1
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Lin TY, Ramsamooj S, Perrier T, Liberatore K, Lantier L, Vasan N, Karukurichi K, Hwang SK, Kesicki EA, Kastenhuber ER, Wiederhold T, Yaron TM, Huntsman EM, Zhu M, Ma Y, Paddock MN, Zhang G, Hopkins BD, McGuinness O, Schwartz RE, Ersoy BA, Cantley LC, Johnson JL, Goncalves MD. Epinephrine inhibits PI3Kα via the Hippo kinases. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113535. [PMID: 38060450 PMCID: PMC10809223 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α is an essential mediator of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. We interrogated the human serine, threonine, and tyrosine kinome to search for novel regulators of p110α and found that the Hippo kinases phosphorylate p110α at T1061, which inhibits its activity. This inhibitory state corresponds to a conformational change of a membrane-binding domain on p110α, which impairs its ability to engage membranes. In human primary hepatocytes, cancer cell lines, and rodent tissues, activation of the Hippo kinases MST1/2 using forskolin or epinephrine is associated with phosphorylation of T1061 and inhibition of p110α, impairment of downstream insulin signaling, and suppression of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. These changes are abrogated when MST1/2 are genetically deleted or inhibited with small molecules or if the T1061 is mutated to alanine. Our study defines an inhibitory pathway of PI3K signaling and a link between epinephrine and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Shakti Ramsamooj
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tiffany Perrier
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Louise Lantier
- Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neil Vasan
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Seo-Kyoung Hwang
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tomer M Yaron
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily M Huntsman
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yilun Ma
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marcia N Paddock
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Owen McGuinness
- Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Marcus D Goncalves
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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2
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Vogt PK, Hart JR, Yang S, Zhou Q, Yang D, Wang MW. Structural and mechanistic insights provided by single particle cryo-EM analysis of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kα). Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188947. [PMID: 37394020 PMCID: PMC10530483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent cryo-electron microscopic (cryo-EM) investigations have succeeded in the analysis of various structural conformations and functional states of PI3Kα, a dimer consisting of the catalytic subunit p110α and the regulatory subunit p85α of class IA of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. High resolution structures have been obtained of the unliganded and of BYL-719-bound PI3Kα. The latter provides information on excessively flexible domains of p85α that are then further analyzed with nanobodies and CXMS (chemical cross-linking, digestion and mass spectrometry). Analysis of p110α helical and kinase domain mutations reveals mutant-specific features that can be linked to the gain of function in enzymatic and signaling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Vogt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Huang J, Chen L, Wu J, Ai D, Zhang JQ, Chen TG, Wang L. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Human Diseases: Current Status, Trends, and Solutions. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16033-16061. [PMID: 36503229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most important intracellular pathways involved in cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and survival. Therefore, this route is a prospective biological target for treating various human diseases, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary fibrosis, and diabetes. An increasing number of clinical studies emphasize the necessity of developing novel molecules targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This review focuses on recent advances in ATP-competitive inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors, covalent inhibitors, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras against the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and highlights possible solutions for overcoming the toxicities and acquired drug resistance of currently available drugs. We also provide recommendations for the future design and development of promising drugs targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangxia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daiqiao Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Tie-Gen Chen
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Room 109, Building C, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Kotzampasi DM, Premeti K, Papafotika A, Syropoulou V, Christoforidis S, Cournia Z, Leondaritis G. The orchestrated signaling by PI3Kα and PTEN at the membrane interface. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5607-5621. [PMID: 36284707 PMCID: PMC9578963 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene PI3Kα and the tumor suppressor PTEN represent two antagonistic enzymatic activities that regulate the interconversion of the phosphoinositide lipids PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 in membranes. As such, they are defining components of phosphoinositide-based cellular signaling and membrane trafficking pathways that regulate cell survival, growth, and proliferation, and are often deregulated in cancer. In this review, we highlight aspects of PI3Kα and PTEN interplay at the intersection of signaling and membrane trafficking. We also discuss the mechanisms of PI3Kα- and PTEN- membrane interaction and catalytic activation, which are fundamental for our understanding of the structural and allosteric implications on signaling at the membrane interface and may aid current efforts in pharmacological targeting of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Maria Kotzampasi
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71500, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Premeti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Alexandra Papafotika
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syropoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Savvas Christoforidis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Leondaritis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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5
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Nuclear translocation of p85β promotes tumorigenesis of PIK3CA helical domain mutant cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1974. [PMID: 35418124 PMCID: PMC9007954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Ks consist of p110 catalytic subunits and p85 regulatory subunits. PIK3CA, encoding p110α, is frequently mutated in human cancers. Most PIK3CA mutations are clustered in the helical domain or the kinase domain. Here, we report that p85β disassociates from p110α helical domain mutant protein and translocates into the nucleus through a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Nuclear p85β recruits deubiquitinase USP7 to stabilize EZH1 and EZH2 and enhances H3K27 trimethylation. Knockout of p85β or p85β NLS mutant reduces the growth of tumors harboring a PIK3CA helical domain mutation. Our studies illuminate a novel mechanism by which PIK3CA helical domain mutations exert their oncogenic function. Finally, a combination of Alpelisib, a p110α-specific inhibitor, and an EZH inhibitor, Tazemetostat, induces regression of xenograft tumors harboring a PIK3CA helical domain mutation, but not tumors with either a WT PIK3CA or a PIK3CA kinase domain mutation, suggesting that the drug combination could be an effective therapeutic approach for PIK3CA helical domain mutant tumors. The mechanisms behind the oncogenic role of the PIK3CA helical domain mutant is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that its oncogenic function depends on the release of p85β from mutated p110α, its translocation to the nucleus and the consequent increased activity of EZH proteins.
