications. In this work, enzymatically degradable peptide-HPMA copolymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerization of HPMA with methacrylamido-terminated peptide macromonomers, resulting in polymers with low polydispersity and near quantitative incorporation of peptides. Three peptide-HPMA copolymers were evaluated: (i) pHCathK(10), containing peptides composed of the linker phe-lys-phe-leu (FKFL), a substrate of the endosomal/lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin B, connected to oligo-(L)-lysine for nucleic acid binding, (ii) pHCath(D)K(10), containing the FKFL linker with oligo-(D)-lysine, and (iii) pH(D)Cath(D)K(10), containing all (D) amino acids. Cathepsin B degraded copolymers pHCathK(10) and pHCath(D)K(10) within 1 h while no degradation of pH(D)Cath(D)K(10) was observed. Polyplexes formed with pHCathK(10) copolymers show DNA release by 4 h of treatment with cathepsin B; comparatively, polyplexes formed with pHCath(D)K(10) and pH(D)Cath(D)K(10) show no DNA release within 8 h. Transfection efficiency in HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells were comparable between the copolymers but pHCathK(10) was less toxic. This work demonstrates the successful application of peptide linkers for degradable cationic polymers and DNA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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22
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Jílková A, Řezáčová P, Lepšík M, Horn M, Váchová J, Fanfrlík J, Brynda J, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR, Mareš M. Structural basis for inhibition of cathepsin B drug target from the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35770-35781. [PMID: 21832058 PMCID: PMC3195637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.271304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis caused by a parasitic blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma afflicts over 200 million people worldwide. Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1) is a gut-associated peptidase that digests host blood proteins as a source of nutrients. It is under investigation as a drug target. To further this goal, we report three crystal structures of SmCB1 complexed with peptidomimetic inhibitors as follows: the epoxide CA074 at 1.3 Å resolution and the vinyl sulfones K11017 and K11777 at 1.8 and 2.5 Å resolutions, respectively. Interactions of the inhibitors with the subsites of the active-site cleft were evaluated by quantum chemical calculations. These data and inhibition profiling with a panel of vinyl sulfone derivatives identify key binding interactions and provide insight into the specificity of SmCB1 inhibition. Furthermore, hydrolysis profiling of SmCB1 using synthetic peptides and the natural substrate hemoglobin revealed that carboxydipeptidase activity predominates over endopeptidolysis, thereby demonstrating the contribution of the occluding loop that restricts access to the active-site cleft. Critically, the severity of phenotypes induced in the parasite by vinyl sulfone inhibitors correlated with enzyme inhibition, providing support that SmCB1 is a valuable drug target. The present structure and inhibitor interaction data provide a footing for the rational design of anti-schistosomal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Jílková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Váchová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James H McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences and Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences and Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
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23
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Cavallo-Medved D, Moin K, Sloane B. Cathepsin B: Basis Sequence: Mouse. THE AFCS-NATURE MOLECULE PAGES 2011; 2011:A000508. [PMID: 28781583 PMCID: PMC5541861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamiar Moin
- Pharmacology, Wayne State University, MI 48201, US
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24
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Sedlačík T, Studenovská H, Rypáček F. Enzymatic degradation of the hydrogels based on synthetic poly(α-amino acid)s. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:781-788. [PMID: 21424599 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable hydrogels are studied as potential scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration. In this work biodegradable hydrogels were prepared from synthetic poly(α-amino acid)s, poly(AA)s. The covalently crosslinked gels were formed by radical copolymerization of methacryloylated poly(AA)s, e.g. poly[N (5)-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-L-glutamine-ran-L-alanine-ran-N (6)-methacryloyl-L-lysine], as a multifunctional macro-monomer with a low-molecular-weight methacrylic monofunctional monomer, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Methacryloylated copolypeptides were synthesized by polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides of respective amino acids and subsequent side-chain modification. Due to their polypeptide backbone, synthetic poly(AA)s are cleavable in biological environment by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. The feasibility of enzymatic degradation of poly(AA)s alone and the hydrogels made from them was studied using elastase, a matrix proteinase involved in tissue healing processes, as a model enzyme. Specificity of elastase for cleavage of polypeptide chains behind the L-alanine residues was reflected in faster degradation of L-alanine-containing copolymers as well as of hydrogels composed of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Sedlačík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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25
