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Szwergold B. A Hypothesis: Fructosamine-3-Kinase-Related-Protein (FN3KRP) Catalyzes Deglycation of Maillard Intermediates Directly Downstream from Fructosamines. Rejuvenation Res 2021; 24:310-318. [PMID: 34314247 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation (a.k.a. Maillard reaction) is a series of random spontaneous reactions between reducing sugars and amines, resulting in the formation of irreversible advanced glycation endproducts (AGE's). In food chemistry, this process is beneficial by contributing to the flavor, aroma, texture, and appearance of cooked foods. In vivo, however, Maillard reaction is deleterious because uncontrolled modification and crosslinking of biological macromolecules impairs their function. Consequently, chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus, for instance, leads to increased non-enzymatic glycation and diverse, multi-organ pathologies of diabetic complications. Based on the fact that toxic compounds, such as free radicals, are detoxified in vivo by specific defense mechanisms, one would expect to find mechanisms to control glucose toxicity as well. Thus far, only one such enzyme, fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), has been characterized. It operates intracellularly by catalyzing ATP-dependent removal of Maillard adducts, D-fructoselysines, from proteins, thereby reducing the Maillard reaction flux from glucose to AGE's. When FN3K was isolated, a closely related but distinct protein copurified with it. Unlike FN3K, however, this enzyme, fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein (FN3KRP), does not phosphorylate D-fructoselysines but it does phosphorylate several other (non-physiological) substrates. Interestingly, the distribution of FN3KRP in nature appears to be nearly universal whereas that of FN3K is limited to endotherms. In this article, it is suggested that the function of FN3KRP is deglycation of Maillard adducts downstream from fructoselysines. Such a mechanism, if proven correct, would be valuable given reports on apparent correlations between FN3KRP and some chronic conditions and/or diseases, such as a recent publication which proposes that the FN3KRP gene may be a longevity gene.
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Two high-rate pentose-phosphate pathways in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22111. [PMID: 33335166 PMCID: PMC7746718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevant role of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in cancer metabolic reprogramming has been usually outlined by studying glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). However, recent evidence suggests an unexpected role for a less characterized PPP, triggered by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Studying H6PD biological role in breast and lung cancer, here we show that gene silencing of this reticular enzyme decreases cell content of PPP intermediates and d-ribose, to a similar extent as G6PD silencing. Decrease in overall NADPH content and increase in cell oxidative status are also comparable. Finally, either gene silencing impairs at a similar degree cell proliferating activity. This unexpected response occurs despite the absence of any cross-interference between the expression of both G6PD and H6PD. Thus, overall cancer PPP reflects the contribution of two different pathways located in the cytosol and ER, respectively. Disregarding the reticular pathway might hamper our comprehension of PPP role in cancer cell biology.
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Zemerov SD, Roose BW, Farenhem KL, Zhao Z, Stringer MA, Goldman AR, Speicher DW, Dmochowski IJ. 129Xe NMR-Protein Sensor Reveals Cellular Ribose Concentration. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12817-12824. [PMID: 32897053 PMCID: PMC7649717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cellular ribose uptake can be indicative of metabolic abnormalities or tumorigenesis. However, analytical methods are currently limited for quantifying ribose concentration in complex biological samples. Here, we utilize the highly specific recognition of ribose by ribose-binding protein (RBP) to develop a single-protein ribose sensor detectable via a sensitive NMR technique known as hyperpolarized 129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer (hyper-CEST). We demonstrate that RBP, with a tunable ribose-binding site and further engineered to bind xenon, enables the quantitation of ribose over a wide concentration range (nM to mM). Ribose binding induces the RBP "closed" conformation, which slows Xe exchange to a rate detectable by hyper-CEST. Such detection is remarkably specific for ribose, with the minimal background signal from endogenous sugars of similar size and structure, for example, glucose or ribose-6-phosphate. Ribose concentration was measured for mammalian cell lysate and serum, which led to estimates of low-mM ribose in a HeLa cell line. This highlights the potential for using genetically encoded periplasmic binding proteins such as RBP to measure metabolites in different biological fluids, tissues, and physiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge D. Zemerov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Roose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey L. Farenhem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhuangyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison A. Stringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron R. Goldman
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David W. Speicher
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar
Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wiame E, Tahay G, Tyteca D, Vertommen D, Stroobant V, Bommer GT, Van Schaftingen E. NAT6 acetylates the N-terminus of different forms of actin. FEBS J 2018; 285:3299-3316. [PMID: 30028079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