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6
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Swaney DL, Ramms DJ, Wang Z, Park J, Goto Y, Soucheray M, Bhola N, Kim K, Zheng F, Zeng Y, McGregor M, Herrington KA, O'Keefe R, Jin N, VanLandingham NK, Foussard H, Von Dollen J, Bouhaddou M, Jimenez-Morales D, Obernier K, Kreisberg JF, Kim M, Johnson DE, Jura N, Grandis JR, Gutkind JS, Ideker T, Krogan NJ. A protein network map of head and neck cancer reveals PIK3CA mutant drug sensitivity. Science 2021; 374:eabf2911. [PMID: 34591642 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Dana J Ramms
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jisoo Park
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yusuke Goto
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Neil Bhola
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Fan Zheng
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yan Zeng
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael McGregor
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Kari A Herrington
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Center for Advanced Light Microscopy at UCSF, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel O'Keefe
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Jin
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan K VanLandingham
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helene Foussard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - John Von Dollen
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Jason F Kreisberg
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Trey Ideker
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA
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7
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Castelli M, Serapian SA, Marchetti F, Triveri A, Pirota V, Torielli L, Collina S, Doria F, Freccero M, Colombo G. New perspectives in cancer drug development: computational advances with an eye to design. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1491-1502. [PMID: 34671733 PMCID: PMC8459323 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational chemistry has come of age in drug discovery. Indeed, most pharmaceutical development programs rely on computer-based data and results at some point. Herein, we discuss recent applications of advanced simulation techniques to difficult challenges in drug discovery. These entail the characterization of allosteric mechanisms and the identification of allosteric sites or cryptic pockets determined by protein motions, which are not immediately evident in the experimental structure of the target; the study of ligand binding mechanisms and their kinetic profiles; and the evaluation of drug-target affinities. We analyze different approaches to tackle challenging and emerging biological targets. Finally, we discuss the possible perspectives of future application of computation in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano A Serapian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Filippo Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Alice Triveri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Valentina Pirota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Torielli
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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8
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Iksen, Pothongsrisit S, Pongrakhananon V. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer: An Update Regarding Potential Drugs and Natural Products. Molecules 2021; 26:4100. [PMID: 34279440 PMCID: PMC8271933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality rate. Due to its high incidence, the clinical management of the disease remains a major challenge. Several reports have documented a relationship between the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and lung cancer. The recognition of this pathway as a notable therapeutic target in lung cancer is mainly due to its central involvement in the initiation and progression of the disease. Interest in using natural and synthetic medications to target these signaling pathways has increased in recent years, with promising results in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in tumor development. In addition to the signaling pathway, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of recently developed PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors based on preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (I.); (S.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Senior Medan, Medan 20131, Indonesia
| | - Sutthaorn Pothongsrisit
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (I.); (S.P.)
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (I.); (S.P.)
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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9
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Colardo M, Segatto M, Di Bartolomeo S. Targeting RTK-PI3K-mTOR Axis in Gliomas: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4899. [PMID: 34063168 PMCID: PMC8124221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and challenging malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS), due to their infiltrative nature, tendency to recurrence, and poor response to treatments. Indeed, despite the advances in neurosurgical techniques and in radiation therapy, the modest effects of therapy are still challenging. Moreover, tumor recurrence is associated with the onset of therapy resistance; it is therefore critical to identify effective and well-tolerated pharmacological approaches capable of inducing durable responses in the appropriate patient groups. Molecular alterations of the RTK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are typical hallmarks of glioma, and several clinical trials targeting one or more players of this axis have been launched, showing disappointing results so far, due to the scarce BBB permeability of certain compounds or to the occurrence of resistance/tolerance mechanisms. However, as RTK/PI3K/mTOR is one of the pivotal pathways regulating cell growth and survival in cancer biology, targeting still remains a strong rationale for developing strategies against gliomas. Future rigorous clinical studies, aimed at addressing the tumor heterogeneity, the interaction with the microenvironment, as well as diverse posology adjustments, are needed-which might unravel the therapeutic efficacy and response prediction of an RTK/PI3K/mTOR-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
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10
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Castel P, Rauen KA, McCormick F. The duality of human oncoproteins: drivers of cancer and congenital disorders. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:383-397. [PMID: 32341551 PMCID: PMC7787056 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human oncoproteins promote transformation of cells into tumours by dysregulating the signalling pathways that are involved in cell growth, proliferation and death. Although oncoproteins were discovered many years ago and have been widely studied in the context of cancer, the recent use of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led to the identification of cancer-associated mutations in other conditions, including many congenital disorders. These syndromes offer an opportunity to study oncoprotein signalling and its biology in the absence of additional driver or passenger mutations, as a result of their monogenic nature. Moreover, their expression in multiple tissue lineages provides insight into the biology of the proto-oncoprotein at the physiological level, in both transformed and unaffected tissues. Given the recent paradigm shift in regard to how oncoproteins promote transformation, we review the fundamentals of genetics, signalling and pathogenesis underlying oncoprotein duality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Galdadas I, Gervasio FL, Cournia Z. Unravelling the effect of the E545K mutation on PI3Kα kinase. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3511-3515. [PMID: 34703536 PMCID: PMC8493679 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Kα controls several cellular processes and its aberrant signalling is implicated in tumorigenesis. One of its hotspot mutations, E545K, increases PI3Kα lipid kinase activity, but its mode of action is only partially understood. Here, we perform biased and unbiased molecular dynamics simulations of PI3Kα and uncover, for the first time, the free energy landscape of the E545K PI3Kα mutant. We reveal the mechanism by which E545K leads to PI3Kα activation in atomic-level detail, which is considerably more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Galdadas
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Francesco Luigi Gervasio
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens Athens 11527 Greece
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12
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Allosteric Activation of PI3Kα Results in Dynamic Access to Catalytically Competent Conformations. Structure 2020; 28:465-474.e5. [PMID: 32049032 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate PIP2 at its 3' inositol position to generate PIP3, a second messenger that influences signaling cascades regulating cellular growth, survival, and proliferation. Previous studies have suggested that PI3Kα activation involves dislodging the p85α nSH2 domain from the p110α catalytic subunit by binding activated receptor tyrosine kinases. We carried out molecular dynamics simulations to determine, mechanistically and structurally, how PI3Kα conformations are influenced by physiological effectors and the nSH2 domain. We demonstrate that changes in protein dynamics mediated by allosteric regulation significantly increase the population of catalytically competent states without changing the enzyme ground-state structure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that modulation of active-site residue interactions with enzyme substrates can reciprocally influence nSH2 domain dynamics. Together, these results suggest that dynamic allostery plays a role in populating the catalytically competent conformation of PI3Kα, and provide a key platform for the design of novel chemotherapeutic PI3Kα inhibitors.