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Burster T, Boehm BO. Processing and presentation of (pro)-insulin in the MHC class II pathway: the generation of antigen-based immunomodulators in the context of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:227-38. [PMID: 20503254 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the autoimmune process leading to T1D. Dendritic cells take up foreign antigens and autoantigens; within their endocytic compartments, proteases degrade exogenous antigens for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells via MHC class II molecules. A detailed understanding of autoantigen processing and the identification of autoantigenic T cell epitopes are crucial for the development of antigen-based specific immunomodulators. APL are peptide analogues of auto-immunodominant T cell epitopes that bind to MHC class II molecules and can mediate T cell activation. However, APL can be rapidly degraded by proteases occurring in the extracellular space and inside cells, substantially weakening their efficiency. By contrast, protease-resistant APL function as specific immunomodulators and can be used at low doses to examine the functional plasticity of T cells and to potentially interfere with autoimmune responses. Here, we review the latest achievements in (pro)-insulin processing in the MHC class II pathway and the generation of APL to mitigate autoreactive T cells and to activate Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Cunha RL, Gouvêa IE, Feitosa GP, Alves MF, Brömme D, Comasseto JV, Tersariol IL, Juliano L. Irreversible inhibition of human cathepsins B, L, S and K by hypervalent tellurium compounds. Biol Chem 2009; 390:1205-12. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins B, L, S and K was evaluated by a set of hypervalent tellurium compounds (telluranes) comprising both organic and inorganic derivatives. All telluranes studied showed a time- and concentration-dependent irreversible inhibition of the cathepsins, and their second-order inactivation rate constants were determined. The organic derivatives were potent inhibitors of the cathepsins and clear specificities were detected, which were parallel to their known substrate specificities. In all cases, the activity of the tellurane-inhibited cathepsins was recovered by treatment of the inactivated enzymes with reducing agents. The maximum stoichiometry of the reaction between cysteine residues and telluranes were also determined. The presented data indicate that it is possible to design organic compounds with a tellurium(IV) moiety as a novel warhead that covalently modifies the catalytic cysteine, and which also form strong interactions with subsites of cathepsins B, L, S and K, resulting in more specific inhibition.
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27
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Béliveau F, Désilets A, Leduc R. Probing the substrate specificities of matriptase, matriptase-2, hepsin and DESC1 with internally quenched fluorescent peptides. FEBS J 2009; 276:2213-26. [PMID: 19302215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases are an emerging class of proteolytic enzymes involved in tissue homeostasis and a number of human disorders such as cancer. To better define the biochemical functions of a subset of these proteases, we compared the enzymatic properties of matriptase, matriptase-2, hepsin and DESC1 using a series of internally quenched fluorogenic peptide substrates containing o-aminobenzoyl and 3-nitro-tyrosine. We based the sequence of the peptides on the P4 to P4' activation sequence of matriptase (RQAR-VVGG). Positions P4, P3, P2 and P1' were substituted with nonpolar (Ala, Leu), aromatic (Tyr), acid (Glu) and basic (Arg) amino acids, whereas P1 was fixed to Arg. Of the four type II transmembrane serine proteases studied, matriptase-2 was the most promiscuous, and matriptase was the most discriminating, with a distinct specificity for Arg residues at P4, P3 and P2. DESC1 had a preference similar to that of matriptase, but with a propensity for small nonpolar amino acids (Ala) at P1'. Hepsin shared similarities with matriptase and DESC1, but was markedly more permissive at P2. Matriptase-2 manifested broader specificities, as well as substrate inhibition, for selective internally quenched fluorescent substrates. Lastly, we found that antithrombin III has robust inhibitory properties toward matriptase, matriptase-2, hepsin and DESC1, whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and alpha(2)-antiplasmin inhibited matriptase-2, hepsin and DESC1, and to a much lesser extent, matriptase. In summary, our studies revealed that these enzymes have distinct substrate preferences.
