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Oblozinský M, Pekárová M, Hoffman P, Bezáková L. New pharmaceutical insights related to the pathways of PUFAs. Ceska Slov Farm 2012; 61:139-143. [PMID: 23251954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acyl structure represents the major lipid building block of practically all lipids and therefore is one of the most fundamental categories of these molecules. Fatty acids (FAs) differ particularly in their chain length, number of double bonds and position of the bonds in the chain. The number of double bonds in the unsaturated molecule of FA distinguishes monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). In the living cell PUFAs represent the dominant substrates for the formation of biologically active compounds--octadecanoids, eicosanoids and docosanoids--classified as oxylipins or as PUFAnoids. The present review focuses only on the groups of PUFAnoids which biological activities comprise a "positive effect" for the cell. This group of omega-3 PUFAnoids consists of lipoxins, resolvins and protectins. All these biologically active lipids are formed mainly in the LOX-pathway. They are part of the cell mechanisms that contribute to the removal of inflammatory cells and restoration of tissue integrity. A new approach to an optimal anti-inflammatory model shows orientation to the dual COX/LOX-inhibition and the stimulation of the protective eicosanoids and docosanoids formation and its considerable therapeutic potential in managing of molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Oblozinský
- Katedra bunkovej a molekulárnej biológie lieciv, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Farmaceutická fakulta, Kalinciakova 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovenská republika.
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Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Ohkawa Y, Tokuda N, Tajima O, Furukawa K. [Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of nervous systems with glycosphingolipids]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:169-178. [PMID: 21516682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Qin X, Hu W, Song W, Blair P, Wu G, Hu X, Song Y, Bauer S, Feelisch M, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J, Halperin JA. Balancing role of nitric oxide in complement-mediated activation of platelets from mCd59a and mCd59b double-knockout mice. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:221-7. [PMID: 19229985 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD59 is a membrane protein inhibitor of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement. mCd59 knockout mice reportedly exhibit hemolytic anemia and platelet activation. This phenotype is comparable to the human hemolytic anemia known as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), in which platelet activation and thrombosis play a critical pathogenic role. It has long been suspected but not formally demonstrated that both complement and nitric oxide (NO) contribute to PNH thrombosis. Using mCd59a and mCd59b double knockout mice (mCd59ab(-/-) mice) in complement sufficient (C3(+/+)) and deficient (C3(-/-)) backgrounds, we document that mCd59ab(-/-) platelets are sensitive to complement-mediated activation and provide evidence for possible in vivo platelet activation in mCd59ab(-/-) mice. Using a combination of L-NAME (a NO-synthase inhibitor) and NOC-18 or SNAP (NO-donors), we further demonstrate that NO regulates complement-mediated activation of platelets. These results indicate that the thrombotic diathesis of PNH patients could be due to a combination of increased complement-mediated platelet activation and reduced NO-bioavailability as a consequence of hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Qin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Li JM, Gao MH, Zhang B. [Inhibition of mutant CD59 protein on proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells]. Ai Zheng 2009; 28:379-383. [PMID: 19622297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Overexpression of CD59 is found in a variety of solid tumor cells, which is related to the uncontrolled cell growth of tumors and malignant transformation. This study was to investigate the anti-complement capacity of mutant CD59 (at the W40 site), and its inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell line A2780 in combination with lip polysaccharide (LPS). METHODS The pIRES-WTCD59 plasmid and the pIRES-M1CD59 plasmid were transfected into A2780 cells. Stable expression clones were selected by G418. CD59 gene and protein were successfully expressed in A2780 cells. The anti-complement capacity of wide-type CD59 and mutant CD59, and the effect of combination treatment with mutant CD59 protein and LPS on A2780 cells were both detected by MTT assay. RESULTS Stable expressions of wild type and mutant CD59 were established in A2780 cells. Mutant CD59 lost its inhibition of human complements compared with wide-type CD59 (P<0.05), but this was not significantly different compared with the control group. After incubation with 5 mg/L LPS for half an hour, the inhibition rates were (26.9+/-2.95)%, (36.3+/-4.87)%, (29.6+/-3.16)% in A2780 cells transfected with wide-type CD59, mutant CD59, and without transfection respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The W40 site is important to the activity of human CD59 protein. Inhibition of the W40 site may be a potential method to increase the complement capacity and promote the anti-proliferation activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China
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Ramaglia V, King RHM, Morgan BP, Baas F. Deficiency of the complement regulator CD59a exacerbates Wallerian degeneration. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1892-6. [PMID: 19246097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is implicated in Wallerian degeneration (WD). We have previously shown that the membrane attack complex (MAC), the terminal activation product of the complement cascade, mediates rapid axonal degradation and myelin clearance during WD after peripheral nerve injury. In this study we analyzed the contribution of CD59a, a cell membrane negative regulator of the MAC, to WD. Following injury, the level of MAC deposition was higher in the CD59a deficient mice than wildtypes whereas the residual axonal content was lower in CD59a deficient mice than wildtypes, strongly implicating MAC as a determinant of axonal damage during WD. The number of endoneurial macrophages was significantly higher in CD59a deficient mice compared to wildtypes at 1 day post-injury. These findings are relevant to the understanding of the mechanisms of axon loss in injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramaglia
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Qin X, Hu W, Song W, Grubissich L, Hu X, Wu G, Ferris S, Dobarro M, Halperin JA. Generation and phenotyping of mCd59a and mCd59b double-knockout mice. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:65-70. [PMID: 19051264 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CD59 is a membrane protein inhibitor of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement. Humans express only one, whereas mice express two CD59 genes. We previously reported the targeted deletion of the mCd59b gene in which absence of mCd59b together with an unintended down regulation of mCd59a caused hemolytic anemia with spontaneous platelet activation. To confirm the complement role in the hemolytic anemia caused by abrogation of mCd59 function, we have developed a mCd59a and mCd59b double knock out mice and analyzed its phenotype in complement sufficient and deficient (C3(-/-)). We report here that total abrogation of mCd59 function in mCd59ab(-/-) mice results in complement-mediated hemolytic anemia that is rescued by the deficiency of C3 in compound mCd59ab(-/-)/C3(-/-) mice.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/immunology
- Animals
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- CD59 Antigens/physiology
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Complement C3/deficiency
- Complement C3/genetics
- Complement C3/physiology
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/physiology
- Complement Pathway, Classical
- Crosses, Genetic
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genotype
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout/genetics
- Oligospermia/genetics
- Oligospermia/immunology
- Phenotype
- Platelet Activation
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Qin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Active resolution of acute inflammation is a previously unrecognized interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Once thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now shown to involve active biochemical programmes that enable inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. This Review presents new cellular and molecular mechanisms for the resolution of inflammation, revealing key roles for eicosanoids, such as lipoxins, and recently discovered families of endogenous chemical mediators, termed resolvins and protectins. These mediators have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, thereby protecting organs from collateral damage, stimulating the clearance of inflammatory debris and promoting mucosal antimicrobial defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The complement regulatory protein CD59 controls cell survival by the inhibition of C5b-9 formation on the cell membrane. Loss of CD59 increases the susceptibility of cells to complement-mediated damage and lysis. Deposition of IgM can induce complement activation with subsequent cell death. We have previously demonstrated the presence of CD59 on human NT2-N neurons. In this study, we investigated the functional role of CD59 for NT2-N cell survival after IgM-mediated complement activation. Complement activation was induced on NT2-N neurons with human serum following incubation with the IgM monoclonal antibody A2B5 reacting with a neuronal cell membrane epitope. Deposition of C1q and C5b-9 was detected on the cell membrane and sC5b-9 in the culture supernatant. Specific inhibition of complement was obtained by the C3 inhibitor compstatin, and by anti-C5/C5a MoAb. CD59 was blocked by the MoAb BRIC 229. Membrane damage of propidium iodide-stained NT2-N cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and degeneration of neuronal processes was shown with crystal violet staining. A2B5, but not the irrelevant control IgM antibody, induced complement activation on NT2-N neurons after incubation with a human serum, as detected by the deposition of C1q. A marked membrane deposition of C5b-9 on NT2-N neurons with accompanying cell death and axonal degeneration was found after the blocking of CD59 with MoAb BRIC 229 but not with an isotype-matched control antibody. Compstatin and anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies which blocked C5 activation efficiently inhibited complement activation. In conclusion, CD59 is essential for protecting human NT2-N neurons against complement-mediated damage, which is known to occur in a number of clinical conditions including stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Pedersen
