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Carvalho DB, das Neves AR, Portapilla GB, Soares O, Santos LBB, Oliveira JRS, Vianna LS, Judice WAS, Cardoso IA, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Lopes NP, de Albuquerque S, Baroni ACM. Repurposing of 5‐nitrofuran‐3,5‐disubstituted isoxazoles: A thriving scaffold to antitrypanosomal agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 356:e2200472. [PMID: 36534890 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The two drugs used in the treatment schedules exhibit adverse effects and severe toxicity. Thus, searching for new antitrypanosomal agents is urgent to provide improved treatments to those affected by this disease. 5-Nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs were synthesized by cycloaddition reactions [3+2] between chloro-oximes and acetylenes in satisfactory yields. We analyzed the structure-activity relationship of the analogs based on Hammett's and Hansch's parameters. The 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs exhibited relevant in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against the amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Analog 7s was the trending hit of the series, showing an IC50 value of 40 nM and a selectivity index of 132.50. A possible explanation for this result may be the presence of an electrophile near the isoxazole core. Moreover, the most active analogs proved to act as an in vitro substrate of type I nitroreductase rather than the cruzain, enzymes commonly investigated in molecular target studies of CD drug discovery. These findings suggest that 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs are promising in the studies of agents for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Amarith R. das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Gisele B. Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ozildeia Soares
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Larissa B. B. Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Jefferson R. S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Luan S. Vianna
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Wagner A. S. Judice
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Iara A. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - M. Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriano C. M. Baroni
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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2
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Buri MV, Sperandio LP, de Souza KFS, Antunes F, Rezende MM, Melo CM, Pinhal MAS, Barros CC, Fernig DG, Yates EA, Ide JS, Smaili SS, Riske KA, Nader HB, Luis Dos Santos Tersariol I, Lima MA, Judice WAS, Miranda A, Paredes-Gamero EJ. Endocytosis and the Participation of Glycosaminoglycans Are Important to the Mechanism of Cell Death Induced by β-Hairpin Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:6488-6501. [PMID: 35006908 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic mode of action of four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (gomesin, tachyplesin, protegrin, and polyphemusin) against a HeLa cell tumor model is discussed. A study of cell death by AMP stimulation revealed some similarities, including annexin-V externalization, reduction of mitochondrial potential, insensitivity against inhibitors of cell death, and membrane permeabilization. Evaluation of signaling proteins and gene expression that control cell death revealed wide variation in the responses to AMPs. However, the ability to cross cell membranes emerged as an important characteristic of AMP-dependent cell death, where endocytosis mediated by dynamin is a common mechanism. Furthermore, the affinity between AMPs and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and GAG participation in the cytotoxicity of AMPs were verified. The results show that, despite their primary and secondary structure homology, these peptides present different modes of action, but endocytosis and GAG participation are an important and common mechanism of cytotoxicity for β-hairpin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Buri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Paulino Sperandio
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi Das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi Das Cruzes 08780-911, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamylla F S de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Mastelaro Rezende
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A S Pinhal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina Do ABC, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Barros
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro, No1, Pelotas 96010-610, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, United States
| | - Soraya S Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner A S Judice
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi Das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi Das Cruzes 08780-911, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, São Paulo 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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3
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de Novais LMR, de Arueira CCO, Ferreira LF, Ribeiro TAN, Sousa PT, Jacinto MJ, de Carvalho MG, Judice WAS, Jesus LOP, de Souza AA, Torquato HFV, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Silva VC. 4'-Hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-3-methoxyflavone: A novel flavonoid from Dulacia egleri with potential inhibitory activity against cathepsins B and L. Fitoterapia 2018; 132:26-29. [PMID: 30114470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new flavone, 4'-hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-3-methoxyflavone 1, and two other nucleosides, ribavirin 2 and adenosine 3, were isolated from the leaves of Dulacia egleri. The nucleosides were identified by spectroscopic techniques (1D, 2D-NMR) while the structure of the flavonoid was established by 1D, 2D-NMR analysis, including HRESIMS data. The results obtained in the biological assays showed that the compound 1 was able to inhibit cathepsins B and L with IC50 of 14.88 ± 0.18 μM and 3.19 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. The mechanism of inhibition for both enzymes were determined showing to be competitive at cathepsin B with Ki = 12.8 ± 0.6 μM and non-linear non-competitive with positive cooperativity inhibition at cathepsin L with Ki = 322 ± 33 μM, αKi = 133 ± 15 μM, βKi = 5.14 ± 0.41 μM and γKi = 13.2 ± 13 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leice M R de Novais