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Lützner N, Kalbacher H. Quantifying cathepsin S activity in antigen presenting cells using a novel specific substrate. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36185-94. [PMID: 18957408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is a lysosomal cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily. Because of the relatively broad substrate specificity of this family, a specific substrate for CatS is not yet known. Based on a detailed study of the CatS endopeptidase specificity, using six series of internally quenched fluorescent peptides, we were able to design a specific substrate for CatS. The peptide series was based on the sequence GRWHTVGLRWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2, which shows only one single cleavage site between Gly and Leu and where every substrate position between P-3 and P-3' was substituted with up to 15 different amino acids. The endopeptidase specificity of CatS was mainly determined by the P-2, P-1', and the P-3' substrate positions. Based on this result, systematically modified substrates were synthesized. Two of these modified substrates, Mca-GRWPPMGLPWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2 and Mca-GRWHPMGAPWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2, did not react with the purified cysteine proteases cathepsin B (CatB) and cathepsin L (CatL). Using a specific CatS inhibitor, we could further show that these two peptides were not cleaved by endosomal fractions of antigen presenting cells (APCs), when CatS was inhibited and related cysteine proteases cathepsin B, H, L and X were still active. Although aspartic proteases like cathepsin E and cathepsin D were also present, our substrates were suitable to quantify cathepsin S activity specifically in APCs, including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells without the use of any protease inhibitor. We find that CatS activity differs significantly not only between the three types of professional APCs but also between endosomal and lysosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lützner
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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29
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Puzer L, Cotrin SS, Cezari MHS, Hirata IY, Juliano MA, Stefe I, Turk D, Turk B, Juliano L, Carmona AK. Recombinant human cathepsin X is a carboxymonopeptidase only: a comparison with cathepsins B and L. Biol Chem 2006; 386:1191-5. [PMID: 16307485 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The S1 and S2 subsite specificity of recombinant human cathepsins X was studied using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides with the general sequences Abz-Phe-Xaa-Lys(Dnp)-OH and Abz-Xaa-Arg-Lys(Dnp)-OH, respectively (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid and Dnp=2,4-dinitrophenyl; Xaa=various amino acids). Cathepsin X cleaved all substrates exclusively as a carboxymonopeptidase and exhibited broad specificity. For comparison, these peptides were also assayed with cathepsins B and L. Cathepsin L hydrolyzed the majority of them with similar or higher catalytic efficiency than cathepsin X, acting as an endopeptidase mimicking a carboxymonopeptidase (pseudo-carboxymonopeptidase). In contrast, cathepsin B exhibited poor catalytic efficiency with these substrates, acting as a carboxydipeptidase or an endopeptidase. The S1' subsite of cathepsin X was mapped with the peptide series Abz-Phe-Arg-Xaa-OH and the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed substrates with hydrophobic residues in the P1' position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Puzer
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Glocker MO, Guthke R, Kekow J, Thiesen HJ. Rheumatoid arthritis, a complex multifactorial disease: on the way toward individualized medicine. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:63-87. [PMID: 16283676 DOI: 10.1002/med.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the availability of the human genome sequence and those of related species like chimpanzee, mouse, and rat, data driven research for tackling the molecular grounds of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a multifactorial polygenic disease, can be considered a realistic challenge to the scientific community. A comprehensive research strategy is presented enabling the integration of multiple research efforts on studying autoimmunity by so called systems biology approaches. An integrative scientific concept is discussed of how to unravel molecular mechanisms of complex diseases by making use of state-of-the-art methodologies in functional and comparative genomics. A continuous interchange of data-driven and hypothesis-driven research is adjoined to determine the nature of rheumatic diseases with autoimmune background. Instead of studying single genes and proteins, RNA and protein microarray profiles are currently obtained in numerous research projects producing read-outs termed gene signatures rather than DNA and/or protein markers. A comprehensive study of the RNA, protein, and metabolite regimes is undertaken that eventually will lead to a "holistic" view of how all respective molecules, pathways and cells themselves interact with each other. Some of the above mentioned research aspects have already been studied by the authors, hopefully leading to new diagnostics and therapeutics in the future.
