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Wolstenholme AJ, Andersen EC, Choudhary S, Ebner F, Hartmann S, Holden-Dye L, Kashyap SS, Krücken J, Martin RJ, Midha A, Nejsum P, Neveu C, Robertson AP, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Walker R, Wang J, Whitehead BJ, Williams PDE. Getting around the roundworms: Identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities for the ascarids. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 123:51-123. [PMID: 38448148 PMCID: PMC11143470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The ascarids are a large group of parasitic nematodes that infect a wide range of animal species. In humans, they cause neglected diseases of poverty; many animal parasites also cause zoonotic infections in people. Control measures include hygiene and anthelmintic treatments, but they are not always appropriate or effective and this creates a continuing need to search for better ways to reduce the human, welfare and economic costs of these infections. To this end, Le Studium Institute of Advanced Studies organized a two-day conference to identify major gaps in our understanding of ascarid parasites with a view to setting research priorities that would allow for improved control. The participants identified several key areas for future focus, comprising of advances in genomic analysis and the use of model organisms, especially Caenorhabditis elegans, a more thorough appreciation of the complexity of host-parasite (and parasite-parasite) communications, a search for novel anthelmintic drugs and the development of effective vaccines. The participants agreed to try and maintain informal links in the future that could form the basis for collaborative projects, and to co-operate to organize future meetings and workshops to promote ascarid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ankur Midha
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Robert Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Paul D E Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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2
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Irvine A, Huws SA, Atkinson LE, Mousley A. Exploring the antimicrobial peptidome of nematodes through phylum-spanning in silico analyses highlights novel opportunities for pathogen control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011618. [PMID: 37672536 PMCID: PMC10506718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are key constituents of the invertebrate innate immune system and provide critical protection against microbial threat. Nematodes display diverse life strategies where they are exposed to heterogenous, microbe rich, environments highlighting their need for an innate immune system. Within the Ecdysozoa, arthropod AMPs have been well characterised, however nematode-derived AMP knowledge is limited. In this study the distribution and abundance of putative AMP-encoding genes was examined in 134 nematode genomes providing the most comprehensive profile of AMP candidates within phylum Nematoda. Through genome and transcriptome analyses we reveal that phylum Nematoda is a rich source of putative AMP diversity and demonstrate (i) putative AMP group profiles that are influenced by nematode lifestyle where free-living nematodes appear to display enriched putative AMP profiles relative to parasitic species; (ii) major differences in the putative AMP profiles between nematode clades where Clade 9/V and 10/IV species possess expanded putative AMP repertoires; (iii) AMP groups with highly restricted profiles (e.g. Cecropins and Diapausins) and others [e.g. Nemapores and Glycine Rich Secreted Peptides (GRSPs)] which are more widely distributed; (iv) complexity in the distribution and abundance of CSαβ subgroup members; and (v) that putative AMPs are expressed in host-facing life stages and biofluids of key nematode parasites. These data indicate that phylum Nematoda displays diversity in putative AMPs and underscores the need for functional characterisation to reveal their role and importance to nematode biology and host-nematode-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister Irvine
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Atkinson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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3
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Castañeda S, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Ramírez JD. Detangling the Crosstalk Between Ascaris, Trichuris and Gut Microbiota: What´s Next? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852900. [PMID: 35694539 PMCID: PMC9174645 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections remain a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where roundworms from theTrichuris and Ascaris genera are most prevalent. These geohelminths not only impact human health but most importantly also affect animal well-being, in particular the swine industry. Host-helminth parasite interactions are complex and at the same time essential to understand the biology, dynamics and pathophysiology of these infections. Within these interactions, the immunomodulatory capacity of these helminths in the host has been extensively studied. Moreover, in recent years a growing interest on how helminths interact with the intestinal microbiota of the host has sparked, highlighting how this relationship plays an essential role in the establishment of initial infection, survival and persistence of the parasite, as well as in the development of chronic infections. Identifying the changes generated by these helminths on the composition and structure of the host intestinal microbiota constitutes a field of great scientific interest, since this can provide essential and actionable information for designing effective control and therapeutic strategies. Helminths like Trichuris and Ascaris are a focus of special importance due to their high prevalence, higher reinfection rates, resistance to anthelmintic therapy and unavailability of vaccines. Therefore, characterizing interactions between these helminths and the host intestinal microbiota represents an important approach to better understand the nature of this dynamic interface and explore novel therapeutic alternatives based on management of host microbiota. Given the extraordinary impact this may have from a biological, clinical, and epidemiological public health standpoint, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and future perspectives examining the parasite-microbiota interplay and its impact on host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan David Ramírez, ;