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz F Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Tereza A N Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Paulo T Sousa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Jacinto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Mário G de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner A S Judice
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa O P Jesus
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline A de Souza
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Heron F V Torquato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Campus São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Virginia C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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Izidoro MA, Gouvea IE, Santos JAN, Assis DM, Oliveira V, Judice WAS, Juliano MA, Lindberg I, Juliano L. A study of human furin specificity using synthetic peptides derived from natural substrates, and effects of potassium ions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 487:105-14. [PMID: 19477160 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We explored furin substrate requirements in addition to the motif R-X-K/R-R using synthetic fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) decapeptides. These decapeptides were derived from furin cleavage sites in viral coat glycoproteins and human and bacterial protein precursors. The hydrolysis by furin of most substrate was activated by K(+) ion, whereas kosmotropic anions of the Hofmeister series were inhibitors. The analysis of furin hydrolytic activity showed that its efficiency is highly dependent on the particular combinations of amino acids at different substrate positions. There is a clear interdependence of furin subsites that must be taken in account in determining its specificity and also for the design of inhibitors. However, clear preferences were detected for substrates with S at P(1)', and V at P(2)', at P(3)' the amino acids D, S, L and A are almost equally frequent. In the non-prime subsites the best substrates presented S and H at P(6); basic amino acids at P(5); and no clear tendency at P(3). Interestingly, two amino acid substitutions on the prime side of the peptide derived from H5N1 influenza hemagglutinin furin processing site highly improved its hydrolysis. These modifications are possible by single point mutations, suggesting a potential yield of a more infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Izidoro
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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Gouvea IE, Izidoro MA, Judice WAS, Cezari MHS, Caliendo G, Santagada V, dos Santos CND, Queiroz MH, Juliano MA, Young PR, Fairlie DP, Juliano L. Substrate specificity of recombinant dengue 2 virus NS2B-NS3 protease: Influence of natural and unnatural basic amino acids on hydrolysis of synthetic fluorescent substrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 457:187-96. [PMID: 17184724 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant dengue 2 virus NS2B-NS3 protease (NS means non-structural virus protein) was compared with human furin for the capacity to process short peptide substrates corresponding to seven native substrate cleavage sites in the dengue viral polyprotein. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides to measure kinetics, the processing of these substrates was found to be selective for the Dengue protease. Substrates containing two or three basic amino acids (Arg or Lys) in tandem were found to be the best, with Abz-AKRRSQ-EDDnp being the most efficiently cleaved. The hydrolysis of dipeptide substrates Bz-X-Arg-MCA where X is a non-natural basic amino acid were also kinetically examined, the best substrates containing aliphatic basic amino acids. Our results indicated that proteolytic processing by dengue NS3 protease, tethered to its activating NS2B co-factor, was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and kosmotropic salts of the Hofmeister's series, and significantly influenced by substrate modifications between S4 and S6'. Incorporation of basic non-natural amino acids in short peptide substrates had significant but differential effects on Km and k(cat), suggesting that further dissection of their influences on substrate affinity might enable the development of effective dengue protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Gouvea
- Departmento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100 - São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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6
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Gouvea IE, Judice WAS, Cezari MHS, Juliano MA, Juhász T, Szeltner Z, Polgár L, Juliano L. Kosmotropic salt activation and substrate specificity of poliovirus protease 3C. Biochemistry 2006; 45:12083-9. [PMID: 17002308 DOI: 10.1021/bi060793n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviruses produce a large polyprotein, which is cleaved by virally encoded cysteine peptidases, picornain-2A and -3C. Picornain-3C has characteristics of both the serine peptidase chymotrypsin and the cysteine peptidase papain in that the 3D structure resembles chymotrypsin, but its nucleophile is a cysteine SH rather than a serine OH group. We investigated the specificity of poliovirus picornain-3C (PV3C) protease and the influence of kosmotropic salts on catalytic activity, using FRET peptides related to a cleavable segment of the virus polyprotein. The peptidase activity of PV3C was found to be 100-fold higher in the presence of 1.5 M sodium citrate. This activation was anion-dependent, following the Hofmeister series citrate(3-) > SO4(2-) > HPO4(2-) > acetate- > HCO3(-) > Cl-. The activation appeared to be independent of substrate sequence and arose primarily from an increase in kcat. A shift to higher pH was also observed for the pK1 of the enzyme pH-activity profile. Experiments with the fluorescent probe ANS (1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate) showed that the protease bound the dye in the presence of 1 M sodium citrate but not in its absence or in the presence of 1 M NaCl. Structural changes in PV3C protease were detected using circular dichroism and the thermodynamic data indicated a more organized active site in the presence of sodium citrate. PV3C protease was also activated in D2O, which was added to the activation by citrate. These effects seem to be related to nonspecific interactions between the solvent and the protein. Our data show that the catalytic efficiency of PV3C protease is modulated by the composition of the environment and that this modulation may play a role in the optimal processing of polyprotein for the virus assembly that occurs inside specific vesicles formed in poliovirus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri E Gouvea