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31
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Cotrin SS, Puzer L, de Souza Judice WA, Juliano L, Carmona AK, Juliano MA. Positional-scanning combinatorial libraries of fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides to define substrate specificity of carboxydipeptidases: assays with human cathepsin B. Anal Biochem 2005; 335:244-52. [PMID: 15556563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries to define the substrate specificity of carboxydipeptidases. The library Abz-GXXZXK(Dnp)-OH, where Abz is ortho-aminobenzoic acid, K(Dnp) is N(epsilon)-2,4-dinitrophenyl-lysine with free carboxyl group, the Z position was successively occupied with 1 of 19 amino acids (cysteine was omitted), and X represents randomly incorporated residues, was assayed initially with human cathepsin B, and arginine was defined as one of the best residues at the P(1) position. To examine the selectivity of S(1)('), S(2), and S(3) subsites, the sublibraries Abz-GXXRZK(Dnp)-OH, Abz-GXZRXK(Dnp)-OH, and Abz-GZXRXK(Dnp)-OH were then synthesized. The peptide Abz-GIVRAK(Dnp)-OH, which contains the most favorable residues in the P(3)-P(1)(') positions identified by screening of the libraries with cathepsin B, was hydrolyzed by this enzyme with k(cat)/K(m)=7288 mM(-1)s(-1). This peptide is the most efficient substrate described for cathepsin B to this point, and it is highly selective for the enzyme among the lysosomal cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Silva Cotrin
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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Devanathan G, Turnbull JL, Ziomek E, Purisima EO, Ménard R, Sulea T. Carboxy-monopeptidase substrate specificity of human cathepsin X. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:445-52. [PMID: 15737607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin X is a papain-like cysteine protease with restricted positional specificity, acting primarily as a carboxy-monopeptidase. We mapped the specificities at the S2, S1, and S1' subsites of human cathepsin X by systematically and independently substituting the P2, P1, and P1' positions of the carboxy-monopeptidase substrate Abz-FRF(4NO(2)) with natural amino acids. Human cathepsin X has broad S2, S1, and S1' specificities within two orders of magnitude in k(cat)/K(M), excluding proline that is not tolerated at these subsites. Glycine is not favored in S2, but is among the preferred residues in S1 and S1', which highlights S2 as the affinity-determinant subsite. The presence of peculiar residues at several binding site positions (Asp76, His234, Asn75, and Glu72) does not translate into a markedly different sequence specificity profile relative to other human cathepsins. These findings suggest that a specific function of human cathepsin X is unlikely to result from sequence specificity, but rather from a combination of its unique positional specificity and the co-localization of enzyme and substrate in a specific cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Devanathan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Zhao XF, Wang JX, Li FX, Sueda S, Kondo H. Analysis of Substrate Specificity and Endopeptidyl Activities of the Cathepsin B-like Proteinase from Helicoverpa armigera. Protein J 2005; 24:219-25. [PMID: 16283544 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-005-6714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cathepsin B-like proteinase from Helicoverpa armigera (HCB) is involved in the degradation of yolk proteins during embryonic development. In order to gain insight into the substrate specificity of this proteinase, various proteins from animals and plants were tested as substrates. The specific cleavage sites of this enzyme on endopeptide bonds were assayed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a substrate. Results showed that BSA was degraded into several fragments, which suggests that HCB cleaves BSA at specific endopeptidyl sites. The amino acid sequences of the BSA derived peptides were determined, revealing cleavage of the bonds between residues Arg81-Glu82, Val423-Glu424 and Gly430-Lys431. This suggests that the minimum requirement for a scissile bond to be recognized by HCB is the presence of an ionic amino acid at the P1 ' position and the P1 position can vary. These observations suggest that HCB cleaves bonds at the N-terminal side of ionic amino acid residues giving HCB a wide range of substrates, though other