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Capolla S, Colombo F, De Maso L, Mauro P, Bertoncin P, Kähne T, Engler A, Núñez L, Spretz R, Larsen G, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G, Macor P. Surface antibody changes protein corona both in human and mouse serum but not final opsonization and elimination of targeted polymeric nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:376. [PMID: 37838659 PMCID: PMC10576379 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles represent one of the most important innovations in the medical field. Among nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) attracted much attention due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and capacity to increase efficacy and safety of encapsulated drugs. Another important improvement in the use of nanoparticles as delivery systems is the conjugation of a targeting agent that enables the nanoparticles to accumulate in a specific tissue. Despite these advantages, the clinical translation of therapeutic approaches based on nanoparticles is prevented by their interactions with blood proteins. In fact, the so-formed protein corona (PC) drastically alters the biological identity of the particles. Adsorbed activated proteins of the complement cascade play a pivotal role in the clearance of nanoparticles, making them more easily recognized by macrophages, leading to their rapid elimination from the bloodstream and limiting their efficacy. Since the mouse is the most used preclinical model for human disease, this work compared human and mouse PC formed on untargeted PNPs (uPNPs) and targeted PNPs (tPNPs), paying particular attention to complement activation. RESULTS Mouse and human serum proteins adsorbed differently to PNPs. The differences in the binding of mouse complement proteins are minimal, whereas human complement components strongly distinguish the two particles. This is probably due to the human origin of the Fc portion of the antibody used as targeting agent on tPNPs. tPNPs and uPNPs mainly activate complement via the classical and alternative pathways, respectively, but this pattern did not affect their binding and internalization in macrophages and only a limited consumption of the activity of the human complement system was documented. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly indicate the presence of complement proteins on PNPs surface but partially derived from an unspecific deposition rather than an effective complement activation. The presence of a targeting antibody favors the activation of the classical pathway, but its absence allows an increased activation of the alternative pathway. This results in similar opsonization of both PNPs and similar phagocytosis by macrophages, without an impairment of the activity of circulating complement system and, consequently, not enhancing the susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Capolla
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Federico Colombo
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri n. 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Luca De Maso
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri n. 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Prisca Mauro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri n. 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Paolo Bertoncin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri n. 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Exptl. Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Alexander Engler
- Institute of Exptl. Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Luis Núñez
- BioTarget Inc, Chicago, IL, USA
- Natural Science Department, Concordia University, 7400 Augusta St, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
- LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ruben Spretz
- BioTarget Inc, Chicago, IL, USA
- LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gustavo Larsen
- BioTarget Inc, Chicago, IL, USA
- LNK Chemsolutions LLC, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri n. 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy.
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Inhibition of the Classical Pathway of Complement Activation Impairs Bacterial Clearance during Enterococcus faecalis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00660-20. [PMID: 33593889 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00660-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis infections are considered a major public health concern worldwide. The complement system has a crucial role in the protection against different microbial pathogens, including E. faecalis Complement can be activated through three different pathways, including the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. There is limited information on the role of the classical pathway (CP) in protection against infections caused by E. faecalis In the present study, we generated Fab fragments that successfully block the CP in mouse via inhibition of a key enzyme, C1s-A. Our results showed that anti-C1s-A Fab fragments block CP-mediated C3b and C4b deposition in vitro We further showed that administration of anti-C1s-A Fab fragments significantly impairs the CP functional activity in vivo Moreover, treatment of mice infected with E. faecalis using anti-C1s-A Fab fragments significantly impairs bacterial clearance as determined from the viable bacterial counts recovered from blood, kidneys, spleens, livers, and lungs of infected mice. Overall, this study highlights the essential role of the CP in host defense against E. faecalis.