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4
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Midha A, Ebner F, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Rausch S, Hartmann S. Trilateral Relationship: Ascaris, Microbiota, and Host Cells. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:251-262. [PMID: 33008723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ascariasis is a globally spread intestinal nematode infection of humans and a considerable concern in pig husbandry. Ascaris accomplishes a complex body migration from the intestine via the liver and lung before returning to the intestine. Tissue migration and the habitat shared with a complex microbial community pose the question of how the nematode interacts with microbes and host cells from various tissues. This review addresses the current knowledge of the trilateral relationship between Ascaris, its microbial environment, and host cells, and discusses novel approaches targeting these interactions to combat this widespread infection of livestock and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Bruno R, Maresca M, Canaan S, Cavalier JF, Mabrouk K, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Olleik H, Zeppilli D, Brodin P, Massol F, Jollivet D, Jung S, Tasiemski A. Worms' Antimicrobial Peptides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090512. [PMID: 31470685 PMCID: PMC6780910 DOI: 10.3390/md17090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics produced by all living organisms. In metazoans, they act as host defense factors by eliminating microbial pathogens. But they also help to select the colonizing bacterial symbionts while coping with specific environmental challenges. Although many AMPs share common structural characteristics, for example having an overall size between 10-100 amino acids, a net positive charge, a γ-core motif, or a high content of cysteines, they greatly differ in coding sequences as a consequence of multiple parallel evolution in the face of pathogens. The majority of AMPs is specific of certain taxa or even typifying species. This is especially the case of annelids (ringed worms). Even in regions with extreme environmental conditions (polar, hydrothermal, abyssal, polluted, etc.), worms have colonized all habitats on Earth and dominated in biomass most of them while co-occurring with a large number and variety of bacteria. This review surveys the different structures and functions of AMPs that have been so far encountered in annelids and nematodes. It highlights the wide diversity of AMP primary structures and their originality that presumably mimics the highly diverse life styles and ecology of worms. From the unique system that represents marine annelids, we have studied the effect of abiotic pressures on the selection of AMPs and demonstrated the promising sources of antibiotics that they could constitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Bruno
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7273, ICR, F-13013Marseille, France
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hamza Olleik
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Daniela Zeppilli
- IFREMER Centre Brest REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS10070, F-29280Plouzané, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 AD2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier CS90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France.
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6
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Liu C, Ji P, Timper P. Maternal Stress Reduces the Susceptibility of Root-Knot Nematodes to Pasteuria Penetrans. J Nematol 2019; 51:e2019-40. [PMID: 34179816 PMCID: PMC6916145 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteuria penetrans is an obligate parasite of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Endospores of P. penetrans attach to the cuticle of second-stage juveniles (J2) and complete their life cycle within the nematode female body. Infected females will be filled with spores and will be sterilized. Studies with Daphnia magna and its parasite Pasteuria ramosa showed that a poor maternal environment can lead to offspring resistant to P. ramosa. Therefore, we hypothesized that Meloidogyne arenaria females raised under a stressed environment would produce offspring that were more resistant to P. penetrans. Females were exposed to a stressed environment created by crowding and low-food supply, or a non-stressed environment and their offspring evaluated for endospore attachment and infection by P. penetrans. No difference in spore attachment was observed between the two treatments. However, infection rate of P. penetrans in the stressed treatment was significantly lower than that in the non-stressed treatment (8 vs 18%). Mothers raised under stressed conditions appeared to produce more resistant offspring than did mothers raised under favorable conditions. Under stressful conditions, M. arenaria mothers may provide their progeny with enhanced survival traits. In the field, when nematode populations are not managed, they often reach the carrying capacity of their host plant by the end of the season. This study suggests that the next generation of inoculum may be more resistant to infection by P. penetrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793
