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Zhang L, Li Z, Ye X, Chen Z, Chen ZS. Mechanisms of thrombosis and research progress on targeted antithrombotic drugs. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2282-2302. [PMID: 33895314 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of thromboembolic diseases has increased in recent years, accompanied by an increase in patient mortality. Currently, several targeting delivery strategies have been developed to treat thromboembolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of thrombolysis and current anticoagulant drugs, particularly those with targeting capability, highlighting advances in the accurate treatment of thrombolysis with fewer adverse effects. Such approaches include magnetic drug-loading systems combined with molecular imaging to recanalize blood vessels and systems based on chimeric Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences that can target platelet glycoprotein receptor. With such progress in targeted antithrombotic drugs, targeted thrombolysis treatment shows significant potential benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Xianren Ye
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA.
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Anderson R, Theron AJ, Steel HC, Nel JG, Tintinger GR. ADP-Mediated Upregulation of Expression of CD62P on Human Platelets Is Critically Dependent on Co-Activation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120420. [PMID: 33255391 PMCID: PMC7760858 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study probed the differential utilization of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors in mobilizing CD62P (P-selectin) from intracellular granules following activation of human platelets with adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP, 100 µmol·L−1) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from the blood of adult humans. CD62P was measured by flow cytometry following activation of PRP with ADP in the absence and presence of the selective antagonists of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors, MRS2500 and PSB0739 (both 0.155–10 µmol·L−1), respectively. Effects of the test agents on ADP-activated, CD62P-dependent formation of neutrophil:platelet (NP) aggregates were also measured by flow cytometry, while phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity was measured according to Akt1 phosphorylation in platelet lysates. Treatment with MRS2500 or PSB0739 at 10 µmol·L−1 almost completely attenuated (94.6% and 86% inhibition, respectively) ADP-activated expression of CD62P and also inhibited NP aggregate formation. To probe the mechanisms involved in P2Y1/P2Y12 receptor-mediated expression of CD62P, PRP was pre-treated with U73122 (phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor), 2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl borate (2-APB, inositol triphosphate receptor antagonist), calmidazolium chloride (calmodulin inhibitor), or wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor). U73122, 2-APB, and wortmannin caused almost complete inhibition of ADP-activated expression of CD62P, while calmidazolium chloride caused statistically significant, partial inhibition. PSB0739, but not MRS2500, caused potent inhibition of PI3K-mediated phosphorylation of Akt1. Optimal mobilization of CD62P by ADP-stimulated platelets is critically dependent on the co-activation of platelet P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. P2Y12 receptor activation is the key event in activation of PI3K, while activation of the P2Y1 receptor appears to create a high cytosolic Ca2+ environment conducive to optimum PI3K activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (A.J.T.); (H.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-318-2425; Fax: +27-12-323-0732
| | - Annette J. Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (A.J.T.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (A.J.T.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Jan G. Nel
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Tshwane Academic Division of the National Laboratory Health Service of South Africa, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Gregory R. Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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Burnstock G. Blood cells: an historical account of the roles of purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:411-34. [PMID: 26260710 PMCID: PMC4648797 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of purinergic signalling in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes was recognised early. The release of ATP and the expression of purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases on erythrocytes in health and disease are reviewed. The release of ATP and ADP from platelets and the expression and roles of P1, P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X1 receptors on platelets are described. P2Y(1) and P2X(1) receptors mediate changes in platelet shape, while P2Y(12) receptors mediate platelet aggregation. The changes in the role of purinergic signalling in a variety of disease conditions are considered. The successful use of P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor, for the treatment of thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Maurice P, Guillaume JL, Benleulmi-Chaachoua A, Daulat AM, Kamal M, Jockers R. GPCR-Interacting Proteins, Major Players of GPCR Function. PHARMACOLOGY OF G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS 2011; 62:349-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385952-5.