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet HF, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Suzuki KGN, Fujiwara TK, Sanematsu F, Iino R, Edidin M, Kusumi A. GPI-anchored receptor clusters transiently recruit Lyn and G alpha for temporary cluster immobilization and Lyn activation: single-molecule tracking study 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:717-30. [PMID: 17517964 PMCID: PMC2064216 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptors (GPI-ARs) have been investigated by tracking single molecules in living cells. Upon the engagement or colloidal gold–induced cross-linking of CD59 (and other GPI-ARs) at physiological levels, CD59 clusters containing three to nine CD59 molecules were formed, and single molecules of Gαi2 or Lyn (GFP conjugates) exhibited the frequent but transient (133 and 200 ms, respectively) recruitment to CD59 clusters, via both protein–protein and lipid–lipid (raft) interactions. Each CD59 cluster undergoes alternating periods of actin-dependent temporary immobilization (0.57-s lifetime; stimulation-induced temporary arrest of lateral diffusion [STALL], inducing IP3 production) and slow diffusion (1.2 s). STALL of a CD59 cluster was induced right after the recruitment of Gαi2. Because both Gαi2 and Lyn are required for the STALL, and because Lyn is constitutively recruited to CD59 clusters, the STALL of CD59 clusters is likely induced by the Gαi2 binding to, and its subsequent activation of, Lyn within the same CD59 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Membrane Mechanisms Project, International Cooperative Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Suzuki KGN, Fujiwara TK, Edidin M, Kusumi A. Dynamic recruitment of phospholipase C gamma at transiently immobilized GPI-anchored receptor clusters induces IP3-Ca2+ signaling: single-molecule tracking study 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:731-42. [PMID: 17517965 PMCID: PMC2064217 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clusters of CD59, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor (GPI-AR), with physiological sizes of approximately six CD59 molecules, recruit Gαi2 and Lyn via protein–protein and raft interactions. Lyn is activated probably by the Gαi2 binding in the same CD59 cluster, inducing the CD59 cluster's binding to F-actin, resulting in its immobilization, termed stimulation-induced temporary arrest of lateral diffusion (STALL; with a 0.57-s lifetime, occurring approximately every 2 s). Simultaneous single-molecule tracking of GFP-PLCγ2 and CD59 clusters revealed that PLCγ2 molecules are transiently (median = 0.25 s) recruited from the cytoplasm exclusively at the CD59 clusters undergoing STALL, producing the IP3–Ca2+ signal. Therefore, we propose that the CD59 cluster in STALL may be a key, albeit transient, platform for transducing the extracellular GPI-AR signal to the intracellular IP3–Ca2+ signal, via PLCγ2 recruitment. The prolonged, analogue, bulk IP3–Ca2+ signal, which lasts for more than several minutes, is likely generated by the sum of the short-lived, digital-like IP3 bursts, each created by the transient recruitment of PLCγ2 molecules to STALLed CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Membrane Mechanisms Project, International Cooperative Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The complex balance between the pro-activating and regulatory influences of the complement system can affect the pathogenesis of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN). Key complement regulatory proteins include decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59, which inhibit C3 activation and C5b-9 generation, respectively. Both are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell membrane proteins, which are widely distributed in humans and mice. Chronic serum sickness induced by daily immunization with horse spleen apoferritin over 6 weeks was used to induce ICGN in DAF-, CD59- and DAF/CD59-deficient mice, with wild-type littermate mice serving as controls. Both DAF and DAF/CD59-deficient mice had an increased incidence of GN relative to wild-type controls associated with significantly increased glomerular C3 deposition. Disease expression in CD59-deficient mice was no different than wild-type controls. DAF- and DAF/CD59-deficient mice also had increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expression and glomerular infiltration with CD45(+) leukocytes. Our findings suggest that activation of C3 is strongly associated with experimental ICGN while downstream formation of C5b-9 is of lesser pathogenic importance in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Bao
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Bora NS, Kaliappan S, Jha P, Xu Q, Sivasankar B, Harris CL, Morgan BP, Bora PS. CD59, a complement regulatory protein, controls choroidal neovascularization in a mouse model of wet-type age-related macular degeneration. J Immunol 2007; 178:1783-90. [PMID: 17237428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that membrane attack complex (MAC) formation via the activation of the alternative pathway plays a central role in the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This study was undertaken to understand the role of a complement regulatory protein, CD59, which controls MAC assembly and function, in this model. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in C57BL/6 and Cd59a(-/-) mice using an argon laser. Animals from each group were sacrificed on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 postlaser. Retinal pigment epithelium-choroid-scleral tissue was examined to determine the incidence and size of CNV complex, and semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis for CD59a was studied. Recombinant soluble mouse CD59a-IgG2a fusion (rsCD59a-Fc) protein was injected via i.p. or intravitreal routes 24 h before laser. Our results demonstrated that CD59a (both mRNA and protein) was down-regulated during laser-induced CNV. Cd59a(-/-) mice developed CNV complex early in the disease process. Increased MAC deposition was also observed in these Cd59a(-/-) mice. Administration of rsCD59a-Fc inhibited the development of CNV complex in the mouse model by blocking MAC formation and also inhibited expression of angiogenic growth factors. These data provide strong evidence that CD59a plays a crucial role in regulating complement activation and MAC formation essential for the release of growth factors that drive the development of laser-induced CNV in mice. Thus, our results suggest that the inhibition of complement by soluble CD59 may provide a novel therapeutic alternative to current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is complex and varies to some extent based on the particular cause. Inflammation contributes to this pathophysiology in a variety of contexts. Inflammation can result in reduction in local blood flow to the outer medulla with adverse consequences on tubule function and viability. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are important contributors. With ischemia/reperfusion endothelial cells upregulate a number of adhesion molecules which have counterreceptors on leukocytes. A number of vasoactive mediators that are released with injury, such as nitric oxide, may also affect leukocyte- endothelial interactions. Tubule epithelial cells generate proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines. We and others have found that injection of mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells is protective against renal injury as assessed by serum creatinine measured 24 h after ischemia. The mechanism of such protection may be through intrarenal paracrine effects to decrease inflammation or by systemic immune modulation. Resolvins (Rv) and protectins (PD) have been identified as two newly identified families of naturally occurring n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid metabolites. In collaboration with Serhan et al. we recently reported that, in response to bilateral ischemia/reperfusion injury, mouse kidneys produce D series resolvins (RvDs) and PD1 [J Immunol 2006;177:5902-5911]. Administration of RvDs or PD1 to mice prior to, or subsequent to, ischemia resulted in a reduction in functional and morphological kidney injury. Understanding how these anti-inflammatory processes are regulated may provide insight into how we might intervene to facilitate and enhance them so that we might prevent or mitigate the devastating consequences of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kaminski HJ, Kusner LL, Richmonds C, Medof ME, Lin F. Deficiency of decay accelerating factor and CD59 leads to crisis in experimental myasthenia. Exp Neurol 2006; 202:287-93. [PMID: 16859686 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In myasthenia gravis (MG), neuromuscular transmission is disrupted due to the production of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChR). In previous work, we showed that decay accelerating factor (DAF or CD55), an intrinsic cell surface complement regulator that disables C3/C5 amplification convertases, protects against receptor loss and muscle weakness. In this study, we examined whether, and if so, to what extent CD59, a downstream intrinsic cell surface regulator that prevents assembly of membrane attack complexes (MACs), contributes to this protection. Twenty-four hours after anti-AChR injection, we found that CD59a-/- mice did not significantly differ from WTs, all Daf1-/- CD59a-/- mice either died or required euthanasia. At 48h, Daf1-/- were significantly weaker than CD59a-/- and WT mice, and for these mice immunohistochemistry revealed marked C9 deposition at postsynaptic junctions, radioimmunoassays showed reductions in AChR levels, and electron microscopy demonstrated massive junctional damage. These data indicate that DAF serves as the initial shield that protects the neuromuscular junction whereas CD59 is a further barrier. They argue that complement inhibitor, particularly if targeted to the receptor, could then have therapeutic value in human MG.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD55 Antigens/genetics