- Entomology and Nematology Department, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793
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7
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Jasmer DP, Rosa BA, Tyagi R, Mitreva M. Omics Driven Understanding of the Intestines of Parasitic Nematodes. Front Genet 2019; 10:652. [PMID: 31402928 PMCID: PMC6669237 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological and molecular complexity of nematodes has impeded research on development of new therapies for treatment and control. We have focused on the versatility of the nematode intestine as a target for new therapies. To that end, it is desirable to establish a broad and deep understanding of the molecular architecture underlying intestinal cell functions at the pan-Nematoda level. Multiomics data were generated to uncover the evolutionary principles underlying both conserved and adaptable features of the nematode intestine. Whole genomes were used to reveal the functional potential of the nematodes, tissue-specific transcriptomes provided a deep assessment of genes that are expressed in the adult nematode intestine, and comparison of selected core species was used to determine a first approximation of the pan-Nematoda intestinal transcriptome. Differentially expressed transcripts were also identified among intestinal regions, with the largest number expressed at significantly higher levels in the anterior region, identifying this region as the most functionally unique compared to middle and posterior regions. Profiling intestinal miRNAs targeting these genes identified the conserved intestinal miRNAs. Proteomics of intestinal cell compartments assigned proteins to several different intestinal cell compartments (intestinal tissue, the integral and peripheral intestinal membranes, and the intestinal lumen). Finally, advanced bioinformatic approaches were used to predict intestinal cell functional categories of seminal importance to parasite survival, which can now be experimentally tested and validated. The data provide the most comprehensive compilation of constitutively and differentially expressed genes, predicted gene regulators, and proteins of the nematode intestine. The information provides knowledge that is essential to understand molecular features of nematode intestinal cells and functions of fundamental importance to the intestine of many, if not all, parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, United States
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, United States
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, United States
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8
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Rausch S, Midha A, Kuhring M, Affinass N, Radonic A, Kühl AA, Bleich A, Renard BY, Hartmann S. Parasitic Nematodes Exert Antimicrobial Activity and Benefit From Microbiota-Driven Support for Host Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2282. [PMID: 30349532 PMCID: PMC6186814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic nematodes live in intimate contact with the host microbiota. Changes in the microbiome composition during nematode infection affect immune control of the parasites and shifts in the abundance of bacterial groups have been linked to the immunoregulatory potential of nematodes. Here we asked if the small intestinal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces factors with antimicrobial activity, senses its microbial environment and if the anti-nematode immune and regulatory responses are altered in mice devoid of gut microbes. We found that H. polygyrus excretory/secretory products exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram+/− bacteria. Parasites from germ-free mice displayed alterations in gene expression, comprising factors with putative antimicrobial functions such as chitinase and lysozyme. Infected germ-free mice developed increased small intestinal Th2 responses coinciding with a reduction in local Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and decreased parasite fecundity. Our data suggest that nematodes sense their microbial surrounding and have evolved factors that limit the outgrowth of certain microbes. Moreover, the parasites benefit from microbiota-driven immune regulatory circuits, as an increased ratio of intestinal Th2 effector to regulatory T cells coincides with reduced parasite fitness in germ-free mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhring
- Bioinformatics Unit (MF 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Affinass
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Radonic
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Genome Sequencing Unit (MF 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit for Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Midha A, Janek K, Niewienda A, Henklein P, Guenther S, Serra DO, Schlosser J, Hengge R, Hartmann S. The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:271. [PMID: 30131945 PMCID: PMC6090379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis is a widespread soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides in humans, and the closely related Ascaris suum in pigs. Progress has been made in understanding interactions between helminths and host immune cells, but less is known concerning the interactions of parasitic nematodes and the host microbiota. As the host microbiota represents the direct environment for intestinal helminths and thus a considerable challenge, we studied nematode products, including excretory-secretory products (ESP) and body fluid (BF), of A. suum to determine their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains were assessed by the radial diffusion assay, while effects on biofilm formation were assessed using the crystal violet static biofilm and macrocolony assays. In addition, bacterial neutralizing activity was studied by an agglutination assay. ESP from different A. suum life stages (in vitro-hatched L3, lung-stage L3, L4, and adult) as well as BF from adult males were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Several proteins and peptides with known and predicted roles in nematode immune defense were detected in ESP and BF samples, including members of A. suum antibacterial factors (ASABF) and cecropin antimicrobial peptide families, glycosyl hydrolase enzymes such as lysozyme, as well as c-type lectin domain-containing proteins. Native, unconcentrated nematode products from intestine-dwelling L4-stage larvae and adults displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Additionally, adult A. suum ESP interfered with biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, and caused bacterial agglutination. These results indicate that A. suum uses a variety of factors with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to affirm itself within its microbe-rich environment in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Janek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agathe Niewienda
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Henklein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego O Serra
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität-zu-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institute of Biology/Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität-zu-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Midha A, Schlosser J, Hartmann S. Reciprocal Interactions between Nematodes and Their Microbial Environments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:144. [PMID: 28497029 PMCID: PMC5406411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematode infections are widespread in nature, affecting humans as well as wild, companion, and livestock animals. Most parasitic nematodes inhabit the intestines of their hosts living in close contact with the intestinal microbiota. Many species also have tissue migratory life stages in the absence of severe systemic inflammation of the host. Despite the close coexistence of helminths with numerous microbes, little is known concerning these interactions. While the environmental niche is considerably different, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is also found amongst a diverse microbiota, albeit on decaying organic matter. As a very well characterized model organism that has been intensively studied for several decades, C. elegans interactions with bacteria are much more deeply understood than those of their parasitic counterparts. The enormous breadth of understanding achieved by the C. elegans research community continues to inform many aspects of nematode parasitology. Here, we summarize what is known regarding parasitic nematode-bacterial interactions while comparing and contrasting this with information from work in C. elegans. This review highlights findings concerning responses to bacterial stimuli, antimicrobial peptides, and the reciprocal influences between nematodes and their environmental bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota of nematodes as well as alterations in the intestinal microbiota of mammalian hosts by helminth infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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11
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Tarr DEK. Distribution and characteristics of ABFs, cecropins, nemapores, and lysozymes in nematodes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:502-520. [PMID: 21978453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several groups of antimicrobial effector molecules have been identified in nematodes, but most studies have been limited to Caenorhabditis elegans and, to a lesser extent, Ascaris suum. Although these two species are not closely related, they are not representative of overall nematode diversity. This study utilized available sequence information to investigate whether four groups of antimicrobial effectors (defensin-like antibacterial factors [ABFs], cecropins, saposin domain-containing proteins, and lysozymes) are components of an archetypal nematode immune system or more narrowly restricted. Saposin domain-containing proteins (caenopores in C. elegans) and lysozymes were widely distributed and found in most taxa, but likely have digestive as well as defensive functions. ABFs were widely distributed in fewer taxa, suggesting selective loss in some lineages. In contrast, cecropins were identified in only three related species, suggesting acquisition of this effector molecule in their common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellen K Tarr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
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12