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3
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Liu Y, Li Z, Hao J, Chen H, Hou T, Hao H. Circular RNAs associated with a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis: preliminary screening and comprehensive functional analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2350-2362. [PMID: 32965791 PMCID: PMC7609805 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Without treatment, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) often leads to cirrhosis, liver failure and, in some cases, death. However, the pathogenesis of AIH remains incompletely understood. Here, we explored the relationship between differentially expressed circular RNAs (DECs) and development of AIH by obtaining an expression profile of DECs in a concanavalin A‐induced AIH mouse model by microarray. In total, we identified 27 DECs; the host genes of these DECs were annotated with 140 Gene Ontology terms and 19 pathways, revealing potential roles in the metabolism of cellular ions and regulation of protein expression, as well as possible involvement in endocytosis and apoptosis. We constructed a circular RNA–microRNA network that was used to infer that a mmu_circ_0001520/mmu‐miR‐193b‐3p/MAPK10 network may be associated with the occurrence of AIH. These findings may help lay the foundation for validation of the potential roles of circular RNAs in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhencheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jianheng Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tiezheng Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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4
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Xavier S, Sahu RK, Bontha SV, Mass V, Taylor RP, Megyesi J, Thielens NM, Portilla D. Complement C1r serine protease contributes to kidney fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1293-F1304. [PMID: 31509012 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00357.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that complement activation precedes the development of kidney fibrosis; however, little is known about the cellular mechanisms involved in this transition. We hypothesized that increased expression of C1 complex protease C1r, the initiator of complement activation, contributes to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tested this idea in mice with global deletion of C1r. Although expression of C1r in untreated wild-type (WT) mice was higher in the liver compared with kidney tissue, administration of folic acid (FA) led to upregulation of C1r mRNA and protein levels only in kidney tissue. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization experiments localized increased expression of C1r and C1s proteases to renal tubular epithelial cells. C1r-null mice had reduced acute tubular injury and inflammation measured 2 days after FA administration compared with WT mice. C1r deletion reduced expression of C1s, C3 fragment formation, and organ fibrosis measured 14 days after FA administration. Differential gene expression performed in kidney tissue demonstrated that C1r-null mice had reduced expression of genes associated with the acute phase response, complement, proliferation of connective tissue cells (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β), and reduced expression of genes associated with inflammation compared with FA-treated WT mice. In vitro experiments in renal epithelial cells demonstrated that C1s expression is dependent on increased C1r expression and that interferon-γ induces the expression of these two proteases. We conclude that increased expression of C1 complex proteases is associated with increased tissue inflammation and complement C3 formation and represents an important pathogenic mechanism leading to FA-mediated tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Xavier
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ranjit K Sahu
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- Methodist University of Tennessee Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Valeria Mass
- Methodist University of Tennessee Transplant Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Judit Megyesi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, L'Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Portilla
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia
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5
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Noman Reza MA, Mohapatra S, Shimizu S, Kitamura SI, Harakawa S, Kawakami H, Nakayama K, Sawayama E, Matsubara T, Ohta K, Chakraborty T. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of complement components in red sea bream (Pagrus major) after Edwardsiella tarda and red sea bream Iridovirus (RSIV) challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:286-295. [PMID: 30125707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in immune regulation and acts as the first line of defense against any pathogenic attack. To comprehend the red sea bream (Pagrus major) immune response, three complement genes, namely, pmC1r, pmMASP and pmC3, belonging to the classical, lectin and alternative complement cascade, respectively, were identified and characterized. pmC1r, pmMASP, and pmC3 were comprised of 2535, 3352, and 5735 base mRNA which encodes 732, 1029 and 1677 aa putative proteins, respectively. Phylogenetically, all the three studied genes clustered with their corresponding homologous clade. Tissue distribution and cellular localization data demonstrated a very high prevalence of all the three genes in the liver. Both bacterial and viral infection resulted in significant transcriptional alterations in all three genes in the liver with respect to their vehicle control counterparts. Specifically, bacterial challenge affected the pmMASP and pmC3 expression, while the viral infection resulted in pmC1r and pmC3 mRNA activation. Altogether, our data demonstrate the ability of pmC1r, pmMASP and pmC3 in bringing about an immune response against any pathogenic encroachment, and thus activating, not only one, but all the three complement pathways, in red sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Noman Reza
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Sipra Mohapatra
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Sonoko Shimizu
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Harakawa
- Ehime Prefectural Fish Disease Control Center, Uwajima, 798-0087, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kawakami
- Ehime Prefectural Fish Disease Control Center, Uwajima, 798-0087, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eitaro Sawayama
- R&D Division, Marua Suisan Co., Ltd., 4472 Iwagi, Kamijima-cho, Ochi-gun, Ehime, 794-2410, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsubara
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tapas Chakraborty
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan-cho, Ehime, 798-4206, Japan.