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13
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Arafeh R, Samuels Y. PIK3CA in cancer: The past 30 years. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Yin Y, Hu JQ, Wu X, Sha S, Wang SF, Qiao F, Song ZC, Zhu HL. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel chromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one derivates containing sulfonamido as potential PI3Kα inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2261-2267. [PMID: 31029551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel chromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one derivates contained sulfonamido were designed and synthesized, and their anticancer effects in vitro was evaluated to develop some new PI3Kα inhibitors. Most of desired compounds exhibited the better antiproliferative activities against four cancer cell lines than that of LY294002. Out of them, compound 4o displayed the potent antiproliferative activity and high selectivity against the PI3Kα protein and it can induce apoptosis of HCT116 in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot assay indicated that compound 4o obviously down-regulated expression of p-Akt (S473). Molecular docking was performed to clarify the possible binding mode between compound 4o and PI3Kα. All these results indicated that compound 4o could be a potential inhibitor of PI3Kα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China; The Joint Research Centre of Gene Interference, Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, 230 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - She-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Song
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Rd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen CC, Tsai EM, Er TK. Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer: What have we learned so far? Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:63-72. [PMID: 30776361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the ovaries and peritoneum. It is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple factors. It is also a common gynecological disorder and affects approximately 10-15% of all women of reproductive age. Recent molecular and pathological studies indicate that endometriosis may serve as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, EAOC), particularly endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers. Although histological and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that endometriosis has a malignant potential, the molecular mechanism that underlies the malignant transformation of endometriosis is still controversial, and the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis must be fully elucidated. Currently, the development and improvement of a new sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS), has been increasingly relevant in cancer genomics research. Recently, NGS has also been utilized in clinical oncology to advance the personalized treatment of cancer. In addition, the sensitivity, speed, and cost make NGS a highly attractive platform compared to other sequencing modalities. For this reason, NGS may lead to the identification of driver mutations and underlying pathways associated with EAOC. Here, we present an overview of the molecular pathways that have led to the current opinions on the relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Kiong Er
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Zhang M, Li Z, Wang G, Jang H, Sacks DB, Zhang J, Gaponenko V, Nussinov R. Calmodulin (CaM) Activates PI3Kα by Targeting the "Soft" CaM-Binding Motifs in Both the nSH2 and cSH2 Domains of p85α. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11137-11146. [PMID: 30047727 PMCID: PMC6422767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3Kα is a key lipid kinase in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Its frequent oncogenic mutations make it a primary drug target. Calmodulin (CaM) activates PI3Kα independently of extracellular signals, indicating a significant role in oncogenic PI3Kα activation. Here, we reveal the atomic-scale structures of CaM in complexes with the nSH2 and cSH2 domains of the regulatory p85α subunit of PI3Kα, and illustrate how CaM activates PI3Kα by targeting the "soft 1-5-10" CaM-binding motifs in both nSH2 and cSH2 domains. Experiment observed CaM binding cSH2 first, followed by nSH2 binding hours later. CaM typically prefers binding helical peptides. Here we observe that, unlike in cSH2, the CaM-binding motif in nSH2 populates a mixed β-sheet/α-helix/random coil structure. The population shift from a β-sheet toward CaM's favored α-helical conformation explains why the nSH2 domain needs a longer time for CaM binding in the experiments. The "soft" CaM-binding motifs in both nSH2 and cSH2 domains establish strong CaM-PI3Kα interactions, collectively facilitating PI3Kα activation. This work uncovers the structural basis for CaM-driven PI3Kα activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Guanqiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Leontiadou H, Galdadas I, Athanasiou C, Cournia Z. Insights into the mechanism of the PIK3CA E545K activating mutation using MD simulations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15544. [PMID: 30341384 PMCID: PMC6195558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) is involved in fundamental cellular processes including cell proliferation and differentiation and is frequently mutated in human malignancies. One of the most common mutations is E545K, which results in an amino acid substitution of opposite charge. It has been recently proposed that in this oncogenic charge-reversal mutation, the interactions between the protein catalytic and regulatory subunits are abrogated, resulting in loss of regulation and constitutive PI3Kα activity, which can lead to oncogenesis. To assess the mechanism of the PI3Kα E545K activating mutation, extensive Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed to examine conformational changes differing between the wild type (WT) and mutant proteins as they occur in microsecond simulations. In the E545K mutant PI3Kα, we observe a spontaneous detachment of the nSH2 PI3Kα domain (regulatory subunit, p85α) from the helical domain (catalytic subunit, p110α) causing significant loss of communication between the regulatory and catalytic subunits. We examine the allosteric network of the two proteins and show that a cluster of residues around the mutation is important for delivering communication signals between the catalytic and regulatory subunits. Our results demonstrate the dynamical and structural effects induced by the p110α E545K mutation in atomic level detail and indicate a possible mechanism for the loss of regulation that E545K confers on PI3Kα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Leontiadou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Galdadas
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Athanasiou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Zhang N, Yu Z, Yang X, Zhou Y, Tang Q, Hu P, Wang J, Zhang SL, Wang MW, He Y. Difuran-substituted quinoxalines as a novel class of PI3Kα H1047R mutant inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Calmodulin and IQGAP1 activation of PI3Kα and Akt in KRAS, HRAS and NRAS-driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2304-2314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and targeted therapy for glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33440-50. [PMID: 26967052 PMCID: PMC5078108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant glioma of all the brain tumors and currently effective treatment options are still lacking. GBM is frequently accompanied with overexpression and/or mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which subsequently leads to activation of many downstream signal pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/rapamycin-sensitive mTOR-complex (mTOR) pathway. Here we explored the reason why inhibition of the pathway may serve as a compelling therapeutic target for the disease, and provided an update data of EFGR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in clinical trials.
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21
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Zhang M, Jang H, Gaponenko V, Nussinov R. Phosphorylated Calmodulin Promotes PI3K Activation by Binding to the SH 2 Domains. Biophys J 2017; 113:1956-1967. [PMID: 29117520 PMCID: PMC5685777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How calmodulin (CaM) acts in KRAS-driven cancers is a vastly important question. CaM binds to and stimulates PI3Kα/Akt signaling, promoting cell growth and proliferation. Phosphorylation of CaM at Tyr99 (pY99) enhances PI3Kα activation. PI3Kα is a lipid kinase. It phosphorylates PIP2 to produce PIP3, to which Akt binds. PI3Kα has two subunits: the regulatory p85 and the catalytic p110. Here, exploiting explicit-solvent MD simulations we unveil key interactions between phosphorylated CaM (pCaM) and the two SH2 domains in the p85 subunit, confirm experimental observations, and uncover PI3Kα's mechanism of activation. pCaMs form strong and stable interactions with both nSH2 and cSH2 domains, with pY99 being the dominant contributor. Despite the high structural similarity between the two SH2 domains, we observe that nSH2 prefers an extended CaM conformation, whereas cSH2 prefers a collapsed conformation. Notably, collapsed CaM is observed after binding of an extended CaM to K-Ras4B. Thus, the more populated extended pCaM conformation targets nSH2 to release its autoinhibition of p110 catalytic sites. This executes the key activation step of PI3Kα. Independently, K-Ras4B allosterically activates p110. These events are at the cell membrane, which contributes to tighten the PI3Kα Ras binding domain/K-Ras4B interaction, to accomplish K-Ras4B allosteric activation, with a minor contribution from cSH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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22
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Szpiech ZA, Strauli NB, White KA, Ruiz DG, Jacobson MP, Barber DL, Hernandez RD. Prominent features of the amino acid mutation landscape in cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183273. [PMID: 28837668 PMCID: PMC5570307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer can be viewed as a set of different diseases with distinctions based on tissue origin, driver mutations, and genetic signatures. Accordingly, each of these distinctions have been used to classify cancer subtypes and to reveal common features. Here, we present a different analysis of cancer based on amino acid mutation signatures. Non-negative Matrix Factorization and principal component analysis of 29 cancers revealed six amino acid mutation signatures, including four signatures that were dominated by either arginine to histidine (Arg>His) or glutamate to lysine (Glu>Lys) mutations. Sample-level analyses reveal that while some cancers are heterogeneous, others are largely dominated by one type of mutation. Using a non-overlapping set of samples from the COSMIC somatic mutation database, we validate five of six mutation signatures, including signatures with prominent arginine to histidine (Arg>His) or glutamate to lysine (Glu>Lys) mutations. This suggests that our classification of cancers based on amino acid mutation patterns may provide avenues of inquiry pertaining to specific protein mutations that may generate novel insights into cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Szpiech
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDH); (ZAS)
| | - Nicolas B. Strauli