- CD55 Antigens/physiology
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- CD59 Antigens/physiology
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods
- Muscle Weakness/etiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Neuromuscular Junction/pathology
- Neuromuscular Junction/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abstract
The complement (C) regulatory proteins decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) and CD59 could protect host cells using different mechanisms from C-mediated damage at two distinct levels within the C pathway. Co-expression of DAF and CD59 would be an effective strategy to help overcome host C-induced xenograft hyperacute rejection. In this study, we made a construct of recombinant expression vector containing DAF and CD59 cDNA and the stable cell lines were obtained by G418 selection. Extraneous genes integration and co-expression were identified by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Human c-mediated cytolysis assays showed that NIH/3T3 cells transfected stably with pcDNA3-CD59, pcDNA3-DAF, and pcDNA3-CD59DAF-DP were protected from Cmediated damage and that synchronously expressed human CD59 and DAF provided the most excellent protection for host cells as compared with either human CD59 or DAF expressed alone. Therefore, the construct represents an effective and efficacy strategy to overcome C-mediated damage in cells and, ultimately, in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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Qin C, Cai XY. [Research progression on complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 in tumor immunotherapy]. Ai Zheng 2006; 25:1450-3. [PMID: 17094920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunologic mechanism of tumor escaping from complements' attack was unclear in the past. The efficacy of immunotherapy, especially humoral immunotherapy, to tumor is unsatisfactory. At present, with the progression in immunology, various tumors were found to highly express one or several kinds of complement regulatory proteins, such as CD46/MCP, CD55/DAF, and CD59/potectin. Complement system of the organism is inhibited because of high expression of complement regulatory proteins; therefore, the tumor can escape from the attack of complement system. Recently, the mechanism of complement regulatory proteins expressing in tumor has been studied in deep; some immunotherapies aim directly at complement regulatory proteins, including monoclonal antibody of complement regulatory proteins and cytokines, have been applied to animal experiments and clinical trails, and got some success. This review elucidated the progression on complement regulatory proteins in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, P. R. China
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18
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Abstract
CD59 was first identified as a regulator of the terminal pathway of complement, which acts by binding to the C8/C9 components of the assembling membrane attack complex (MAC), to inhibit formation of the lytic pore. Structurally, CD59 is a small, highly glycosylated, GPI-linked protein, with a wide expression profile. Functionally, the role of CD59 in complement regulation is well-defined but studies have also shown clear evidence for signalling properties, which are linked to its glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor and its location within lipid rafts. Cross-linking of CD59 using specific monoclonal antibodies drives both calcium release and activation of lipid-raft associated signalling molecules such as tyrosine kinases. These observations clearly show that CD59 exhibits roles independent of its function as a complement inhibitor. In this review, we examine the progression of research in this area and explore the alternative functions of CD59 that have recently been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Kimberley
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Abstract
The human complement system is elemental to recognize bacteria, opsonize them for handling by phagocytes, or kill them by direct lysis. However, successful bacterial pathogens have in turn evolved ingenious strategies to overcome this part of the immune system. In this review we discuss the different stages of complement activation sequentially and illustrate the immune evasion strategies that various bacteria have developed to evade each subsequent step. The focus is on bacterial proteins, either surface-bound or excreted, that block complement activation. The underlying molecular mechanism of action and the possible role in pathophysiology of bacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Experimental Microbiology, UMC Utrecht G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Jha P, Sohn JH, Xu Q, Wang Y, Kaplan HJ, Bora PS, Bora NS. Suppression of complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) exacerbates experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU). J Immunol 2006; 176:7221-31. [PMID: 16751365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to explore the role of complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) in experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU). We observed that the levels of CRPs, Crry and CD59, in the eyes of Lewis rats increased during EAAU and remained elevated when the disease resolved. The in vivo role of these CRPs in EAAU was explored using neutralizing mAbs, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs), and small interfering RNAs against rat Crry and CD59. Suppression of Crry in vivo at days 9, 14, or 19 by neutralizing mAb or AS-ODNs resulted in the early onset of disease, the exacerbation of intraocular inflammation, and delayed resolution. Suppression of CD59 was only effective when the Abs and ODNs were given before the onset of disease. The most profound effect on the disease was observed when a mixture of Crry and CD59 mAbs or AS-ODNs was administered. A similar effect was observed with a combination of Crry and CD59 small interfering RNA. There was no permanent histologic damage to ocular tissue after the inflammation cleared in these animals. Increased complement activation as determined by increased deposition of C3, C3 activation fragments, and membrane attack complex was observed in the eyes of Lewis rats when the function and/or expression of Crry and CD59 was suppressed. Thus, our results suggest that various ocular tissues up-regulate the expression of Crry and CD59 to avoid self-injury during autoimmune uveitis and that these CRPs play an active role in the resolution of EAAU by down-regulating complement activation in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Surface
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/physiology
- CD59 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- CD59 Antigens/immunology
- CD59 Antigens/physiology
- Cattle
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Complement C3-C5 Convertases/metabolism
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/biosynthesis
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/genetics
- Complement Inactivator Proteins/physiology
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Male
- Melanins/immunology
- Melanins/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Complement/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Complement/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Uveitis, Anterior/immunology
- Uveitis, Anterior/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, USA
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21
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Omidvar N, Wang ECY, Brennan P, Longhi MP, Smith RAG, Morgan BP. Expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD59 on target cells enhances human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 2006; 176:2915-23. [PMID: 16493049 PMCID: PMC2843080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity of target cells is the result of a balance between the activating and inhibitory signals provided by their respective ligand-receptor interactions. In our current study, we have investigated the significance of CD59 on human target cells in modulating this process. A range of CD59 site-specific Abs were used in NK cytotoxicity blocking studies against the CD59-expressing K562 target cell line. Significantly reduced cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of Abs previously shown to lack blocking capacity for C-mediated lysis. We investigated the consequences for alternative membrane attachment modalities, namely bis-myristoylated-peptidyl (BiMP) and GPI anchoring, on CD59-negative U937 cells. Expression of GPI-anchored CD59 either via transfection or incorporation rendered U937 targets more susceptible to NK cytotoxicity, whereas incorporation of CD59 via a BiMP anchor to similar levels did not alter susceptibility to NK cytotoxicity. Localization of both BiMP- and GPI-anchored CD59 proteins was shown to be within the lipid raft microdomain. A role for the GPI anchor and independence from glycosylation status was confirmed by expression of transmembrane-anchored CD59 or unglycosylated CD59 and by testing in NK cytotoxicity assays. To investigate mechanisms, we compared the signaling capacity of the various forms of expressed and incorporated CD59 following Ab cross-linking in calcium flux assays. GPI-anchored CD59, with or without glycosylation, mediated activation events, whereas CD59 forms lacking the GPI anchor did not. The data show that the increased susceptibility of target cells expressing CD59 to NK cytotoxicity requires GPI anchor-mediating signaling events, likely mediated by interactions between GPI-anchored CD59 on targets and NK receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Omidvar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C. Y. Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M. Paula Longhi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - B. Paul Morgan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. B. Paul Morgan, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K.