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Rua Três de Maio, 100-São Paulo, 04044-020, Brazil
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Judice WAS, Mottram JC, Coombs GH, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Specific negative charges in cysteine protease isoforms of Leishmaniamexicana are highly influential on the substrate binding and hydrolysis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 144:36-43. [PMID: 16125801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We focused on the importance of the electrostatic environment on the catalytic properties of the Leishmania mexicana CPB recombinant isoenzymes (rCPB2.8, rCPB3 and its mutant rH84Y), by investigating the influence of pH and NaCl on their hydrolytic activities. rCPB2.8 contains the residues Asn60, Asp61 and Asp64; rCPB3 presents the three variant residues Asp60, Asn61 and Ser64 and the mutant of the latter isoform, rH84Y, has a mutation on the outer loop residue (His84 to Tyr). Synthetic fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides, which contain different positive charge distribution in their sequences were used as substrates. The results show that hydrolytic efficiency is dependent of the positive charge distribution in the substrates and that NaCl activated rCPB2.8 and rCPB3 in acidic pH but inhibited them at pH higher than 5. The rate constants of substrate diffusion (k1), substrate dissociation (k-1), acylation (k2) and deacylation (k3) and the corresponding activation energies and entropies were derived. Significant differences in the kinetic rate constants (k) and entropies were found between the CPB isoforms, and the diffusion process seems to be the limiting step. The activation energy of denaturation (Ea-Den) and entropy of denaturation (DeltaSDen) of rCPB3 were higher than those for rCPB2.8, suggesting higher salvation and protein structure for rCPB3. Thus the findings suggest that the two CPB isoenzymes with a few negative charge modifications provide the parasite with an array of hydrolytic activity and enzymatic adaptation to pH, salinity and temperature that may be needed for its interaction with the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner A S Judice
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Tres de Maio 100, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
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Juliano MA, Brooks DR, Selzer PM, Pandolfo HL, Judice WAS, Juliano L, Meldal M, Sanderson SJ, Mottram JC, Coombs GH. Differences in substrate specificities between cysteine protease CPB isoforms of Leishmania mexicana are mediated by a few amino acid changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3704-14. [PMID: 15355348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The CPB genes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana encode stage-regulated cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases that are important virulence factors and are in a tandem array of 19 genes. In this study, we have compared the substrate preferences of two CPB isoforms, CPB2.8 and CPB3, and a H84Y mutant of the latter enzyme, to analyse the roles played by the few amino acid differences between the isoenzymes in determining substrate specificity. CPB3 differs from CPB2.8 at just three residues (N60D, D61N and D64S) in the mature domain. The H84Y mutation mimics an additional change present in another isoenzyme, CPB18. The active recombinant CPB isoenzymes and mutant were produced using Escherichia coli and the S1-S3 and S1'-S3' subsite specificities determined using a series of fluorogenic peptide derivatives in which substitutions were made on positions P3 to P3' by natural amino acids. Carboxydipeptidase activities of CPB3 and H84Y were also observed using the peptide Abz-FRAK(Dnp)-OH and some of its analogues. The kinetic parameters of hydrolysis by CPB3, H84Y and CPB2.8 of the synthetic substrates indicates that the specificity of S3 to S3' subsites is influenced greatly by the modifications at amino acids 60, 61, 64 and 84. Particularly noteworthy was the large preference for Pro in the P2' position for the hydrolytic activity of CPB3, which may be relevant to a role in the activation mechanism of the L. mexicana CPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The recombinant cysteine peptidases, cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi and CPB2.8DeltaCTE from Leishmania mexicana, are cathepsin L-like and characteristically endopeptidases. In this study, we characterized the carboxydipeptidase activities of these enzymes and compared them with those of human recombinant cathepsin B and cathepsin L. The analysis used the internally quenched fluorescent peptide Abz-FRFK*-OH and some of its analogues, where Abz is ortho-aminobenzoic acid and K* is (2,4-dinitrophenyl)-epsilon-NH2-lysine. These peptides were demonstrated to be very sensitive substrates, due to the strong quenching effect of K* on the fluorescence of the Abz group. The carboxydipeptidase activity of cruzain was shown to be very similar to that of cathepsin B, while that of CPB2.8DeltaCTE is closer to the carboxydipeptidase activity of cathepsin L. The S2 subsite architecture of cruzain and the nature of the amino acid at the P2 position of the substrates determine its carboxydipeptidase activity and gives further and direct support to the notion that the carboxydipeptidase activity of the papain family cysteine peptidases rely on the S2-P2 interaction [Nägler D. K., Tam, W., Storer, A.C., Krupa, J.C., Mort, J.S. & Menard, R. (1999) Biochemistry38, 4868-4874]. Cruzain and CPB2.8DeltaCTE presented a broad pH-range for both the endo- and exo-peptidase activities, although the later is approximately one order of magnitude lower. This feature, that is not common in related mammalian cysteine peptidases, is consistent with the enzymes being exposed to different environmental conditions and having different locations during parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner A S Judice
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
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