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Katharine A. White
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Diego Garrido Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Diane L. Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDH); (ZAS)
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23
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Maheshwari S, Miller MS, O'Meally R, Cole RN, Amzel LM, Gabelli SB. Kinetic and structural analyses reveal residues in phosphoinositide 3-kinase α that are critical for catalysis and substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13541-13550. [PMID: 28676499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are ubiquitous lipid kinases that activate signaling cascades controlling cell survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, and vesicle trafficking. PI3Ks have dual kinase specificity: a lipid kinase activity that phosphorylates the 3'-hydroxyl of phosphoinositides and a protein-kinase activity that includes autophosphorylation. Despite the wealth of biochemical and structural information on PI3Kα, little is known about the identity and roles of individual active-site residues in catalysis. To close this gap, we explored the roles of residues of the catalytic domain and the regulatory subunit of human PI3Kα in lipid and protein phosphorylation. Using site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic assays, and quantitative mass spectrometry, we precisely mapped key residues involved in substrate recognition and catalysis by PI3Kα. Our results revealed that Lys-776, located in the P-loop of PI3Kα, is essential for the recognition of lipid and ATP substrates and also plays an important role in PI3Kα autophosphorylation. Replacement of the residues His-936 and His-917 in the activation and catalytic loops, respectively, with alanine dramatically changed PI3Kα kinetics. Although H936A inactivated the lipid kinase activity without affecting autophosphorylation, H917A abolished both the lipid and protein kinase activities of PI3Kα. On the basis of these kinetic and structural analyses, we propose possible mechanistic roles of these critical residues in PI3Kα catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Maheshwari
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Michelle S Miller
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Robert O'Meally
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Robert N Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - L Mario Amzel
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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24
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PI3K Signaling in Tissue Hyper-Proliferation: From Overgrowth Syndromes to Kidney Cysts. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040030. [PMID: 28353628 PMCID: PMC5406705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the PhosphoInositide-3 Kinase (PI3K) protein family are well-known regulators of proliferative signals. By the generation of lipid second messengers, they mediate the activation of AKT/PKB (AKT) and mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Although mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are highly characterized in cancer, recent evidence indicates that alterations in the proliferative signals are major drivers of other diseases such as overgrowth disorders and polycystic kidney disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cell proliferation by comparing the effect of alterations in PI3K enzymes in different tissues. In particular, we discuss the most recent findings on how the same pathway may lead to different biological effects, due to the convergence and cooperation of different signaling cascades.
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25
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Insights into the pathological mechanisms of p85α mutations using a yeast-based phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase model. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160258. [PMID: 28143957 PMCID: PMC5350601 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, cell proliferation is regulated by class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which transduces stimuli received from neighboring receptors by local generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in cellular membranes. PI3K is a heterodimeric protein consisting of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit (p85 and p110 respectively). Heterologous expression of p110α in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to toxicity by conversion of essential PtdIns(4,5)P2 into futile PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, providing a humanized yeast model for functional studies on this pathway. Here, we report expression and functional characterization in yeast of all regulatory and catalytic human PI3K isoforms, and exploitation of the most suitable setting to functionally assay panels of tumor- and germ line-associated PI3K mutations, with indications to the limits of the system. The activity of p110α in yeast was not compromised by truncation of its N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD) or inactivation of the Ras-binding domain (RBD). In contrast, a cluster of positively charged residues at the C2 domain was essential. Expression of a membrane-driven p65α oncogenic-truncated version of p85α, but not the full-length protein, led to enhanced activity of α, β, and δ p110 isoforms. Mutations impairing the inhibitory regulation exerted by the p85α iSH2 domain on the C2 domain of p110α yielded the latter non-responsive to negative regulation, thus reproducing this oncogenic mechanism in yeast. However, p85α germ line mutations associated with short stature, hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay (SHORT) syndrome did not increase PI3K activity in this model, supporting the idea that SHORT syndrome-associated p85α mutations operate through mechanisms different from the canonical disruption of inhibitory p85–p110 interactions typical of cancer.
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Nussinov R, Wang G, Tsai CJ, Jang H, Lu S, Banerjee A, Zhang J, Gaponenko V. Calmodulin and PI3K Signaling in KRAS Cancers. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:214-224. [PMID: 28462395 PMCID: PMC5408465 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) uniquely promotes signaling of oncogenic K-Ras; but not N-Ras or H-Ras. How CaM interacts with K-Ras and how this stimulates cell proliferation are among the most challenging questions in KRAS-driven cancers. Earlier data pointed to formation of a ternary complex consisting of K-Ras, PI3Kα and CaM. Recent data point to phosphorylated CaM binding to the SH2 domains of the p85 subunit of PI3Kα and activating it. Modeling suggests that the high affinity interaction between the phosphorylated CaM tyrosine motif and PI3Kα, can promote full PI3Kα activation by oncogenic K-Ras. Our up-to-date review discusses CaM's role in PI3K signaling at the membrane in KRAS-driven cancers. This is significant since it may help development of K-Ras-specific pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guanqiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Avik Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
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Miller MS, Maheshwari S, McRobb FM, Kinzler KW, Amzel LM, Vogelstein B, Gabelli SB. Identification of allosteric binding sites for PI3Kα oncogenic mutant specific inhibitor design. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1481-1486. [PMID: 28129991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PIK3CA, the gene that encodes the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), is frequently mutated in breast and other types of cancer. A specific inhibitor that targets the mutant forms of PI3Kα could maximize treatment efficiency while minimizing side-effects. Herein we describe the identification of novel binding pockets that may provide an opportunity for the design of mutant selective inhibitors. Using a fragment-based approach, we screened a library of 352 fragments (MW<300Da) for binding to PI3Kα by X-ray crystallography. Five novel binding pockets were identified, each providing potential opportunities for inhibitor design. Of particular interest was a binding pocket near Glu542, which is located in one of the two most frequently mutated domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Miller
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Sweta Maheshwari
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Fiona M McRobb
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, United States
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - L Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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28
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Shaw JA, Guttery DS, Hills A, Fernandez-Garcia D, Page K, Rosales BM, Goddard KS, Hastings RK, Luo J, Ogle O, Woodley L, Ali S, Stebbing J, Coombes RC. Mutation Analysis of Cell-Free DNA and Single Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients with High Circulating Tumor Cell Counts. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:88-96. [PMID: 27334837 PMCID: PMC6241844 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to directly compare mutation profiles in multiple single circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from the same blood samples taken from patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We aimed to determine whether cfDNA would reflect the heterogeneity observed in 40 single CTCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CTCs were enumerated by CELLSEARCH. CTC count was compared with the quantity of matched cfDNA and serum CA15-3 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in 112 patients with MBC. In 5 patients with ≥100 CTCs, multiple individual EpCAM-positive CTCs were isolated by DEPArray and compared with matched cfDNA and primary tumor tissue by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of about 2,200 mutations in 50 cancer genes. RESULTS In the whole cohort, total cfDNA levels and cell counts (≥5 CTCs) were both significantly associated with overall survival, unlike CA15-3 and ALP. NGS analysis of 40 individual EpCAM-positive CTCs from 5 patients with MBC revealed mutational heterogeneity in PIK3CA, TP53, ESR1, and KRAS genes between individual CTCs. In all 5 patients, cfDNA profiles provided an accurate reflection of mutations seen in individual CTCs. ESR1 and KRAS gene mutations were absent from primary tumor tissue and therefore likely either reflect a minor subclonal mutation or were acquired with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that cfDNA reflects persisting EpCAM-positive CTCs in patients with high CTC counts and therefore may enable monitoring of the metastatic burden for clinical decision-making. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 88-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Shaw
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - David S Guttery
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Allison Hills
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Page
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda M Rosales
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S Goddard
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Hastings
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jinli Luo
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Ogle
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Woodley
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith, United Kingdom.