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22
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Qin X, Dobarro M, Bedford SJ, Ferris S, Miranda PV, Song W, Bronson RT, Visconti PE, Halperin JA. Further characterization of reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b knockout mice: a potential new function of mCd59 in male reproduction. J Immunol 2006; 175:6294-302. [PMID: 16272280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD59 is a GPI-linked membrane protein that inhibits formation of the membrane attack complex of complement. We reported recently that mice have two CD59 genes (termed mCd59a and mCd59b), and that the targeted deletion of mCd59b (mCd59b-/-) results in spontaneous hemolytic anemia and progressive loss of male fertility. Further studies of the reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b-/- mice reported in this study revealed the presence of abnormal multinucleated cells and increased apoptotic cells within the walls of the seminiferous tubules, and a decrease in the number, motility, and viability of sperm associated with a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphologies. Both the capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation and the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction as well as luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone serum levels were similar in mCd59b-/- and mCd59b+/+. Surprisingly, the functional deficiency of the complement protein C3 did not rescue the abnormal reproductive phenotype of mCd59b-/-, although it was efficient in rescuing their hemolytic anemia. These results indicate that the male reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b-/- are complement-independent, and that mCd59 may have a novel function in spermatogenesis that is most likely unrelated to its function as an inhibitor of membrane attack complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Tang JH, Tan CC, Li GY. [Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein and cancer]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2005; 30:612-5. [PMID: 16320602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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24
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Huang Y, Smith CA, Song H, Morgan BP, Abagyan R, Tomlinson S. Insights into the Human CD59 Complement Binding Interface Toward Engineering New Therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34073-9. [PMID: 16079145 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504922200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD59 is a 77-amino acid membrane glycoprotein that plays an important role in regulating the terminal pathway of complement by inhibiting formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC or C5b-9). The MAC is formed by the self assembly of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 molecules, with CD59 functioning by binding C5b-8 and C5b-9 in the assembling complex. We performed a scanning alanine mutagenesis screen of residues 16-57, a region previously identified to contain the C8/C9 binding interface. We have also created an improved NMR model from previously published data for structural understanding of CD59. Based on the scanning mutagenesis data, refined models, and additional site-specific mutations, we identified a binding interface that is much broader than previously thought. In addition to identifying substitutions that decreased CD59 activity, a surprising number of substitutions significantly enhanced CD59 activity. Because CD59 has significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions, we investigated further the ability to enhance CD59 activity by additional mutagenesis studies. Based on the enhanced activity of membrane-bound mutant CD59 molecules, clinically relevant soluble mutant CD59-based proteins were prepared and shown to have up to a 3-fold increase in complement inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina 29403, USA
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25
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Bosque A, Pardo J, Martínez-Lorenzo MJ, Lasierra P, Larrad L, Marzo I, Naval J, Anel A. Human CD8+ T cell blasts are more sensitive than CD4+ T cell blasts to regulation by APO2L/TRAIL. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1812-21. [PMID: 15884050 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the down-modulation of the activation of separated CD4(+) or CD8(+) human T cell blasts were studied using cells obtained from healthy donors. In the presence of IL-2, human CD8(+) T cell blasts were more sensitive than CD4(+) T cell blasts to regulation by APO2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (APO2L/TRAIL), while both T cell subsets were equally sensitive to Fas/CD95 regulation. This regulation was defined as inhibition of IL-2-dependent T cell growth in the absence of cell death induction, characterized by cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M. The physiological validity of these observations was corroborated by the demonstration of intracellular FasL and APO2L/TRAIL expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell blasts, which were secreted in their bioactive form into the supernatant upon PHA, CD3 or CD59 reactivation. Additionally, the inhibition of IL-2-dependent CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell blast growth upon CD3 or CD59 ligation was dependent, at least partially, on FasL and/or APO2L/TRAIL. These data precisely define the role of APO2L/TRAIL in the regulation of human T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bosque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Capey S, van den Berg CW. Porcine complement regulators protect aortic smooth muscle cells poorly against human complement-induced lysis and proliferation: consequences for xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:217-26. [PMID: 15807772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated atherosclerosis after transplantation has been observed and is characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation in the graft. Porcine cells are frequently used in models of atherosclerosis and porcine organs are considered for use in transplantation. Complement (C) activation is known to play a major role in rejection of xenografts and is also considered to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of membrane bound regulators of complement (CReg) on porcine aortic smooth muscle cells (PASMC). METHODS The PASMC were assessed for expression of CReg and susceptibility to lysis by human C by flow-cytometry. The effect of various cytokines on CReg expression and C-susceptibility was investigated. The ability of human C to induce cell proliferation was assessed using the Alamar blue assay. RESULTS The PASMC only express the CReg membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and CD59 on their cell surface. MCP expression was increased by interleukin (IL)-4. In contrast to porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC), PASMC were found to be surprisingly sensitive to C-mediated lysis, mainly due to a low level of expression of CD59. Human C-induced proliferation of PASMC, which was dependent on complete membrane attack complex (MAC) formation. CONCLUSIONS Endogenously expressed CReg on PASMC poorly protect these cells to human C. Human C can induce proliferation of PASMC. In order to prevent accelerated atherosclerosis in porcine xenografts, increased levels of CReg not only have to be obtained on the endothelial cells but also on the smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- CD55 Antigens/metabolism
- CD59 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/biosynthesis
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cytoprotection
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Membrane Cofactor Protein
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Swine/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Capey
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
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27
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Ziller F, Macor P, Bulla R, Sblattero D, Marzari R, Tedesco F. Controlling complement resistance in cancer by using human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize complement-regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2175-83. [PMID: 15971270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the complement-regulatory proteins (CRP) CD46, CD55 and CD59 represents a strategy used by tumor cells to evade complement-dependent cell cytoxicity stimulated by monoclonal antibodies. We have isolated two single-chain variable fragments (scFv) to CD55 and CD59 from a human phage-display library and from these scFv we have produced two miniantibodies (MB), MB-55 (against CD55) and MB-59 (against CD59), containing the human hinge-CH2-CH3 domains of IgG1. The specificity of the two MB for the corresponding CRP was assessed by ELISA using purified CD46, CD55 and CD59. MB-55 and MB-59 neutralized the inhibitory activity of CD55 and CD59, respectively, restoring the complement-mediated lysis of sheep and guinea pig erythrocytes that was otherwise inhibited by the two CRP. FACS analysis revealed binding of MB-55 and MB-59 to the lymphoma cell line Karpas 422. The two MB induced a two-fold increase in the complement-dependent killing of these cells stimulated by Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Transfection of HEK293T cells with vectors encoding MB-55 or MB-59 markedly reduced the expression of CD55 and CD59. We conclude that the human antibodies MB-55 and MB-59 may represent a therapeutic tool to increase the complement-dependent killing activity of Rituximab in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ziller
- Department of Biology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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28