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Wiens M, Schröder HC, Korzhev M, Wang XH, Batel R, Müller WEG. Inducible ASABF-type antimicrobial peptide from the sponge Suberites domuncula: microbicidal and hemolytic activity in vitro and toxic effect on molluscs in vivo. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1969-1994. [PMID: 22073005 PMCID: PMC3210614 DOI: 10.3390/md9101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since sponges, as typical filter-feeders, are exposed to a high load of attacking prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, they are armed with a wide arsenal of antimicrobial/cytostatic low-molecular-weight, non-proteinaceous bioactive compounds. Here we present the first sponge agent belonging to the group of ASABF-type antimicrobial peptides. The ASABF gene was identified and cloned from the demosponge Suberites domuncula. The mature peptide, with a length of 64 aa residues has a predicted pI of 9.24, and comprises the characteristic CSα β structural motif. Consequently, the S. domuncula ASABF shares high similarity with the nematode ASABFs; it is distantly related to the defensins. The recombinant peptide was found to display besides microbicidal activity, anti-fungal activity. In addition, the peptide lyses human erythrocytes. The expression of ASABF is upregulated after exposure to the apoptosis-inducing agent 2,2′-dipyridyl. During the process of apoptosis of surface tissue of S. domuncula, grazing gastropods (Bittium sp.) are attracted by quinolinic acid which is synthesized through the kynurenine pathway by the enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAD). Finally, the gastropods are repelled from the sponge tissue by the ASABF. It is shown that the effector peptide ASABF is sequentially expressed after the induction of the HAD gene and a caspase, as a central enzyme executing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiens
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
| | - Renato Batel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Center for Marine Research, Giordano Paliaga 5, Rovinj HR-52210, Croatia; E-Mail:
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (H.C.S.); (M.K.); (X.-H.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-611-3925910; Fax: +49-611-3925243
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Ueno S, Kusaka K, Tamada Y, Zhang H, Minaba M, Kato Y. An enhancer peptide for membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:46. [PMID: 20152058 PMCID: PMC2834666 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NP4P is a synthetic peptide derived from a natural, non-antimicrobial peptide fragment (pro-region of nematode cecropin P4) by substitution of all acidic amino acid residues with amides (i.e., Glu --> Gln, and Asp --> Asn). RESULTS In the presence of NP4P, some membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides (ASABF-alpha, polymyxin B, and nisin) killed microbes at lower concentration (e.g., 10 times lower minimum bactericidal concentration for ASABF-alpha against Staphylococcus aureus), whereas NP4P itself was not bactericidal and did not interfere with bacterial growth at CONCLUSIONS NP4P selectively enhanced the bactericidal activities of membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides by increasing the efficacy of membrane disruption against the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ueno
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Kusaka
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamada
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masaomi Minaba
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Minaba M, Ueno S, Pillai A, Kato Y. Evolution of ASABF (Ascaris suum antibacterial factor)-type antimicrobial peptides in nematodes: putative rearrangement of disulfide bonding patterns. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:1147-1150. [PMID: 19560487 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ASABF (Ascaris suum antibacterial factor)-type antimicrobial peptides are defensin-like cysteine-rich peptides that are widely distributed in the phylum Nematoda. In known members of ASABF-type antimicrobial peptides, an array consisting of eight cysteine residues is completely conserved. In this study, we report a novel member ASABF-6Cys-alpha, which contains only six cysteine residues, in the pig round worm A. suum. The two cysteine residues deleted in ASABF-6Cys-alpha were not identical to a pair of half-cystine forming a disulfide bridge in ASABF-alpha, suggesting a rearrangement of disulfide bonding patterns. Gene organization and phylogenetic analyses suggested that ASABF-6Cys-alpha was generated from an ancestral ASABF gene after the divergence of Ascaridida from Rhabditida. ASABF-6Cys-alpha transcripts dramatically increased after bacterial injection, suggesting that ASABF-6Cys-alpha may contribute to immunity in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Minaba
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Gopalapillai R, Kadono-Okuda K, Tsuchida K, Yamamoto K, Nohata J, Ajimura M, Mita K. Lipophorin receptor of Bombyx mori: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, alternative splicing, and isolation of a new isoform. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1005-13. [PMID: 16474173 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500462-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cDNA and genomic structure of a putative lipophorin receptor from the silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmLpR), indicated the presence of four isoforms, designated LpR1, LpR2, LpR3, and LpR4. The deduced amino acid sequence of each isoform showed five functional domains that are homologous to vertebrate very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). All four isoforms seem to have originated from a single gene by alternative splicing and were differentially expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific manner. BmLpR1 harbored an additional 27 amino acids in the O-linked sugar domain, resulting in an extra exon. The silkworm BmLpR gene consisted of 16 exons separated by 15 introns spanning >122 kb and was at least three times larger than the human VLDLR gene. Surprisingly, one of the isoforms, LpR4, was expressed specifically in the brain and central nervous system. Additionally, it had a unique cytoplasmic tail, leading to the proposition that it represents a new candidate LpR for possible brain-related function(s). This is the first report on the genomic characterization of an arthropod lipoprotein receptor gene and the identification of a brain-specific receptor variant from a core member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family in invertebrates.