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Wang W, Lv J, Wang L, Wang X, Ye L. The impact of heterogeneity in phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in human cancer and possible therapeutic treatments. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 64:116-124. [PMID: 27582428 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progress of cancerous tumors through the overexpression of the PI3K pathway promoting uncontrollable levels of cell proliferation. In addition only Class I PI3K has been discovered to be involved in human cancer due to its unique ability to produce phosphoinositide 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PIP3), which has been discovered to play a crucial role in human oncogenesis. The role of PIK3CA is lucubrated in breast cancer and gastric cancer, but is not well characterized in lung diseases. In this review, we summarized the common biology and mutations in PIK3CA with its related signaling pathways. Furthermore, we elucidated the PIK3CA heterogeneity in different domains, between various cancers and in different lung cancers. We also take a look at current inhibitors such as KP-372-1 (KP-1), KP-372-2 (KP-2), GSK690693, etc. in order to highlight potential treatment of PIK3CA mutations in human cancer and what directions future research should focus on.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiapei Lv
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
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30
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Dirican E, Akkiprik M, Özer A. Mutation distributions and clinical correlations of PIK3CA gene mutations in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:7033-45. [PMID: 26921096 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer and the second cause of death among women. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has a crucial role in the cellular processes such as cell survival, growth, division, and motility. Moreover, oncogenic mutations in the PI3K pathway generally involve the activation phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation which has been identified in numerous BCa subtypes. In this review, correlations between PIK3CA mutations and their clinicopathological parameters on BCa will be described. It is reported that PIK3CA mutations which have been localized mostly on exon 9 and 20 hot spots are detected 25-40 % in BCa. This relatively high frequency can offer an advantage for choosing the best treatment options for BCa. PIK3CA mutations may be used as biomarkers and have been major focus of drug development in cancer with the first clinical trials of PI3K pathway inhibitors currently in progress. Screening of PIK3CA gene mutations might be useful genetic tests for targeted therapeutics or diagnosis. Increasing data about PIK3CA mutations and its clinical correlations with BCa will help to introduce new clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebubekir Dirican
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akkiprik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Özer
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Grego-Bessa J, Bloomekatz J, Castel P, Omelchenko T, Baselga J, Anderson KV. The tumor suppressor PTEN and the PDK1 kinase regulate formation of the columnar neural epithelium. eLife 2016; 5:e12034. [PMID: 26809587 PMCID: PMC4739759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis and stability are essential for normal development and organ homeostasis. The mouse neural plate is a cuboidal epithelium that remodels into a columnar pseudostratified epithelium over the course of 24 hr. Here we show that the transition to a columnar epithelium fails in mutant embryos that lack the tumor suppressor PTEN, although proliferation, patterning and apical-basal polarity markers are normal in the mutants. The Pten phenotype is mimicked by constitutive activation of PI3 kinase and is rescued by the removal of PDK1 (PDPK1), but does not depend on the downstream kinases AKT and mTORC1. High resolution imaging shows that PTEN is required for stabilization of planar cell packing in the neural plate and for the formation of stable apical-basal microtubule arrays. The data suggest that appropriate levels of membrane-associated PDPK1 are required for stabilization of apical junctions, which promotes cell elongation, during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Joshua Bloomekatz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Pau Castel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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32
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Dogruluk T, Tsang YH, Espitia M, Chen F, Chen T, Chong Z, Appadurai V, Dogruluk A, Eterovic AK, Bonnen PE, Creighton CJ, Chen K, Mills GB, Scott KL. Identification of Variant-Specific Functions of PIK3CA by Rapid Phenotyping of Rare Mutations. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5341-54. [PMID: 26627007 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts are uncovering the complexity of cancer genomes, which are composed of causal "driver" mutations that promote tumor progression along with many more pathologically neutral "passenger" events. The majority of mutations, both in known cancer drivers and uncharacterized genes, are generally of low occurrence, highlighting the need to functionally annotate the long tail of infrequent mutations present in heterogeneous cancers. Here we describe a mutation assessment pipeline enabled by high-throughput engineering of molecularly barcoded gene variant expression clones identified by tumor sequencing. We first used this platform to functionally assess tail mutations observed in PIK3CA, which encodes the catalytic subunit alpha of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) frequently mutated in cancer. Orthogonal screening for PIK3CA variant activity using in vitro and in vivo cell growth and transformation assays differentiated driver from passenger mutations, revealing that PIK3CA variant activity correlates imperfectly with its mutation frequency across breast cancer populations. Although PIK3CA mutations with frequencies above 5% were significantly more oncogenic than wild-type in all assays, mutations occurring at 0.07% to 5.0% included those with and without oncogenic activities that ranged from weak to strong in at least one assay. Proteomic profiling coupled with therapeutic sensitivity assays on PIK3CA variant-expressing cell models revealed variant-specific activation of PI3K signaling as well as other pathways that include the MEK1/2 module of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our data indicate that cancer treatments will need to increasingly consider the functional relevance of specific mutations in driver genes rather than considering all mutations in drivers as equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Dogruluk
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiu Huen Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Maribel Espitia
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Tenghui Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zechen Chong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas. The Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Armel Dogruluk
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Agna Karina Eterovic
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Penelope E Bonnen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas. The Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas. Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas.