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Miyagawa S. [Complement regulatory proteins]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 4:274-8. [PMID: 15861668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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29
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Okada N. [Self- and non-self recognition mechanism via the complement system]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 4:279-83. [PMID: 15861669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okada
- Department of Biodefense, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Science
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30
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Baalasubramanian S, Harris CL, Donev RM, Mizuno M, Omidvar N, Song WC, Morgan BP. CD59a is the primary regulator of membrane attack complex assembly in the mouse. J Immunol 2004; 173:3684-92. [PMID: 15356114 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene-deleted mice have provided a potent tool in efforts to understand the roles of complement and complement-regulating proteins in vivo. In particular, mice deficient in the membrane regulators complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y, decay-accelerating factor, or CD59 have demonstrated homeostatic relevance and backcrossing between the strains has revealed cooperativity in regulation. In mouse, genes encoding decay-accelerating factor and CD59 have been duplicated and show differential expression in tissues, complicating interpretation and extrapolation of findings to man. The first described form of CD59, CD59a, is broadly distributed and deletion of the cd59a gene causes a mild hemolytic phenotype with increased susceptibility in complement-mediated disease models. The distribution of the second form, CD59b, was originally described as testis specific, but later by some as widespread. Deletion of the cd59b gene caused a severe hemolytic and thrombotic phenotype. To apply data from these mouse models to man it is essential to know the relative distribution and functional roles of these two forms of CD59. We have generated new specific reagents and used them in sensitive quantitative analyses to comprehensively characterize expression of mRNA and protein and functional roles of CD59a and CD59b in wild-type (wt) and CD59a-negative mice. cd59b mRNA was detected only in testis and, at very low levels, in bone marrow. CD59b protein was present on mature spermatozoa and precursors and, in trace amounts, erythrocytes. Erythrocyte CD59b did not inhibit complement lysis except when CD59a was absent or blocked. These data confirm that CD59a is the primary regulator of complement membrane attack in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Baalasubramanian
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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31
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Turnberg D, Botto M, Lewis M, Zhou W, Sacks SH, Morgan BP, Walport MJ, Cook HT. CD59a deficiency exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:825-32. [PMID: 15331407 PMCID: PMC1618586 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The terminal complement components C5a and the membrane attack complex are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury in many organs. CD59 is the major regulator of membrane attack complex formation. Mice deficient in the Cd59a gene (mCd59a-/-) were used to investigate the role of CD59 in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 30 minutes under general anesthetic. Mice were studied at 72 hours and 2 weeks after ischemia-reperfusion injury. mCd59a-/- mice developed significantly greater tubular injury (P = 0.01), tubulointerstitial apoptosis (P = 0.02), and neutrophil influx (P = 0.04) than controls at 72 hours after ischemia-reperfusion. Two weeks after ischemia-reperfusion, mCd59a-/- mice exhibited more severe tubular damage predominantly in a corticomedullary distribution than controls (P = 0.02). Quantification of interstitial leukocytes revealed significantly greater numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes (but not macrophages) in mCd59a-/- mice than controls (P = 0.04) at 2 weeks. At both time points, significantly more C9 (as a marker of membrane attack complex) deposition occurred in a peritubular distribution in mCd59a-/- mice than controls. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the lack of CD59a, by allowing unregulated membrane attack complex deposition, exacerbates both the tubular injury and the interstitial leukocyte infiltrate after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Turnberg
- Rheumatology Section, Eric Bywaters Centre, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a feature of ischemic acute renal failure and it impacts both short- and long-term graft survival after kidney transplantation. Complement activation has been implicated in renal IRI, but its mechanism of action is uncertain and the determinants of complement activation during IRI remain poorly understood. We engineered mice deficient in two membrane complement regulatory proteins, CD55 and CD59, and used them to investigate the role of these endogenous complement inhibitors in renal IRI. CD55-deficient (CD55(-/-)), but not CD59-deficient (CD59(-/-)), mice exhibited increased renal IRI as indicated by significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, histological scores, and neutrophil infiltration. Remarkably, although CD59 deficiency alone was inconsequential, CD55/CD59 double deficiency greatly exacerbated IRI. Severe IRI in CD55(-/-)CD59(-/-) mice was accompanied by endothelial deposition of C3 and the membrane attack complex (MAC) and medullary capillary thrombosis. Complement depletion in CD55(-/-)CD59(-/-) mice with cobra venom factor prevented these effects. Thus, CD55 and CD59 act synergistically to inhibit complement-mediated renal IRI, and abrogation of their function leads to MAC-induced microvascular injury and dysfunction that may exacerbate the initial ischemic assault. Our findings suggest a rationale for anti-complement therapies aimed at preventing microvascular injury during ischemia reperfusion, and the CD55(-/-)CD59(-/-) mouse provides a useful animal model in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koei Yamada
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Lin F, Salant DJ, Meyerson H, Emancipator S, Morgan BP, Medof ME. Respective Roles of Decay-Accelerating Factor and CD59 in Circumventing Glomerular Injury in Acute Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis. J Immunol 2004; 172:2636-42. [PMID: 14764738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) and CD59 are regulators that protect self cells from C3b deposition and C5b-9 assembly on their surfaces. Their relative roles in protecting glomeruli in immune-mediated renal diseases in vivo are unknown. We induced nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis in Daf1(-/-), CD59a(-/-), Daf1(-/-)CD59a(-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice by administering NTS IgG. After 18 h, we assessed proteinuria, and performed histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic analyses of kidneys. Twenty-four mice in each group were studied. Baseline albuminuria in the Daf1(-/-), CD59a(-/-), and Daf1(-/-)CD59a(-/-) mice was 82, 83, and 139 as compared with 92 microg/mg creatinine in the WT controls (p > 0.1). After NTS, albuminuria in CD59a(-/-) and WT mice (186 +/- 154 and 183 +/- 137 microg/mg creatinine, p > 0.1) was similar. In contrast, Daf1(-/-) mice developed severe albuminuria (378 +/- 520, p < 0.05) that was further exacerbated in Daf1(-/-)CD59a(-/-) mice (577 +/- 785 micro g/mg creatinine, p < 0.05). Glomerular histology showed essentially no infiltrating leukocytes in any group. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed prominent podocyte foot process effacement in Daf1(-/-) mice with more widespread and severe damage in the double knockouts compared with only mild focal changes in CD59a(-/-) or WT mice. In all animals, deposition of administered (sheep) NTS Ig was equivalent. This contrasted with marked deposition of both C3 and C9 in Daf1(-/-)CD59a(-/-) and Daf1(-/-) mice, which was evident as early as 2 h post-NTS injection. The results support the proposition that in autoantibody-mediated nephritis, DAF serves as the primary barrier to classical pathway-mediated injury, while CD59 limits consequent C5b-9-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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34
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Abstract
The complement system plays a complex role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It inhibits autoimmunity development by helping to maintain self-tolerance and/or by facilitating the disposal of immune complexes and apoptotic cell antigens. On the other hand, complement activation is thought to contribute significantly to end organ damage in antibody-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, although the relevant importance of complement and Fe receptor pathways in these processes has recently been debated. To avoid autologous complement-mediated tissue injury, host cells normally express a number of soluble and membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins. Recent studies with gene knockout mice have suggested that membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins may critically determine the sensitivity of host tissues to complement injury in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Evidence is also accumulating to support the hypothesis that membrane complement regulatory proteins may not only inhibit complement-mediated injury during the effector phase of autoimmunity but also influence the adaptive immune response through complement-dependent or -independent mechanisms. The latter mechanism is likely related to their potential as cell surface signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Song
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.