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6
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Nilojan J, Bathige SDNK, Kugapreethan R, Yang H, Kim MJ, Nam BH, Lee J. Molecular features and the transcriptional and functional delineation of complement system activators C1r and C1s from Sebastes schlegelii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:279-290. [PMID: 29247723 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
C1r and C1s are serine proteases responsible for activating the classical complement pathway to initiate the complement cascade, which plays a crucial role in eliminating invading pathogenic microbes. In this study, cDNA sequences of C1r and C1s were identified from black rockfish and designated as SsC1r and SsC1s, respectively. In both sequences, two CUB domains, an EGF-like domain, two CCP domains, and a trypsin-like serine protease domain were identified. Multiple sequence alignments with known vertebrate homologs demonstrated that both sequences were highly conserved and, especially, the catalytic and substrate binding residues were completely conserved. In the constructed phylogenetic tree, C1r and C1s formed two separate clusters, which further branched into groups of related organisms. SsC1r and SsC1s joined with their respective teleostean clusters. Transcriptional analysis showed that the highest mRNA expression level was in the liver under normal physiological conditions. Significantly upregulated expression of both mRNAs in spleen and liver after pathologic stress, by intraperitoneal injection with different stimuli, suggested their vital role in immunity. The serine protease domains of SsC1r and SsC1s were cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed and purified. A protease assay, conducted to confirm their functionality, indicated that both recombinant proteins had proteolytic activity. Taken together, these results indicate that SsC1r and SsC1s have significant properties to aid in the immunity of black rockfish by activating the complement system by proteolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehanathan Nilojan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Roopasingam Kugapreethan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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7
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C1r/C1s deficiency is insufficient to induce murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2018; 20:121-130. [PMID: 29550838 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
C1s deficiency is strongly associated with the development of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the mechanisms by which C1s deficiency contributes to the development of SLE have not yet been elucidated in detail. Using ICR-derived-glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse strain that develops SLE and very weakly expresses C1s in the liver, we investigated the protective roles of C1s against SLE. A genetic sequence analysis revealed complete deletion of the C1s1 gene, a mouse homolog of the human C1s gene, with partial deletion of the C1ra and C1rb genes in the ICGN strain. This deletion led to the absence of C1r/C1s and a low level of C1q in the circulation. In order to investigate whether the C1r/C1s deficiency induces SLE, we produced a congenic mouse strain by introducing the deletion region of ICGN into the C57BL/6 strain. Congenic mice exhibited no C1r/C1s and a low level of C1q in the circulation, but did not have any autoimmune defects. These results suggest that C1r/C1s deficiency is not sufficient to drive murine SLE and also that other predisposing genes exist in ICGN mice.