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Nussinov R, Muratcioglu S, Tsai CJ, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. The Key Role of Calmodulin in KRAS-Driven Adenocarcinomas. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1265-73. [PMID: 26085527 PMCID: PMC4572916 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
KRAS4B is a highly oncogenic splice variant of the KRAS isoform. It is the only isoform associated with initiation of adenocarcinomas. Insight into why and how KRAS4B can mediate ductal adenocarcinomas, particularly of the pancreas, is vastly important for its therapeutics. Here we point out the overlooked critical role of calmodulin (CaM). Calmodulin selectively binds to GTP-bound K-Ras4B; but not to other Ras isoforms. Cell proliferation and growth require the MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) and PI3K/Akt pathways. We propose that Ca(2+)/calmodulin promote PI3Kα/Akt signaling, and suggest how. The elevated calcium levels clinically observed in adenocarcinomas may explain calmodulin's involvement in recruiting and stimulating PI3Kα through interaction with its n/cSH2 domains as well as K-Ras4B; importantly, it also explains why K-Ras4B specifically is a key player in ductal carcinomas, such as pancreatic (PDAC), colorectal (CRC), and lung cancers. We hypothesize that calmodulin recruits and helps activate PI3Kα at the membrane, and that this is the likely reason for Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependence in adenocarcinomas. Calmodulin can contribute to initiation/progression of ductal cancers via both PI3Kα/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways. Blocking the K-Ras4B/MAPK pathway and calmodulin/PI3Kα binding in a K-Ras4B/calmodulin/PI3Kα trimer could be a promising adenocarcinoma-specific therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland. Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Serena Muratcioglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bieniasz M, Radhakrishnan P, Faham N, De La O JP, Welm AL. Preclinical Efficacy of Ron Kinase Inhibitors Alone and in Combination with PI3K Inhibitors for Treatment of sfRon-Expressing Breast Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5588-600. [PMID: 26289070 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have demonstrated that short-form Ron (sfRon) kinase drives breast tumor progression and metastasis through robust activation of the PI3K pathway. We reasoned that upfront, concurrent inhibition of sfRon and PI3K might enhance the antitumor effects of Ron kinase inhibitor therapy while also preventing potential therapeutic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used patient-derived breast tumor xenografts (PDX) as high-fidelity preclinical models to determine the efficacy of single-agent or dual Ron/PI3K inhibition. We tested the Ron kinase inhibitor ASLAN002 with and without coadministration of the PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 in hormone receptor-positive [estrogen receptor (ER)(+)/progesterone receptor (PR)(+)] breast PDXs with and without PIK3CA gene mutation. RESULTS Breast PDX tumors harboring wild-type PIK3CA showed a robust response to ASLAN002 as a single agent. In contrast, PDX tumors harboring mutated PIK3CA demonstrated partial resistance to ASLAN002, which was overcome with addition of NVP-BKM120 to the treatment regimen. We further demonstrated that concurrent inhibition of sfRon and PI3K in breast PDX tumors with wild-type PIK3CA provided durable tumor stasis after therapy cessation, whereas discontinuation of either monotherapy facilitated tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides preclinical rationale for targeting sfRon in patients with breast cancer, with the important stipulation that tumors harboring PIK3CA mutations may be partially resistant to Ron inhibitor therapy. Our data also indicate that tumors with wild-type PIK3CA are most effectively treated with an upfront combination of Ron and PI3K inhibitors for the most durable response. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5588-600. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bieniasz
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | | | - Najme Faham
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Molecular modeling based approach, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity of novel benzoin derivatives targeting phosphoinostide 3-kinase (PI3Kα). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the genes and cellular processes that have emerged recently as new key factors in tumorigenesis. We review these in the context of three broad categories. First, genome-scale sequencing studies have revealed a set of frequently mutated genes in cancer. Genes that are mutated in >5% of all cancers across tissue types are discussed, with a highlighted focus on the two most frequently mutated genes, TP53 and PIK3CA. Second, the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy are reviewed. These include acquired resistance under targeted therapy selection owing to mutations and amplification of genes in the same or parallel signaling pathways. Importantly, sequencing of primary tumors has revealed that therapy-resistant clones already exist prior to targeted therapy, demonstrating that tumor heterogeneity in primary tumors confers a mechanism for inherent therapy resistance. Third, “metastasis-specific genes”, or rather lack thereof, are discussed. While many genes have been shown to be capable of promoting metastasis in experimental systems, no common genetic alterations have been identified specific to metastatic lesions. Rather, the same gene mutations frequently found in primary tumors are also found prevalent in metastases, suggesting that the genes that drive tumorigenesis may also drive metastasis. In this light, an emerging view of metastatic progression is discussed. Collectively, these recent advances in cancer research have refined our knowledge on cancer etiology and progression but also present challenges that will require innovative new approaches to treat and manage cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Kim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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37
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Echeverria I, Liu Y, Gabelli SB, Amzel LM. Oncogenic mutations weaken the interactions that stabilize the p110α-p85α heterodimer in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α. FEBS J 2015; 282:3528-42. [PMID: 26122737 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) α is a heterodimeric lipid kinase that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to phosphoinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. The PI3Kα signaling pathway plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This pathway is activated in numerous cancers, where the PI3KCA gene, which encodes for the p110α PI3Kα subunit, is mutated. Its mutation often results in gain of enzymatic activity; however, the mechanism of activation by oncogenic mutations remains unknown. Here, using computational methods, we show that oncogenic mutations that are far from the catalytic site and increase the enzymatic affinity destabilize the p110α-p85α dimer. By affecting the dynamics of the protein, these mutations favor the conformations that reduce the autoinhibitory effect of the p85α nSH2 domain. For example, we determined that, in all of the mutants, the nSH2 domain shows increased positional heterogeneity as compared with the wild-type, as demonstrated by changes in the fluctuation profiles computed by normal mode analysis of coarse-grained elastic network models. Analysis of the interdomain interactions of the wild-type and mutants at the p110α-p85α interface obtained with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that all of the tumor-associated mutations effectively weaken the interactions between p110α and p85α by disrupting key stabilizing interactions. These findings have important implications for understanding how oncogenic mutations change the conformational multiplicity of PI3Kα and lead to increased enzymatic activity. This mechanism may apply to other enzymes and/or macromolecular complexes that play a key role in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacia Echeverria
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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p110α Hot Spot Mutations E545K and H1047R Exert Metabolic Reprogramming Independently of p110α Kinase Activity. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3258-73. [PMID: 26169833 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00471-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit p110α is the most frequently mutated kinase in human cancer, and the hot spot mutations E542K, E545K, and H1047R are the most common mutations in p110α. Very little is known about the metabolic consequences of the hot spot mutations of p110α in vivo. In this study, we used adenoviral gene transfer in mice to investigate the effects of the E545K and H1047R mutations on hepatic and whole-body glucose metabolism. We show that hepatic expression of these hot spot mutations results in rapid hepatic steatosis, paradoxically accompanied by increased glucose tolerance, and marked glycogen accumulation. In contrast, wild-type p110α expression does not lead to hepatic accumulation of lipids or glycogen despite similar degrees of upregulated glycolysis and expression of lipogenic genes. The reprogrammed metabolism of the E545K and H1047R p110α mutants was surprisingly not dependent on altered p110α lipid kinase activity.