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16
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Pillai A, Ueno S, Zhang H, Lee J, Kato Y. Cecropin P1 and novel nematode cecropins: a bacteria-inducible antimicrobial peptide family in the nematode Ascaris suum. Biochem J 2005; 390:207-14. [PMID: 15850460 PMCID: PMC1184576 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cecropin P1 was first identified as a mammalian antimicrobial peptide isolated from the pig intestine. Much research aimed at characterizing this peptide has been reported. Recently, the workers who discovered the peptide corrected their original conclusion, and confirmed that this peptide originates in fact from the pig intestinal parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. In the present study, we carried out a semi-exhaustive search for bacteria-inducible transcripts in A. suum by the cDNA subtraction method. The transcripts encoding cecropin P1 and novel Ascaris cecropins, designated cecropins P2, P3 and P4, were found to be positively induced factors. Chemically synthesized Ascaris cecropins were bactericidal against a wide range of microbes, i.e. Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Esherichia coli) bacteria, and were weakly but detectably active against yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans). Cecropin P1-like sequences were also detected at least in two other species (Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis) of the Ascarididae. All Ascaris cecropin precursors contain an acidic pro-region connected by a tetra-basic cleavage site at the C-terminus. Such an acidic pro-region is also reported to be present in the tunicate cecropin-type antimicrobial peptide styelin. On the basis of the evolutionary position of nematodes and tunicates, the ancestral cecropin may have contained the acidic pro-region at the C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Pillai
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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17
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Froy O. Convergent evolution of invertebrate defensins and nematode antibacterial factors. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:314-9. [PMID: 15914006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial factors (ABFs) are secreted polypeptides that have an important role in the innate immune system of nematodes. Comparison of these polypeptides revealed similarity in bioactivity, protein sequence and 3D structure, suggesting that they originated from a common ancestor. Comparison of gene organization of nematode ABF genes revealed that all except one contain a Phase 0 intron at a conserved location. The intron phase and location are congruent with the postulated intron gain rules, suggesting a gain of intron before duplication and divergence of the ancestral gene. Although nematode ABFs display similarity in activity and structure to invertebrate (arthropod and mollusk) defensins, lack of sequence similarity and the different genomic organization suggest that these two polypeptide families exhibit convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Froy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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18
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Abstract
The amenability of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for genetic analysis and other experimentation provides a powerful tool for studying host-pathogen interactions. Our current understanding of how C. elegans responds to pathogen challenges is in its infancy, but the discovery that the worm has inducible defence responses, which to some extent parallel those of other organisms, demonstrates the potential of this model organism for the study of innate immunity. Most progress in dissecting the C. elegans antimicrobial response has focused around signal transduction pathways and the expression of genes activated by the worm in response to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gravato-Nobre
- Genetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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19
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Zhang H, Morikawa K, Ohta T, Kato Y. In vitro resistance to the CSαβ-type antimicrobial peptide ASABF-α is conferred by overexpression of sigma factor sigB in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:686-91. [PMID: 15761069 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ASABF (Ascaris suum antibacterial factor) is a CSalphabeta-type antimicrobial peptide isolated from nematodes. ASABF-alpha, a member of ASABF, is particularly effective against the gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we investigated the role of sigB expression on ASABF-resistance in S. aureus. METHODS Based on preliminary characterization of the ASABF-resistant strain, Mu50, we speculated that the alternative sigma factor sigB may regulate resistance against antimicrobial peptides. To test this hypothesis, the ASABF susceptibility was compared between NKSB (a sigB-knockout derivative of N315) and its sigB-overexpressing derivative. In addition, similar experiments were carried out for N315ex, a deletion mutant of N315 for SCCmec (Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec) which contains essential genes for beta-lactam resistance. RESULTS The sigB-overexpressing NKSB acquired an increased resistance to ASABF-alpha compared with the parent strain. The sigB-induced ASABF-alpha resistance was also observed in N315ex. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of sigB confers resistance to the antimicrobial peptide, ASABF-alpha. SCCmec is not essential for this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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20
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Bachère E, Gueguen Y, Gonzalez M, de Lorgeril J, Garnier J, Romestand B. Insights into the anti-microbial defense of marine invertebrates: the penaeid shrimps and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Immunol Rev 2004; 198:149-68. [PMID: 15199961 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on innate immunity of the penaeid shrimps and the oyster Crassostrea gigas is motivated greatly by economical necessities. Indeed, the aquaculture of these organisms is now limited by the development of infectious diseases. Studying anti-microbial peptides/proteins (AMPs), which are effector molecules of the host defense, is particularly attractive not only for progressing basic knowledge on immunity but also because they offer various possible applications for disease management in aquaculture. AMPs are explored with a global approach,considering their structure, properties, function, gene expression, and tissue distribution during the response to infections. In shrimp, investigations of the penaeidins, which are constitutively expressed peptides, have highlighted the importance of hemocytes and hematopoiesis as major elements of the immune response, providing both local and systemic reactions. The activation of hematopoiesis must be regarded as a regulatory way for the expression and distribution of constitutively expressed immune effectors. As complementary approaches, genomics and gene profiling are promising to deepen our understanding of the anti-microbial defense of the oyster and the shrimp. However, real progress will depend also on the characterization of hemocyte lineages and hematopoiesis of these marine invertebrates as well as on the ontogenesis of their immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- IFREMER-CNRS-UMII, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier Cedex, France.