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35
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Nagafuku M, Kabayama K, Oka D, Kato A, Tani-ichi S, Shimada Y, Ohno-Iwashita Y, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Iwabuchi K, Hamaoka T, Inokuchi JI, Kosugi A. Reduction of Glycosphingolipid Levels in Lipid Rafts Affects the Expression State and Function of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins but Does Not Impair Signal Transduction via the T Cell Receptor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51920-7. [PMID: 14506277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307674200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. In contrast to many reports that verify the importance of cholesterol among raft lipid components, studies that address the role of sphingolipids in raft organization and function are scarce. Here, we investigate the role of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in raft structure and raft-mediated signal transduction in T lymphocytes by the usage of a specific GSL synthesis inhibitor, d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP). Surface GM1 expression and the expression of GSLs in rafts were profoundly reduced by D-PDMP treatment, whereas the expression of other lipid and protein constituents, such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin, Lck, and linker for activation of T cells, was not affected. T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction induced by antigen stimulation or by antibody cross-linking was normal in D-PDMP-treated T cells. In contrast, the signal through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins was clearly augmented by D-PDMP treatment. Moreover, GPI-anchored proteins became more susceptible to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C cleavage in D-PDMP-treated cells, demonstrating that GSL depletion from rafts primarily influences the expression state and function of GPI-anchored proteins. Finally, by comparing the effect of D-PDMP with that of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, we identified that compared with cholesterol depletion, GSL depletion has the opposite effect on the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C sensitivity and signaling ability of GPI-anchored proteins. These results indicate a specific role of GSLs in T cell membrane rafts that is dispensable for T cell receptor signaling but is important for the signal via GPI-anchored proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nagafuku
- Department of Immunobiology, Medical Technology and Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Marcenaro E, Augugliaro R, Falco M, Castriconi R, Parolini S, Sivori S, Romeo E, Millo R, Moretta L, Bottino C, Moretta A. CD59 is physically and functionally associated with natural cytotoxicity receptors and activates human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:3367-76. [PMID: 14635045 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triggering of cytotoxicity in human NK cells is induced by the combined engagement of several triggering receptors. These include primary receptors such as NKG2D and the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) NKp30, NKp46 and NKp44, while other molecules, including 2B4, NTB-A and NKp80, function as co-receptors. As reported in the present study, during an attempt to identify novel NK receptors or co-receptors, we found that CD59 functions as a co-receptor in human NK cell activation; engagement of CD59 by specific mAb delivers triggering signals to human NK cells, resulting in enhancement of cytotoxicity. Similar to other NK co-receptors, the triggering function of CD59, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein, depends on the simultaneous engagement of primary receptors such as NCR. Accordingly, CD59-dependent triggering was virtually restricted to NK cells expressing high surface densities of NKp46, and mAb-mediated modulation of NKp46 resulted in markedly decreased responses to anti-CD59 mAb. Biochemical analysis revealed that CD59 is physically associated with NKp46 and NKp30. Moreover, engagement of CD59 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3zeta chains associated with these NCR, but not those associated with CD16. Thus, CD59-mediated costimulation of NK cells requires direct physical interaction of this GPI-linked protein with primary triggering NK receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Abstract
Larvae and adults of the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni are resistant to killing by human complement. An earlier search by Parizade et al. for a schistosome complement inhibitor identified a 94-kDa surface protein which was named SCIP-1 (M. Parizade, R. Arnon, P. J. Lachmann, and Z. Fishelson, J. Exp. Med. 179:1625-1636, 1994). Following partial purification and analysis by mass spectrometry, we have determined SCIP-1 to be a surface-exposed form of the muscle protein paramyosin. As shown by immunofluorescence, anti-paramyosin antibodies label the surface of live schistosomula and adult worms. Like SCIP-1, purified native paramyosin reacts with a polyclonal rabbit anti-human CD59 antiserum, as shown by Western blot analysis. Also, the human complement components C8 and C9 bind to recombinant and native paramyosin. Analysis of paramyosin binding to fragments of C9 generated by thrombin or trypsin has demonstrated that paramyosin binds to C9 at a position located between Gly245 and Arg391. Paramyosin inhibited Zn(2+)-induced C9 polymerization and poly-C9 deposition onto rabbit erythrocytes (E(R)). In addition, paramyosin inhibited lysis of E(R) and of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by human complement. Finally, anti-paramyosin antibodies enhanced in vitro killing of schistosomula by normal and C4-depleted human complement. Taken together, these findings suggest that an exogenous form of S. mansoni paramyosin inhibits activation of the terminal pathway of complement and thus has an important immunomodulatory role in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusheng Deng
- Departments of Human Microbiology. Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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38
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Abstract
There are a variety of dermal and mucosal lesions involving keratinocytes. We examined here the signal transduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in oral keratinocytes. Oral keratinocytes did not express CD14, but expression of CD58 and CD59 was observed by flow cytometry and reverse transcription-PCR. The binding between LPS and keratinocytes was strongly inhibited by pretreatment of keratinocytes with anti-CD59 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) but was not inhibited by anti-CD14 or anti-CD58 mAb. In LPS-treated keratinocytes, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was induced and generation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha was enhanced. These upregulations in nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and cytokine generation were not suppressed by anti-CD14 mAb or anti-CD58 mAb but were suppressed by anti-CD59 mAb and PI-PLC. Moreover, the transfection of CD59 antisense oligonucleotide into keratinocytes markedly suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and cytokine generation. These results indicate that, through CD59, the LPS signal is transduced into the nucleus via NF-kappaB activation inducing cytokine generation, which may be involved in dermal and mucosal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Gelderman KA, Hakulinen J, Hagenaars M, Kuppen PJK, Meri S, Gorter A. Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins inhibit complement activation by an immunotherapeutic mAb in a syngeneic rat colorectal cancer model. Mol Immunol 2003; 40:13-23. [PMID: 12909127 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MAb-mediated immunotherapy offers a potential tool for destroying metastasizing colorectal tumor cells. Promising results have been obtained by using xenograft models. However, overexpression of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRP) impedes complement-mediated destruction of tumor cells in vitro. mCRP operate in a species selective manner. Therefore a syngeneic animal model is needed to investigate the contribution of mCRP in mAb-mediated immunotherapy. Here we present a syngeneic rat colorectal carcinoma model, which fulfills the conditions necessary to investigate the effect of mCRP expression on mAb-mediated immunotherapy of metastases of solid tumors.CC531 rat colorectal cancer cells were injected subcapsularly into the liver of syngeneic WAG/Rij rats. Four mAb (MG1(IgG2a), MG2(IgG2a), MG3(IgG3) and MG4(2a)(IgG2a)) directed against CC531 cells, were tested for their complement activating abilities in vitro and tumor homing capacities in vivo. Only MG4(2a) was found to activate complement in vitro and home to the tumor cells in vivo. This mAb induced C3-deposition and C-mediated lysis of CC531 cells in vitro when the effects of the C-inhibitors Crry/p65 and CD59 were neutralized. This implies an important role for these mCRP in restricting the effector functions of tumor-associated mAb on these cells. Although C activation could be induced by MG4(2a) in situ on tumor tissue sections, no deposition of C3 could be found on the tumor cells positive for MG4(2a) in vivo. This suggests that complement activation in vivo was inhibited by mCRP. The results indicate the suitability of this syngeneic animal model for studying the effects of mAb immunotherapy. However, the effect of mCRP on tumor cells need to be overcome, e.g. by the use of mAb against tumor antigens and mCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gelderman
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, L1-Q, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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40