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Yarar D, Lahdenranta J, Kubasek W, Nielsen UB, MacBeath G. Heregulin-ErbB3-Driven Tumor Growth Persists in PI3 Kinase Mutant Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2072-80. [PMID: 26116360 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K is frequently mutated in cancer and plays an important role in cell growth and survival. Heregulin (HRG)-mediated autocrine or paracrine signaling through the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB3 potently activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and has been shown to mediate resistance to a wide variety of anticancer agents. Although PI3K functions downstream of HRG-ErbB3, it is unknown whether activating mutations in PI3K render HRG ineffective. If so, patients with PI3K mutations would not be expected to benefit from ErbB3-directed therapies. Here, we find that a subset of cell lines harboring activating PI3K mutations can be further growth-stimulated by HRG, and this effect is blocked by incubation with seribantumab (MM-121), a monoclonal anti-ErbB3 antibody. Although expression of mutant PI3K in wild-type PI3K cells frequently results in loss of HRG-stimulated growth, some cell lines continue to respond to HRG. In cell lines where HRG-stimulated growth is lost, this loss is invariably accompanied by a reduction in ErbB3 levels, a corresponding increase in basal phosphorylation levels of FOXO-family transcription factors, and a reduction in HRG-induced downstream signaling. Importantly, HRG-stimulated growth is partially rescued by re-expressing ErbB3. This response is blocked by seribantumab, indicating that ErbB3 levels rather than downstream signaling proteins limit HRG-stimulated growth in PI3K mutant cells. Overall, these results suggest that activating mutations in PI3K do not preclude potential benefit from ErbB3-directed therapy, but that it may be important to measure ErbB3 levels in patients with PI3K mutant cancers to determine if they would benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defne Yarar
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Abstract
We report two crystal structures of the wild-type phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) heterodimer refined to 2.9 Å and 3.4 Å resolution: the first as the free enzyme, the second in complex with the lipid substrate, diC4-PIP₂, respectively. The first structure shows key interactions of the N-terminal SH2 domain (nSH2) and iSH2 with the activation loop that suggest a mechanism by which the enzyme is inhibited in its basal state. In the second structure, the lipid substrate binds in a positively charged pocket adjacent to the ATP-binding site, bordered by the P-loop, the activation loop and the iSH2 domain. An additional lipid-binding site was identified at the interface of the ABD, iSH2 and kinase domains. The ability of PI3Kα to bind an additional PIP₂ molecule was confirmed in vitro by fluorescence quenching experiments. The crystal structures reveal key differences in the way the nSH2 domain interacts with wild-type p110α and with the oncogenic mutant p110αH1047R. Increased buried surface area and two unique salt-bridges observed only in the wild-type structure suggest tighter inhibition in the wild-type PI3Kα than in the oncogenic mutant. These differences may be partially responsible for the increased basal lipid kinase activity and increased membrane binding of the oncogenic mutant.
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Schwarz LJ, Fox EM, Balko JM, Garrett JT, Kuba MG, Estrada MV, González-Angulo AM, Mills GB, Red-Brewer M, Mayer IA, Abramson V, Rizzo M, Kelley MC, Meszoely IM, Arteaga CL. LYN-activating mutations mediate antiestrogen resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5490-502. [PMID: 25401474 DOI: 10.1172/jci72573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancers adapt to hormone deprivation and become resistant to antiestrogen therapy. Here, we performed deep sequencing on ER(+) tumors that remained highly proliferative after treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole and identified a D189Y mutation in the inhibitory SH2 domain of the SRC family kinase (SFK) LYN. Evaluation of 463 breast tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed four LYN mutations, two of which affected the SH2 domain. In addition, LYN was upregulated in multiple ER(+) breast cancer lines resistant to long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED). An RNAi-based kinome screen revealed that LYN is required for growth of ER(+) LTED breast cancer cells. Kinase assays and immunoblot analyses of SRC substrates in transfected cells indicated that LYN(D189Y) has higher catalytic activity than WT protein. Further, LYN(D189Y) exhibited reduced phosphorylation at the inhibitory Y507 site compared with LYN(WT). Other SH2 domain LYN mutants, E159K and K209N, also exhibited higher catalytic activity and reduced inhibitory site phosphorylation. LYN(D189Y) overexpression abrogated growth inhibition by fulvestrant and/or the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 in 3 ER(+) breast cancer cell lines. The SFK inhibitor dasatinib enhanced the antitumor effect of BKM120 and fulvestrant against estrogen-deprived ER(+) xenografts but not LYN(D189Y)-expressing xenografts. These results suggest that LYN mutations mediate escape from antiestrogens in a subset of ER(+) breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Aminopyridines/agonists
- Aminopyridines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Dasatinib
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Morpholines/agonists
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Mutation, Missense
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/agonists
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Thiazoles/agonists
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- src Homology Domains
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Gkeka P, Evangelidis T, Pavlaki M, Lazani V, Christoforidis S, Agianian B, Cournia Z. Investigating the structure and dynamics of the PIK3CA wild-type and H1047R oncogenic mutant. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003895. [PMID: 25340423 PMCID: PMC4207468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIK3CA gene is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers. It encodes p110α, the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα), which activates signaling cascades leading to cell proliferation, survival, and cell growth. The most frequent mutation in PIK3CA is H1047R, which results in enzymatic overactivation. Understanding how the H1047R mutation causes the enhanced activity of the protein in atomic detail is central to developing mutant-specific therapeutics for cancer. To this end, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) experiments and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for both wild-type (WT) and H1047R mutant proteins. An expanded positive charge distribution on the membrane binding regions of the mutant with respect to the WT protein is observed through MD simulations, which justifies the increased ability of the mutated protein variant to bind to membranes rich in anionic lipids in our SPR experiments. Our results further support an auto-inhibitory role of the C-terminal tail in the WT protein, which is abolished in the mutant protein due to loss of crucial intermolecular interactions. Moreover, Functional Mode Analysis reveals that the H1047R mutation alters the twisting motion of the N-lobe of the kinase domain with respect to the C-lobe and shifts the position of the conserved P-loop residues in the vicinity of the active site. These findings demonstrate the dynamical and structural differences of the two proteins in atomic detail and propose a mechanism of overactivation for the mutant protein. The results may be further utilized for the design of mutant-specific PI3Kα inhibitors that exploit the altered mutant conformation. The PI3Kα protein is involved in cellular processes such as cell growth, division, and formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that aid cancer cell survival. In certain types of cancer cells, PI3Kα is found to be altered compared to healthy cells. These PI3Kα alterations, called mutations, are found in 27% of breast cancer patients, 24% of endometrial cancer patients, and 15% of colon cancer patients. PI3Kα mutations cause the protein to become overactivated and may contribute to tumor growth. The most common PI3Kα amino acid mutation is a histidine changed to an arginine: H1047R. Understanding how the H1047R mutation overactivates PI3Kα is central to developing therapeutics for cancer patients who bear PI3Kα mutations. To this end, we performed simulations and experiments of the mutated and physiological proteins to explain why the mutant protein becomes overactivated. Our results indicate structural and dynamical differences between the mutant and physiological proteins that may affect the PI3Kα function. Based on these differences, we propose a mechanism that highlights the series of events that lead to the mutant H1047R PI3Kα overactivation. This study provides insights into developing mutant-specific PI3Kα inhibitors that exploit the altered conformation of the mutant with respect to the physiological protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Gkeka
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Pavlaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lazani
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology (IMBB-BR/FORTH), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Savvas Christoforidis
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology (IMBB-BR/FORTH), Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Bogos Agianian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Nong YC, Lai MY, Su T. GOLPH3 gene overexpression promotes proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1669-1675. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i12.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of GOLPH3 gene overexpression on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells.