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8
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Zhong X, Chen M, Ding M, Zhong M, Li B, Wang Y, Fu S, Yin X, Guo Z, Ye J. C1r and C1s from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Molecular characterization, transcriptional profiling upon bacterial and IFN-γ inductions and potential role in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:240-251. [PMID: 28882800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement components C1r and C1s play a vital role in immunity with the activation of C1 complex in the classical complement pathway against pathogen infection. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) C1r and C1s orthologs (OnC1r and OnC1s) were identified and characterized. The cDNA of OnC1r and OnC1s ORFs consisted of 1902 bp and 2100 bp of nucleotide sequence encoding polypeptides of 633 and 699 amino acids, respectively. The deduced OnC1r and OnC1s proteins both possessed CUB, EGF, CCP and SP domains, which were significantly homology to teleost. Spatial mRNA expression analysis revealed that the OnC1r and OnC1s were highly expressed in liver. After the in vivo challenges of Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the mRNA expressions of OnC1r and OnC1s were significantly up-regulated in liver and spleen, which were consistent with immunohistochemical detection at the protein level. The up-regulation of OnC1r and OnC1s expressions were also demonstrated in head kidney monocytes/macrophages in vitro stimulated with LPS, S. agalactiae, and recombinant OnIFN-γ. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that OnC1r and OnC1s were likely to get involved in the immune response of Nile tilapia against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Mingmei Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Meiqi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, PR China.
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9
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Godahewa GI, Bathige SDNK, Herath HMLPB, Noh JK, Lee J. Characterization of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) complement components C1r and C1s in terms of molecular aspects, genomic modulation, and immune responsive transcriptional profiles following bacterial and viral pathogen exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:656-668. [PMID: 26241508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement components C1r and C1s play a crucial role in innate immunity via activation of the classical complement cascade system. As initiators of the pathogen-induced signaling cascade, C1r and C1s modulate innate immunity. In order to understand the immune responses of teleost C1r and C1s, Oplegnathus fasciatus C1r and C1s genes (OfC1r and OfC1s) were identified and characterized. The genomic sequence of OfC1r was enclosed with thirteen exons that represented a putative peptide with 704 amino acids (aa), whereas eleven exons of OfC1s represented a 691 aa polypeptide. In addition, genomic analysis revealed that both OfC1r and OfC1s were located on a single chromosome. These putative polypeptides were composed of two CUB domains, an EGF domain, two CCP domains, and a catalytically active serine protease domain. Phylogenetic analysis of C1r and C1s showed that OfC1r and OfC1s were evolutionary close to the orthologs of Pundamilia nyererei (identity = 73.4%) and Oryzias latipes (identity = 58.0%), respectively. Based on the results of quantitative real-time qPCR analysis, OfC1r and OfC1s transcripts were detected in all the eleven different tissues, with higher levels of OfC1r in blood and OfC1s in liver. The putative roles of OfC1r and OfC1s in response to pathogenic bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae) and virus (rock bream iridovirus, RBIV) were investigated in liver and head kidney tissues. The transcription of OfC1r and OfC1s was found to be significantly upregulated in response to pathogenic bacterial and viral infections. Overall findings of the present study demonstrate the potential immune responses of OfC1r and OfC1s against invading microbial pathogens and the activation of classical signaling cascade in rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Soeding PE, Royse CF, Wright CE, Royse AG, Angus JA. Inoprotection: the perioperative role of levosimendan. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008; 35:845-62. [PMID: 18084975 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0703500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Levosimendan is emerging as a novel cardioprotective inotrope. Levosimendan augments myocardial contractility by sensitising contractile myofilaments to calcium without increasing myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity or oxygen consumption. Levosimendan activates cellular adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels, a mechanism which is postulated to protect cells from ischaemia in a manner similar to ischaemic preconditioning. Levosimendan may therefore protect the ischaemic myocardium during ischaemia-reperfusion as well as improve the contractile function of the heart. Adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel activation by levosimendan may also be protective in other tissues, such as coronary vascular endothelium, kidney and brain. Clinical trials in patients with decompensated heart failure and myocardial ischaemia show levosimendan to improve haemodynamic performance and potentially improve survival. This paper reviews the known pharmacology of levosimendan, the clinical experience with the drug to date and the potential use of levosimendan as a cardioprotective agent during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Soeding