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21
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Abstract
Until very recently it was not known whether the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans was capable of mounting a specific immune response to protect itself from pathogens. It has only just become clear that this simple nematode in fact possesses a complex innate immune system, involving multiple signalling pathways and an armoury of antimicrobial proteins and peptides. Genetic and microarray approaches are now revealing the molecular cross-talk that exists between the different signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C M Millet
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale/Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique /Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Cedex 9 Marseille, France
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22
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Abstract
The free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a versatile model for the study of the genetic regulation of aging and of host-pathogen interactions. Many genes affecting multiple processes, such as neuroendocrine signalling, nutritional sensing and mitochondrial functions, have been shown to play important roles in determining the lifespan of C. elegans. The DAF-2-mediated insulin signalling pathway is the major pathway that regulates aging in this nematode and this role appears universal; neuroendrocrine signalling also affects aging in Drosophila and mice. Recent studies have shown that the innate immune function in C. elegans is modulated by signalling from the TGF-beta-like, the p38 MAPK and the DAF-2 insulin pathways. The requirement for the DAF-2 pathway in modulating aging and immunity suggests that these processes may be linked at the molecular level. It is well known that as humans age, immunosenescence occurs in which there is a general degradation of immune efficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that modulate aging and immune response and attempt to suggest molecular links between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leopold Kurz
- Department of Genetics, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA.
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23
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Nicholas HR, Hodgkin J. Responses to infection and possible recognition strategies in the innate immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Immunol 2004; 41:479-93. [PMID: 15183927 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers investigating innate immunity have begun to use C. elegans as a new model system. The worm has been found to mount protective responses to a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Four signalling pathways involved in such responses have been identified so far: the p38 MAP kinase pathway, the programmed cell death pathway, the TGF-beta pathway and the DAF-2 insulin/IGF-I like signalling pathway. Activation of these pathways can lead to the production of immune effector molecules such as lysozymes, lipases and saposin-like proteins, which can act directly against the invading microorganisms. The signalling pathways used and the effectors produced depend on the nature of the infection, indicating that the worm can detect and discriminate between infecting microorganisms. However, the molecules involved in recognition of pathogens have yet to be identified. The worm genome encodes various proteins which might have this recognition function, such as numerous proteins containing C-type lectin domains. These and other candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Nicholas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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24
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Tasiemski A, Vandenbulcke F, Mitta G, Lemoine J, Lefebvre C, Sautière PE, Salzet M. Molecular characterization of two novel antibacterial peptides inducible upon bacterial challenge in an annelid, the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30973-82. [PMID: 15102860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel antimicrobial peptides named theromacin and theromyzin were isolated and characterized from the coelomic liquid of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Theromacin is a 75-amino acid cationic peptide containing 10 cysteine residues arranged in a disulfide array showing no similarities with other known antimicrobial peptides. Theromyzin is an 86-amino acid linear peptide and constitutes the first anionic antimicrobial peptide observed in invertebrates. Both peptides exhibit activity directed against Gram-positive bacteria. Theromacin and theromyzin cDNAs code precursor molecules containing a putative signal sequence directly followed by the mature peptide. The enhancement of theromacin and theromyzin mRNA levels has been observed after blood meal ingestion and upon bacterial challenge. In situ hybridization revealed that both genes are expressed in large fat cells in contact with coelomic cavities. Gene products were immunodetected in large fat cells, in intestinal epithelia, and at the epidermis level. In addition, a rapid release of the peptides into the coelomic liquid was observed after bacterial challenge. The presence of antimicrobial peptide genes in leeches and their expression in a specific tissue functionally resembling the insect fat body provide evidence for the first time of an antibacterial response in a lophotrochozoan comparable to that of holometabola insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tasiemski
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie UMR 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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