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wolff SC, Qi AD, Harden TK, Nicholas RA. Charged residues in the C-terminus of the P2Y1 receptor constitute a basolateral-sorting signal. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2512-20. [PMID: 20592187 PMCID: PMC2894661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(1) receptor is localized to the basolateral membrane of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In the present study, we identified a 25-residue region within the C-terminal tail (C-tail) of the P2Y(1) receptor that directs basolateral sorting. Deletion of this sorting signal caused redirection of the receptor to the apical membrane, indicating that the region from the N-terminus to transmembrane domain 7 (TM7) contains an apical-sorting signal that is overridden by a dominant basolateral signal in the C-tail. Location of the signal relative to TM7 is crucial, because increasing its distance from the end of TM7 resulted in loss of basolateral sorting. The basolateral-sorting signal does not use any previously established basolateral-sorting motifs, i.e. tyrosine-containing or di-hydrophobic motifs, for function, and it is functional even when inverted or when its amino acids are scrambled, indicating that the signal is sequence independent. Mutagenesis of different classes of amino acids within the signal identified charged residues (five basic and four acidic amino acids in 25 residues) as crucial determinants for sorting function, with amidated amino acids having a lesser role. Mutational analyses revealed that whereas charge balance (+1 overall) of the signal is unimportant, the total number of charged residues (nine), either positive or negative, is crucial for basolateral targeting. These data define a new class of targeting signal that relies on total charge and might provide a common mechanism for polarized trafficking of epithelial proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Amino Acids, Acidic/chemistry
- Amino Acids, Acidic/genetics
- Amino Acids, Basic/chemistry
- Amino Acids, Basic/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Polarity/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dogs
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Kidney/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation/genetics
- Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Wolff
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Ai-Dong Qi
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - T. Kendall Harden
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Robert A. Nicholas
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
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Calmodulin antagonists induce platelet apoptosis. Thromb Res 2010; 125:340-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Several recent findings point to an important role for redox regulation of platelet responses to collagen involving the receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI. First, the antioxidant dietary compound, quercetin, was shown to inhibit GPVI-dependent platelet activation and signaling responses to collagen. Second, collagen increased platelet production of the oxygen radical, superoxide anion (O2-), mediated by the multi-subunit enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) oxidase. In that case, O2- was implicated in regulating not initial aggregation, but collagen-induced thrombus stabilization involving release of ADP. Third, our laboratory showed that an unpaired thiol in the GPVI cytoplasmic tail undergoes rapid oxidation to form GPVI homodimers following ligand binding, preceding GPVI signaling and ectodomain metalloproteolysis, and indicating formation of an oxidative submembranous environment in activated platelets. This review examines receptor/redox regulation in other cells, and relevance to the pathophysiological function of GPVI and other platelet receptors initiating thrombus formation in haemostasis or thrombotic diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Arthur
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
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Chaabane C, Dally S, Corvazier E, Bredoux R, Bobe R, Ftouhi B, Raies A, Enouf J. Platelet PMCA- and SERCA-type Ca2+ -ATPase expression in diabetes: a novel signature of abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2127-35. [PMID: 17883705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown platelet Ca(2+) abnormalities in diabetes mellitus and some reports suggest abnormal platelet production. Platelet Ca(2+) homeostasis is controlled by a multi-Ca(2+)-ATPase system that includes two plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) and seven sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms. In addition, we recently found that the expression of PMCA4b and SERCA3 isoforms may serve as new markers of abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis [Nurden P et al. Impaired megakaryocytopoiesis in type 2B von Willebrand disease with severe thrombocytopenia. Blood 2006; 108: 2587-95]. AIM To analyze the expression of major platelet Ca(2+)-ATPases in 27 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D or T2D) compared with normal donors. METHODS Investigation of protein and mRNA expressions of PMCA1b and PMCA4b, and SERCA2b, SERCA3a and SERCA3b, using specific Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Remarkably, all patients with T1D were found to present a higher expression of PMCA4b protein (212% +/- 28%; n = 10) and PMCA4b mRNA (155% +/- 16%; n = 17), coupled with a higher expression of SERCA3b mRNA (165% +/- 9%) in some cases. Patients with T2D (n = 10) were also studied for protein expression and were found to present similar major upregulation of the expression of PMCA4b protein (180% +/- 28%; n = 10). Lastly, five of 10 patients with T1D were studied for PMCA4b expression after insulin treatment, with four of five recovering normal expression (96% +/- 15%; n = 5). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the expression of PMCA4b upon platelet maturation, platelets from diabetic patients exhibit similarities with immature megakaryocytes. Thus, this study reinforces the idea that abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis can provide additional insights into diabetes and could represent a novel therapeutic target for antithrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaabane
- U689 INSERM, CRCIL, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris Cedex 10, France
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Gardiner EE, Karunakaran D, Arthur JF, Mu FT, Powell MS, Baker RI, Hogarth PM, Kahn ML, Andrews RK, Berndt MC. Dual ITAM-mediated proteolytic pathways for irreversible inactivation of platelet receptors: de-ITAM-izing FcgammaRIIa. Blood 2007; 111:165-74. [PMID: 17848620 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-086983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen binding to glycoprotein VI (GPVI) induces signals critical for platelet activation in thrombosis. Both ligand-induced GPVI signaling through its coassociated Fc-receptor gamma-chain (FcRgamma) immunoreceptor tyrosine-activation motif (ITAM) and the calmodulin inhibitor, W7, dissociate calmodulin from GPVI and induce metalloproteinase-mediated GPVI ectodomain shedding. We investigated whether signaling by another ITAM-bearing receptor on platelets, FcgammaRIIa, also down-regulates GPVI expression. Agonists that signal through FcgammaRIIa, the mAbs VM58 or 14A2, potently induced GPVI shedding, inhibitable by the metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001. Unexpectedly, FcgammaRIIa also underwent rapid proteolysis in platelets treated with agonists for FcgammaRIIa (VM58/14A2) or GPVI/FcRgamma (the snake toxin, convulxin), generating an approximate 30-kDa fragment. Immunoprecipitation/pull-down experiments showed that FcgammaRIIa also bound calmodulin and W7 induced FcgammaRIIa cleavage. However, unlike GPVI, the approximate 30-kDa FcgammaRIIa fragment remained platelet associated, and proteolysis was unaffected by GM6001 but was inhibited by a membrane-permeable calpain inhibitor, E64d; consistent with this, micro-calpain cleaved an FcgammaRIIa tail-fusion protein at (222)Lys/(223)Ala and (230)Gly/(231)Arg, upstream of the ITAM domain. These findings suggest simultaneous activation of distinct extracellular (metalloproteinase-mediated) and intracellular (calpain-mediated) proteolytic pathways irreversibly inactivating platelet GPVI/FcRgamma and FcgammaRIIa, respectively. Activation of both pathways was observed with immunoglobulin from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), suggesting novel mechanisms for platelet dysfunction by FcgammaRIIa after immunologic insult.
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Andrews RK, Karunakaran D, Gardiner EE, Berndt MC. Platelet Receptor Proteolysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1511-20. [PMID: 17463334 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The platelet plasma membrane is literally at the cutting-edge of recent research into proteolytic regulation of the function and surface expression of platelet receptors, revealing new mechanisms for how the thrombotic propensity of platelets is controlled in health and disease. Extracellular proteolysis of receptors irreversibly inactivates receptor-mediated adhesion and signaling, as well as releasing soluble fragments into the plasma where they act as potential markers or modulators. Platelet-surface sheddases, particularly of the metalloproteinase-disintegrin (ADAM) family, can be regulated by many of the same mechanisms that control receptor function, such as calmodulin association or activation of signaling pathways. This provides layers of regulation (proteinase and receptor), and a higher order of control of cellular function. Activation of pathways leading to extracellular shedding is concomitant with activation of intracellular proteinases such as calpain, which may also irreversibly deactivate receptors. In this review, platelet receptor shedding will be discussed in terms of (1) the identity of proteinases involved in receptor proteolysis, (2) key platelet receptors regulated by proteolytic pathways, and (3) how shedding might be regulated in normal physiology or future therapeutics. In particular, a focus on proteolytic regulation of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein (GP)VI, illustrates many of the key biochemical, cellular, and clinical implications of current research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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