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Byun SJ, Jeon IS, Lee H, Kim TY. IFN-gamma upregulates expression of the mouse complement C1rA gene in keratinocytes via IFN-regulatory factor-1. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1187-96. [PMID: 17159910 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of the mouse complement component C1rA (mC1rA) in IFN-gamma-stimulated mouse keratinocytes (Pam 212) and found that it was upregulated. To analyze the mechanism involved, we cloned the 2,150 bp 5'-flanking region of mC1rA by the vectorette-PCR technique, and identified the transcription start site of mC1rA by rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends. Analysis of the 5' sequence revealed putative binding sites for activator protein 1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), IFN-regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), and others. We detected transcriptional activation dependent on this upstream region in reporter gene assays and Northern blots. To identify the cis-acting regulatory elements involved, we analyzed serial deletion constructs of the promoter using luciferase reporters. The -80 to -19 bp region, which contains a putative IRF-1 binding site, was required for both basal promoter activity and responses to IFN-gamma. The use of site-directed point mutations, electrophoresis mobility shift assays, and supershift assays indicated that the putative IRF-1 binding site was essential for both IFN-gamma-dependent and -independent transcriptional activity of the mC1rA promoter. We conclude that IFN-gamma stimulates mC1rA gene expression via IRF-1 in mouse keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung June Byun
- National Livestock Research Institute, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Suwon, South Korea
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12
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Song L, Takamune K, Sugawara Y, Fujii T. cDNA cloning of a mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP) gene from hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Zoolog Sci 2006; 22:897-904. [PMID: 16141703 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hagfish, agnathan cyclostome, is the most primitive extant vertebrate and its complement (C) system seems to be a primordial system in comparison with a well-developed C system in gnathostome vertebrates. From a phylogenic perspective of defense mechanisms, we have isolated complement C3 from the serum of hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). In this study, we first attempted to identify a hagfish Bf or C2 as a C3 convertase by RT-PCR using degenerative primers designed on the basis of the conserved amino acid stretches among the several kinds of serine proteases. Contrary to our expectation, homology search of cloned RT-PCR product suggested that there was a partial cDNA encoding the homologue of neither Bf nor C2 but a mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP). Analyses of a full-length cDNA clone isolated from a hagfish liver cDNA library by using the partial cDNA as a probe indicated that this cDNA encoded hagfish MASP 1. This evidence strongly suggests that the hagfish defends itself against pathogens at least by the complement system composed of lectin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Song
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Ujina-Higashi, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
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Ligoudistianou C, Xu Y, Garnier G, Circolo A, Volanakis J. A novel human complement-related protein, C1r-like protease (C1r-LP), specifically cleaves pro-C1s. Biochem J 2005; 387:165-73. [PMID: 15527420 PMCID: PMC1134944 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the human genome sequence allowed us to identify a human complement-related, C1r-like protease gene (c1r-LP) located 2 kb centromeric of the C1r gene (c1r). Compared with c1r, c1r-LP carries a large deletion corresponding to exons 4-8 of c1r. The open reading frame of the C1r-LP cDNA predicts a 50 kDa modular protein displaying 52% amino acid residue identity with the corresponding regions of C1r and 75% identity with a previously described murine C1r-LP. The serine protease domain of C1r-LP, despite an overall similarity with the AGY group of complement serine proteases, has certain structural features characteristic of C2 and factor B, thus raising interesting evolutionary questions. Northern blotting demonstrated the expression of C1r-LP mRNA mainly in the liver and ELISA demonstrated the presence of the protein in human serum at a concentration of 5.5+/-0.9 microg/ml. Immunoprecipitation experiments failed to demonstrate an association of C1r-LP with the C1 complex in serum. Recombinant C1r-LP exhibits esterolytic activity against peptide thioesters with arginine at the P1 position, but its catalytic efficiency (kcat/K(m)) is lower than that of C1r and C1s. The enzymic activity of C1r-LP is inhibited by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and also by C1 inhibitor, which forms stable complexes with the protease. Most importantly, C1r-LP also expresses proteolytic activity, cleaving pro-C1s into two fragments of sizes identical with those of the two chains of active C1s. Thus C1r-LP may provide a novel means for the formation of the classical pathway C3/C5 convertase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ligoudistianou