factors dictating the substrate specificity of this enzyme remains to be clarified. Our results provide new evidence that HCB functions as an endopeptidase on some proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Judice WAS, Puzer L, Cotrin SS, Carmona AK, Coombs GH, Juliano L, Juliano MA. Carboxydipeptidase activities of recombinant cysteine peptidases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1046-53. [PMID: 15009216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant cysteine peptidases, cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi and CPB2.8DeltaCTE from Leishmania mexicana, are cathepsin L-like and characteristically endopeptidases. In this study, we characterized the carboxydipeptidase activities of these enzymes and compared them with those of human recombinant cathepsin B and cathepsin L. The analysis used the internally quenched fluorescent peptide Abz-FRFK*-OH and some of its analogues, where Abz is ortho-aminobenzoic acid and K* is (2,4-dinitrophenyl)-epsilon-NH2-lysine. These peptides were demonstrated to be very sensitive substrates, due to the strong quenching effect of K* on the fluorescence of the Abz group. The carboxydipeptidase activity of cruzain was shown to be very similar to that of cathepsin B, while that of CPB2.8DeltaCTE is closer to the carboxydipeptidase activity of cathepsin L. The S2 subsite architecture of cruzain and the nature of the amino acid at the P2 position of the substrates determine its carboxydipeptidase activity and gives further and direct support to the notion that the carboxydipeptidase activity of the papain family cysteine peptidases rely on the S2-P2 interaction [Nägler D. K., Tam, W., Storer, A.C., Krupa, J.C., Mort, J.S. & Menard, R. (1999) Biochemistry38, 4868-4874]. Cruzain and CPB2.8DeltaCTE presented a broad pH-range for both the endo- and exo-peptidase activities, although the later is approximately one order of magnitude lower. This feature, that is not common in related mammalian cysteine peptidases, is consistent with the enzymes being exposed to different environmental conditions and having different locations during parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner A S Judice
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
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Alves MFM, Puzer L, Cotrin SS, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Brömme D, Carmona AK. S3 to S3' subsite specificity of recombinant human cathepsin K and development of selective internally quenched fluorescent substrates. Biochem J 2003; 373:981-6. [PMID: 12733990 PMCID: PMC1223542 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Revised: 05/02/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have systematically examined the S3 to S3' subsite substrate specificity requirements of cathepsin K using internally quenched fluorescent peptides derived from the lead sequence Abz-KLRFSKQ-EDDnp [where Abz is o -aminobenzoic acid and EDDnp is N -(2,4-dinitrophenyl)ethylenediamine]. We assayed six series of peptides, in which each position except Gln was substituted with various natural amino acids. The results indicated that the S3-S1 subsite requirements are more restricted than those of S1'-S3'. Cathepsin K preferentially accommodates hydrophobic amino acids with aliphatic side chains (Leu, Ile and Val) in the S2 site. Modifications at P1 residues also have a large influence on cathepsin K activity. Positively charged residues (Arg and Lys) represent the best accepted amino acids in this position, although a particular preference for Gly was found as well. Subsite S3 accepted preferentially basic amino acids such as Lys and Arg. A broad range of amino acids was accommodated in the remaining subsites. We further explored the acceptance of a Pro residue in the P2 position by cathepsin K in order to develop specific substrates for the enzyme. Two series of peptides with the general sequences Abz-KXPGSKQ-EDDnp and Abz-KPXGSKQ-EDDnp (where X denotes the position of the amino acid that is altered) were synthesized. The substrates Abz-KPRGSKQ-EDDnp and Abz-KKPGSKQ-EDDnp were cleaved by cathepsin K at the Arg-Gly and Gly-Ser bonds respectively, and have been shown to be specific for cathepsin K when compared with other lysosomal cysteine proteases such as cathepsins L and B and with the aspartyl protease cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio F M Alves
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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