All forms of mammalian actin comprise at their N-terminus a negatively charged region consisting of an N-acetylated aspartate or glutamate followed by two or three acidic residues. This structural feature is unique to actins and important for their interaction with other proteins. The enzyme catalyzing the acetylation of the N-terminal acidic residue is thought to be NAA10, an enzyme that acetylates multiple intracellular proteins. We report here that this acetylation is essentially carried out by NAT6 (Fus2), a protein of unknown function. Tests of the activity of human recombinant NAT6 on a series of purified proteins showed that the best substrate had several acidic residues near its N-terminus. Accordingly NAT6 was particularly active on highly acidic peptides with sequences corresponding to the N-terminus of different forms of mammalian actins. Knocking out of NAT6 in two human cell lines led to absence of acetylation of the first residue of mature beta-actin (Asp2) and gamma-actin-1 (Glu2). Complete acetylation of these two actins was restored by re-expression of NAT6, or by incubation of extracts of NAT6-deficient cells with low concentrations of recombinant NAT6, while NAA10 showed much less or no activity in such assays. Alpha-actin-1 expressed in NAT6-knockout cells was not acetylated at its N-terminus, indicating that the requirement of NAT6 for acetylation of actin N-termini also applies to the skeletal muscle actin isoform. Taken together, our findings reveal that NAT6 plays a critical role in the maturation of actins by carrying out the acetylation of their N-terminal acidic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Wiame
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Tahay
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Kameya M, Ferri S, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Cloning and characterization of fructosamine-6-kinase from Arthrobacter aurescens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:710-7. [PMID: 23609907 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fructosamine-6-kinases (FN6Ks) that catalyze phosphorylation of glycated amino acids, i.e., fructosyl amino acids (FAs), have been shown as a potential recognition element for glycated protein detection. However, there are only two available FN6Ks: those from Escherichia coli which is specific for ε-fructosyl lysine (ε-FK) and Bacillus subtilis which recognizes both ε-FK and α-FA as substrates. In this study, we characterized an FN6K homologue isolated from Arthrobacter, some of whose species are reported to assimilate FA. The BLAST searches of Arthrobacter genomic database, using the bacterial FN6K primary structure information, revealed the presence of an FN6K homologue in Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 strain. Indeed, enzymatic assays confirmed that the putative FN6K from A. aurescens is an FN6K that is specific for ε-FK, although the primary sequence alignments showed similarity of A. aurescens FN6Ks with FN6Ks from B. subtilis and E. coli at the same level. In this study, we describe for the first time the presence of FN6K in Arthrobacter spp. and ε-FK-specific degradation pathway from Gram-positive bacteria, providing important information for the development of FA-recognizing molecules as well as for the FA assimilation system in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- Graduate School of Bionics, Computer and Media Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
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Chondrogianni N, Petropoulos I, Grimm S, Georgila K, Catalgol B, Friguet B, Grune T, Gonos ES. Protein damage, repair and proteolysis. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 35:1-71. [PMID: 23107776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Damaged proteins influence several intracellular pathways and result in different disorders and diseases. Aggregation of damaged proteins depends on the balance between their generation and their reversal or elimination by protein repair systems and degradation, respectively. With regard to protein repair, only few repair mechanisms have been evidenced including the reduction of methionine sulfoxide residues by the methionine sulfoxide reductases, the conversion of isoaspartyl residues to L-aspartate by L-isoaspartate methyl transferase and deglycation by phosphorylation of protein-bound fructosamine by fructosamine-3-kinase. Protein degradation is orchestrated by two major proteolytic systems, namely the lysosome and the proteasome. Alteration of the function for both systems has been involved in all aspects of cellular metabolic networks linked to either normal or pathological processes. Given the importance of protein repair and degradation, great effort has recently been made regarding the modulation of these systems in various physiological conditions such as aging, as well as in diseases. Genetic modulation has produced promising results in the area of protein repair enzymes but there are not yet any identified potent inhibitors, and, to our knowledge, only one activating compound has been reported so far. In contrast, different drugs as well as natural compounds that interfere with proteolysis have been identified and/or developed resulting in homeostatic maintenance and/or the delay of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Grimm
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantina Georgila
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