- *Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, 34 Al. Fleming Street, 166 72 Vari, Greece
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- †Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, U.S.A
| | - Gerard Garnier
- *Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, 34 Al. Fleming Street, 166 72 Vari, Greece
| | - Antonella Circolo
- *Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, 34 Al. Fleming Street, 166 72 Vari, Greece
| | - John E. Volanakis
- *Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, 34 Al. Fleming Street, 166 72 Vari, Greece
- †Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (email )
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Baalasubramanian S, Harris CL, Donev RM, Mizuno M, Omidvar N, Song WC, Morgan BP. CD59a is the primary regulator of membrane attack complex assembly in the mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3684-92. [PMID: 15356114 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene-deleted mice have provided a potent tool in efforts to understand the roles of complement and complement-regulating proteins in vivo. In particular, mice deficient in the membrane regulators complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y, decay-accelerating factor, or CD59 have demonstrated homeostatic relevance and backcrossing between the strains has revealed cooperativity in regulation. In mouse, genes encoding decay-accelerating factor and CD59 have been duplicated and show differential expression in tissues, complicating interpretation and extrapolation of findings to man. The first described form of CD59, CD59a, is broadly distributed and deletion of the cd59a gene causes a mild hemolytic phenotype with increased susceptibility in complement-mediated disease models. The distribution of the second form, CD59b, was originally described as testis specific, but later by some as widespread. Deletion of the cd59b gene caused a severe hemolytic and thrombotic phenotype. To apply data from these mouse models to man it is essential to know the relative distribution and functional roles of these two forms of CD59. We have generated new specific reagents and used them in sensitive quantitative analyses to comprehensively characterize expression of mRNA and protein and functional roles of CD59a and CD59b in wild-type (wt) and CD59a-negative mice. cd59b mRNA was detected only in testis and, at very low levels, in bone marrow. CD59b protein was present on mature spermatozoa and precursors and, in trace amounts, erythrocytes. Erythrocyte CD59b did not inhibit complement lysis except when CD59a was absent or blocked. These data confirm that CD59a is the primary regulator of complement membrane attack in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Baalasubramanian
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Puente XS, López-Otín C. A genomic analysis of rat proteases and protease inhibitors. Genome Res 2004; 14:609-22. [PMID: 15060002 PMCID: PMC383305 DOI: 10.1101/gr.1946304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteases perform important roles in multiple biological and pathological processes. The availability of the rat genome sequence has facilitated the analysis of the complete protease repertoire or degradome of this model organism. The rat degradome consists of at least 626 proteases and homologs, which are distributed into 24 aspartic, 160 cysteine, 192 metallo, 221 serine, and 29 threonine proteases. This distribution is similar to that of the mouse degradome but is more complex than that of the human degradome composed of 561 proteases and homologs. This increased complexity of rat proteases mainly derives from the expansion of several families, including placental cathepsins, testases, kallikreins, and hematopoietic serine proteases, involved in reproductive or immunological functions. These protease families have also evolved differently in rat and mouse and may contribute to explain some functional differences between these closely related species. Likewise, genomic analysis of rat protease inhibitors has shown some differences with mouse protease inhibitors and the expansion of families of cysteine and serine protease inhibitors in rodents with respect to human. These comparative analyses may provide new views on the functional diversity of proteases and inhibitors and contribute to the development of innovative strategies for treating proteolysis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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Puente XS, Sánchez LM, Overall CM, López-Otín C. Human and mouse proteases: a comparative genomic approach. Nat Rev Genet 2003; 4:544-58. [PMID: 12838346 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The availability of the human and mouse genome sequences has allowed the identification and comparison of their respective degradomes--the complete repertoire of proteases that are produced by these organisms. Because of the essential roles of proteolytic enzymes in the control of cell behaviour, survival and death, degradome analysis provides a useful framework for the global exploration of these protease-mediated functions in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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