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Fishelson Z, Donin N, Zell S, Schultz S, Kirschfink M. Obstacles to cancer immunotherapy: expression of membrane complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs) in tumors. Mol Immunol 2003; 40:109-23. [PMID: 12914817 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being increasingly used in cancer therapy owing to their ability to recognize specifically cancer cells and to activate complement- and cell-mediated cytotoxicity and/or to induce growth arrest or apoptosis. The therapeutic potential of anticancer antibodies is significantly limited due to the ability of cancer cells to block killing by complement. Of the multiple resistance strategies exploited by cancer cells, the expression of membrane complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs), such as CD46 (membrane cofactor protein (MCP)), CD55 (decay-accelerating factor (DAF)), CD35 (complement receptor type-1 (CR1)) and CD59, has received most attention. CD46, CD55 and CD35 block the complement cascade at the C3 activation stage and CD59 prevents assembly of the membrane attack complex of complement (MAC). These proteins protect normal tissues from accidental injury by activated complement, but also confer resistance on cancer cells, thereby limiting the effect of complement-fixing monoclonal antibodies. Expression of mCRPs on malignant cells is highly variable, yet there is clear indication that certain tumors express higher mCRP levels than the normal tissue from which they have evolved. mCRP level of expression and cellular location may also vary during malignant transformation and between differentiated and undifferentiated tumors. Neutralizing anti-mCRP mAbs have been used in vitro to elucidate the significance of mCRP expression to the tumor complement resistance phenotype. In general, CD59 appears to be the most effective mCRP protecting tumor cells from complement-mediated lysis. Nevertheless, it acts additively, and in certain tumors even synergistically, with CD55 and CD46. It is envisaged that treatment of cancer patients with mCRP blocking antibodies targeted specifically to cancer cells in combination with anticancer complement-fixing antibodies will improve the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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41
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Abstract
The complement system is very tightly regulated by fluid-phase and membrane-bound factors that prevent injury to self-tissues. The study of genetically engineered animals with targeted deletion or gain of function mutations has highlighted the important role that many of the complement inhibitors play in vivo. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of approach are discussed and the insights gained from the investigation of these animals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Turnberg
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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42
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Abstract
In the regenerating amphibian limb, positional information has traditionally been considered in terms of short-range cell-cell interactions, not long-range diffusion gradients. A molecule discovered in a differential screen of regenerating limbs turns out to be precisely such a cell surface component, the newt ortholog of mouse CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, 4th floor New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
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43
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Abstract
The current model suggesting that raft integrity is required for T cell activation is mostly (but not exclusively) based on the use of drugs, such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD), that disorganize rafts and inhibit T cell receptor (TCR)-induced Ca2+ influx. Here we show that conditions that disrupt lipid raft integrity do not inhibit TCR triggering in Jurkat cells and normal T lymphocytes. Indeed, we found that the reported inhibition of TCR-induced Ca2+ influx by M beta CD treatment is mainly due to (a) nonspecific depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores and (b) plasma membrane depolarization of T cells. When these side-effects are taken into account, raft disorganization does not alter TCR-dependent Ca2+ signaling. In line with these results, also TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation is not inhibited by dispersion of lipid rafts. By contrast, in the same conditions, Ca2+ signaling via the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein CD59 is totally abolished. These results indicate that, while signaling through GPI-anchored proteins requires lipid raft integrity, CD3-dependent TCR activation occurs independently of cholesterol extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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44
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Abstract
The proximodistal identity of a newt limb regeneration blastema is respecified by exposure to retinoic acid, but its molecular basis is unclear. We identified from a differential screen the cDNA for Prod 1, a gene whose expression in normal and regenerating limbs is regulated by proximodistal location and retinoic acid: Prod 1 is the newt ortholog of CD59. Prod 1/CD59 was found to be located at the cell surface with a GPI anchor which is cleaved by PIPLC. A proximal newt limb blastema engulfs a distal blastema after juxtaposition in culture, and engulfment is specifically blocked by PIPLC, and by affinity-purified antibodies to two distinct Prod 1/CD59 peptides. Prod 1 is therefore a cell surface protein implicated in the local cell-cell interactions mediating positional identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morais da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
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45
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Miwa T, Zhou L, Hilliard B, Molina H, Song WC. Crry, but not CD59 and DAF, is indispensable for murine erythrocyte protection in vivo from spontaneous complement attack. Blood 2002; 99:3707-16. [PMID: 11986227 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.10.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 are 2 glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins that inhibit complement activation at the C3 and C5b-9 step, respectively. CD59 is considered critical for protecting erythrocytes from spontaneous complement attack, as deficiency of CD59 or CD59/DAF, but not of DAF alone, on human erythrocytes renders them sensitive to complement lysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome. To evaluate the relative roles of CD59 and DAF in vivo, we have generated and studied a CD59 knockout and a CD59/DAF double-knockout mouse. CD59-deficient and CD59/DAF-double-deficient mouse erythrocytes were highly sensitive to antibody-induced complement lysis in vitro, yet neither CD59 knockout nor CD59/DAF double-knockout mouse developed spontaneous hemolytic anemia. Consistent with the latter observation, erythrocytes from the 2 strains of mutant mice were shown to have a normal lifespan in vivo. In contrast, mouse erythrocytes deficient in complement receptor 1 (CR1)-related gene y (Crry), a membrane C3 inhibitor with DAF and membrane cofactor protein activities, were rapidly eliminated from the circulation by a complement-dependent mechanism. Compared with DAF-deficient erythrocytes, Crry-deficient erythrocytes incurred higher levels of spontaneous C3 deposition in vivo. These findings demonstrate that CD59 and DAF are not indispensable on murine erythrocytes. Rather, effective C3 regulation on the cell surface, provided by Crry rather than DAF, is necessary for mouse erythrocytes to resist spontaneous complement attack. Our results raise the possibility that proper control of C3 activation may also be critical on human erythrocytes, where CR1 but not DAF could be the principal regulator of spontaneous C3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miwa
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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46
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Babiker AA, Ronquist G, Nilsson UR, Nilsson B. Transfer of prostasomal CD59 to CD59-deficient red blood cells results in protection against complement-mediated hemolysis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 47:183-92. [PMID: 12069204 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.1o023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Prostasomes isolated from human seminal plasma have complement regulatory properties because of their content of CD59, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. We investigated a functional role of prostasomes by the possibility of transferring CD59 from prostasomes to rabbit erythrocytes (RE) and human erythrocytes obtained from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), both types of cells lacking CD59. METHOD OF STUDY We used the assay of hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway of the complement system to compare the liability of the erythrocytes to hemolysis by the complement system with and without pre-incubation with prostasomes. CD59 gained by the RE and PNH erythrocytes was established by flow cytometry. The effect of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PIPLC) on the GPI anchor of prostasomal CD59 and the effect of heat treatment on the prostasomes were also studied. Anti-CD59 antibodies were used to block the protective effect of prostasomes on erythrocytes. RESULTS Both RE and PNH erythrocytes showed diminished complement-mediated hemolysis after incubation with prostasomes. This was because of the transfer of CD59 from prostasomes to the red blood cells during pre-incubation as evidenced by the hemolytic assay and flow-cytometry. The efficacy of the prostasomes was affected by heat treatment and was totally lost at 100 degrees C. Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C broke the GPI anchor and released CD59 from prostasomes and the RE surface (after pre-incubation with prostasomes) but not from the human PNH erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS A transfer mechanism of CD59 takes place during pre-incubation from prostasomes to erythrocytes lacking CD59 which supports the idea that transfer of prostasomal CD59 can protect cells from lysis elicited by C5b-9. This might be a mechanism by which autologous and allogeneic cells are protected against complement attack in the genital tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil A Babiker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Caragine TA, Okada N, Frey AB, Tomlinson S. A tumor-expressed inhibitor of the early but not late complement lytic pathway enhances tumor growth in a rat model of human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62:1110-5. [PMID: 11861390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound complement inhibitors protect host cells from inadvertent complement attack, and complement inhibitors are often up-regulated on tumors, possibly representing a selective adaptation by tumors to escape elimination by a host antitumor immune response. Relevant in vivo studies using rodent models of human cancer have been hampered by the fact that human complement inhibitors are not effective against rodent complement. Using nude rats and MCF7 cells expressing different rat complement inhibitors, a model of human breast cancer was established to investigate the role of complement and complement inhibitors in tumor progression. Expression of rat CD59, an inhibitor of the terminal cytolytic membrane attack complex of complement, had no effect on the incidence or growth rate of MCF7 tumors. In contrast, expression of rat Crry, an inhibitor of complement activation, dramatically enhanced the tumorigenicity of MCF7 cells. The expression of rat Crry on MCF7 inhibited the in vivo deposition of complement C3 fragments that serve as opsonins for receptors on phagocytes and natural killer cells. These data provide direct in vivo evidence that an inhibitor of complement activation can facilitate tumor growth by modulating C3 deposition. These data indicate an important role for complement opsonization in promoting cell-mediated antitumor immune function, a conclusion further supported by the demonstration that expression of rat Crry, but not rat CD59, on MCF7 cells inhibits rat cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Rat complement activation on MCF7 tumors was mediated by tumor-reactive antibodies present in the serum of naïve nude rats, but there was also an IgM response to MCF7 tumors, a situation with similarities to some human cancers. These data support a hypothesis that blocking complement inhibitor function on tumor cells will not only enhance monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy but may also be effective at enhancing a normally ineffective humoral immune response in the absence of administered antitumor antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Caragine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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48
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De Nardo C, Fonsatti E, Sigalotti L, Calabrò L, Colizzi F, Cortini E, Coral S, Altomonte M, Maio M. Recombinant transmembrane CD59 (CD59-TM) confers complement resistance to GPI-anchored protein defective melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2002; 190:200-6. [PMID: 11807824 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protectin (CD59) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed on melanocytic cells, that represents the main restriction factor of complement (C)-mediated lysis of human melanoma cells. Levels of CD59 expression may impair the clinical efficacy of C-activating monoclonal antibodies (mAb); thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the lack of CD59 expression in selected melanoma cells. Serological and biochemical analyses showed that MeWo melanoma cells expressed CD59 neither at cell surface nor at cytoplasmic levels; however, no critical mutations were identified in their CD59 mRNA. Consistently, MeWo CD59 cDNA (MeWo-CD59) was appropriately translated when transfected into the CD59-positive Mel 100 melanoma cells, and into the CD59-negative Nalm-6 pre-B leukemia cells that acquired resistance to C. In contrast, transfection of MeWo cells with CD59 cDNA from Mel 275 melanoma cells did not induce CD59 expression; however, their transfection with the CD59-TM chimeric construct, obtained by replacing the GPI-anchoring signal of MeWo-CD59 with the transmembrane tail of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor, induced the expression of a C-protective transmembrane form of CD59. These data, together with the absent expression of additional GPI-anchored proteins (i.e., CD55), suggest that defects in the biosynthesis and/or processing of GPI-anchored proteins underlie the lack of CD59 expression in MeWo cells. Further unveiling of the molecular mechanism that turns off CD59 expression in human melanoma cells will help to set-up more effective therapeutic strategies utilizing C-activating mAb in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Nardo
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
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49
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Weng WK, Levy R. Expression of complement inhibitors CD46, CD55, and CD59 on tumor cells does not predict clinical outcome after rituximab treatment in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2001; 98:1352-7. [PMID: 11520782 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.5.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets B-cell-specific antigen CD20 and an effective treatment for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although it is readily used in clinical practice, the exact mechanism of its antitumor effect is unclear. One potential mechanism involves complement-mediated cytotoxicity. It has been shown that rituximab induces complement-mediated cytotoxicity in follicular lymphoma cells in vitro, and complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59 may regulate this process. To determine whether complement inhibitors play a role in regulating the antitumor effect of rituximab, the expression of complement inhibitors CD46, CD55, and CD59 was analyzed in pretreatment tumor cells from 29 rituximab-treated follicular lymphoma patients. Among them, 8 patients achieved complete responses, 11 patients achieved partial responses, and 10 patients showed no or minimal responses to rituximab treatment. Expression of surface CD20, CD46, CD55, and CD59 was determined by 2-color flow cytometry. Although the CD59 level was slightly lower in the complete response group, there was no statistically significant difference in the expression of individual complement inhibitor CD46 (mean channel fluorescence [MCF]: NR, 26.4; PR, 21.9; CR, 29.9), CD55 (MCF: NR, 16.4; PR, 14.9; CR, 23.2), or CD59 (MCF: NR, 41.6; PR, 40.6; CR, 30.6), the combination of any 2 inhibitors, or all 3 on tumor cells from 3 response groups. In addition, there was no difference in the rituximab-induced complement-mediated cytotoxicity in an in vitro assay using tumor cells from 3 response groups. Thus, CD46, CD55, and CD59 expression on pretreatment tumor cells, or their susceptibility to in vitro complement-mediated killing, does not predict clinical outcome after rituximab treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody Specificity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology
- CD55 Antigens/analysis
- CD55 Antigens/immunology
- CD55 Antigens/physiology
- CD59 Antigens/analysis
- CD59 Antigens/immunology
- CD59 Antigens/physiology
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Follicular/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Cofactor Protein
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Rituximab
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Weng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5306, USA
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50
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Holt DS, Botto M, Bygrave AE, Hanna SM, Walport MJ, Morgan BP. Targeted deletion of the CD59 gene causes spontaneous intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Blood 2001; 98:442-9. [PMID: 11435315 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.2.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolipid-anchored glycoprotein CD59 inhibits assembly of the lytic membrane attack complex of complement by incorporation into the forming complex. Absence of CD59 and other glycolipid-anchored molecules on circulating cells in the human hemolytic disorder paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is associated with intravascular hemolysis and thrombosis. To examine the role of CD59 in protecting host tissues in health and disease, CD59-deficient (CD59(-/-)) mice were produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Absence of CD59 was confirmed by staining cells and tissues with specific antibody. Despite the complete absence of CD59, mice were healthy and fertile. Erythrocytes in vitro displayed increased susceptibility to complement and were positive in an acidified serum lysis test. Despite this, CD59(-/-) mice were not anemic but had elevated reticulocyte counts, indicating accelerated erythrocyte turnover. Fresh plasma and urine from CD59(-/-) mice contained increased amounts of hemoglobin when compared with littermate controls, providing further evidence for spontaneous intravascular hemolysis. Intravascular hemolysis was increased following administration of cobra venom factor to trigger complement activation. CD59(-/-) mice will provide a tool for characterizing the importance of CD59 in protection of self tissues from membrane attack complex damage in health and during diseases in which complement is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Holt
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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