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Enzymatic deglycation of Amadori products in bacteria: mechanisms, occurrence and physiological functions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:399-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Van Schaftingen E, Collard F, Wiame E, Veiga-da-Cunha M. Enzymatic repair of Amadori products. Amino Acids 2010; 42:1143-50. [PMID: 20967558 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein deglycation, a new form of protein repair, involves several enzymes. Fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), an enzyme found in mammals and birds, phosphorylates fructosamines on the third carbon of their sugar moiety, making them unstable and causing them to detach from proteins. This enzyme acts particularly well on fructose-epsilon-lysine, both in free form and in the accessible regions of proteins. Mice deficient in FN3K accumulate protein-bound fructosamines and free fructoselysine, indicating that the deglycation mechanism initiated by FN3K is operative in vivo. Mammals and birds also have an enzyme designated 'FN3K-related protein' (FN3KRP), which shares ≈ 65% sequence identity with FN3K. Unlike FN3K, FN3KRP does not phosphorylate fructosamines, but acts on ribulosamines and erythrulosamines. As with FN3K, the third carbon is phosphorylated and this leads to destabilization of the ketoamines. Experiments with intact erythrocytes indicate that FN3KRP is also a protein-repair enzyme. Its physiological substrates are most likely formed from ribose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate, which give rise to ketoamine 5- or 4-phosphates. The latter are dephosphorylated by 'low-molecular-weight protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-A' (LMW-PTP-A) before FN3KRP transfers a phosphate on the third carbon. The specificity of FN3K homologues present in plants and bacteria is similar to that of mammalian FN3KRP, suggesting that deglycation of ribulosamines and/or erythrulosamines is an ancient mechanism. Mammalian cells contain also a phosphatase acting on fructosamine 6-phosphates, which result from the reaction of proteins with glucose 6-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Van Schaftingen
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Macdonald DR, Hanson AM, Holland MR, Singh BM. Clinical impact of variability in HbA1c as assessed by simultaneously measuring fructosamine and use of error grid analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45:421-5. [PMID: 18583630 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2008.007259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the only measure of glycaemic control used for many patients with diabetes, but it has limitations and might sometimes be misleading. HbA(1c) concentrations are influenced by conditions that alter red-cell life and there is evidence that biochemical variation in intracellular glycation rates also influence HbA1c concentrations. This paper is the first to propose a method of using simultaneously measured HbA1c and fructosamine, and error grid analysis, in the clinical setting, to gain a better understanding of glycaemic control. METHODS Cross-sectional analytical study using HbA1c and fructosamine measures on the same blood sample from 1744 patients having blood taken for hospital diabetes clinic appointments. No other selection or exclusion criteria were applied. RESULTS The fructosamine results were converted to a HbA1c equivalent which was then compared with the HbA1c. In an Altman-Bland plot, the paired result differences ranged between -6.9% and +5.5% HbA1c with 1139 (65%), 438 (25%), 130 (8%) and 37 (2%) being < or =1%, 1-2%, 2-3% or >3% of HbA1c difference, respectively. In clinical error grid analysis, 864 (50%) results had tight concordance for clinical interpretation, 761 (43%) had one block disunity of probably little clinical significance, but 105 (6%) were two blocks and 14 (1%) were three blocks discordant. CONCLUSION HbA1c may not accurately reflect glucose control. Our method, utilizing co-assessment with serum fructosamine, evaluates the possible clinical impact of this. We suggest the analysis used in this paper should be used routinely in diabetes practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Macdonald
- Albrighton Medical Practice, Shaw Lane, Albrighton, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV7 3DT, UK.
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Gemayel R, Fortpied J, Rzem R, Vertommen D, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Van Schaftingen E. Many fructosamine 3-kinase homologues in bacteria are ribulosamine/erythrulosamine 3-kinases potentially involved in protein deglycation. FEBS J 2007; 274:4360-74. [PMID: 17681011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to identify the function of bacterial homologues of fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), a mammalian enzyme responsible for the removal of fructosamines from proteins. FN3K homologues were identified in approximately 200 (i.e. approximately 27%) of the sequenced bacterial genomes. In 11 of these genomes, from phylogenetically distant bacteria, the FN3K homologue was immediately preceded by a low-molecular-weight protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (LMW-PTP) homologue, which is therefore probably functionally related to the FN3K homologue. Five bacterial FN3K homologues (from Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Thermus thermophilus) were overexpressed in E. coli, purified and their kinetic properties investigated. Four were ribulosamine/erythrulosamine 3-kinases acting best on free lysine and cadaverine derivatives, but not on ribulosamines bound to the alpha amino group of amino acids. They also phosphorylated protein-bound ribulosamines or erythrulosamines, but not protein-bound fructosamines, therefore having properties similar to those of mammalian FN3K-related protein. The E. coli FN3K homologue (YniA) was inactive on all tested substrates. The LMW-PTP of T. thermophilus, which forms an operon with an FN3K homologue, and an LMW-PTP of S. aureus (PtpA) were overexpressed in E. coli, purified and shown to dephosphorylate not only protein tyrosine phosphates, but protein ribulosamine 5-phosphates as well as free ribuloselysine 5-phosphate and erythruloselysine 4-phosphate. These LMW-PTPs were devoid of ribulosamine 3-phosphatase activity. It is concluded that most bacterial FN3K homologues are ribulosamine/erythrulosamine 3-kinases. They may serve, in conjunction with a phosphatase, to deglycate products of glycation formed from ribose 5-phosphate or erythrose 4-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gemayel
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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