METHODS: The lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene was infected into gastric cancer cells, fluorescence microscopy was used to detect the expression of EGFP, and flow cytometry was applied to verify the infection efficiency. GOLPH3 overexpression was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (at the mRNA level) and Western blot (at the protein level). The expression of mTOR and p-mTOR proteins was detected by Western blot, and cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay.
RESULTS: Gastric cancer cells expressing high levels of EGFP were successfully obtained, with an infection rate of 100%. GOLPH3 expression was significantly up-regulated in SGC-7901 cells infected with the lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene compared with SGC-7901 cells transduced with the empty vector or non-infected SGC-7901 cells (P < 0.05 for both). MTT assay showed that up-regulated GOLPH3 could significantly enhance the proliferation of gastric cancer cells (P < 0.05). Although the mTOR protein expression did not significantly differ between different groups of cells, but p-mTOR protein expression was enhanced in SGC-7901 cells infected with the lentivirus containing the GOLPH3 gene compared with control cells (P < 0.05), suggesting that up-regulated GOLPH3 could promote the protein expression of p-mTOR in SGC-7901 cells.
CONCLUSION: GOLPH3 gene overexpression could promote the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by up-regulating the expression of p-mTOR in SGC-7901 cells.
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Assessing the subcellular distribution of oncogenic phosphoinositide 3-kinase using microinjection into live cells. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130133. [PMID: 27919038 PMCID: PMC3985441 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA lead to an increase in intrinsic phosphoinositide kinase activity, but it is thought that increased access of PI3Kα (phosphoinositide 3-kinase α) to its PM (plasma membrane) localized substrate is also required for increased levels of downstream PIP3/Akt [phosphoinositide-3,4,5-trisphosphate/also called PKB (protein kinase B)] signalling. We have studied the subcellular localization of wild-type and the two most common oncogenic mutants of PI3Kα in cells maintained in growth media, and starved or stimulated cells using a novel method in which PI3Kα is pre-formed as a 1:1 p110α:p85α complex in vitro then introduced into live cells by microinjection. Oncogenic E545K and H1047R mutants did not constitutively interact with membrane lipids in vitro or in cells maintained in 10% (v/v) FBS. Following stimulation of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), microinjected PI3Kα was recruited to the PM, but oncogenic forms of PI3Kα were not recruited to the PM to a greater extent and did not reside at the PM longer than the wild-type PI3Kα. Instead, the E545K mutant specifically bound activated Cdc42 in vitro and microinjection of E545K was associated with the formation of cellular protrusions, providing some preliminary evidence that changes in protein–protein interactions may play a role in the oncogenicity of the E545K mutant in addition to the well-known changes in lipid kinase activity. Oncogenic forms of PI3Kα (phosphoinositide 3-kinase α) microinjected into live cells are not recruited to the PM (plasma membrane) to a greater extent, and do not reside at the PM longer, than wild-type PI3Kα.
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Definition of the binding mode of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α-selective inhibitor A-66S through molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2166. [PMID: 24633771 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) is commonly observed in human cancer and is critical for tumor progression, which has made PI3Kα an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery. To systematically investigate the binding mode of A-66S, a new selective PI3Kα inhibitor for PI3Kα, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and ensuing energetic analysis were performed. The binding free energy between PI3Kα and A-66S is -11.27 kcal•mol⁻¹ using MMPBSA method, while -14.67 kcal•mol⁻¹ using MMGBSA method, which is beneficial for the binding, and the van der Waals/hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are critical for the binding. The conserved hydrophobic adenine region of PI3Kα made up of Met772, Pro778, Ile800, Tyr836, Ile848, Val850, Val851, Met922, Phe930 and Ile932 accommodates the flat 2-tert-butyl-4'-methyl-4,5'-bithiazol moiety of A-66S, and the NH of Val851 forms a hydrogen with the nitrogen atom embedded in the aminothiazole ring of A-66S. The (S)-pyrrolidine carboxamide urea moiety especially extends toward the region of the binding site wall (Ser854-Gln859) defined by the C-terminal lobe, and has three hydrogen-bond arms with the backbone of Ser854 and the side chain of Gln859. Notably the interaction between the non-conserved residue Gln859 and A-66S is responsible for the selectivity profile of A-66S. The binding mode of A-66S for PI3Kα presented in this study should aid in the design of a new highly selective PI3Kα inhibitor.
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46
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Gabelli SB, Echeverria I, Alexander M, Duong-Ly KC, Chaves-Moreira D, Brower ET, Vogelstein B, Amzel LM. Activation of PI3Kα by physiological effectors and by oncogenic mutations: structural and dynamic effects. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:89-95. [PMID: 25309634 PMCID: PMC4192660 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Kα, a heterodimeric lipid kinase, catalyzes the conversion of phosphoinositide-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to phosphoinositide-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), a lipid that recruits to the plasma membrane proteins that regulate signaling cascades that control key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, carbohydrate metabolism, cell motility, and apoptosis. PI3Kα is composed of two subunits, p110α and p85, that are activated by binding to phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or their substrates. The gene coding for p110α, PIK3CA, has been found to be mutated in a large number of tumors; these mutations result in increased PI3Kα kinase activity. The structure of the complex of p110α with a fragment of p85 containing the nSH2 and the iSH2 domains has provided valuable information about the mechanisms underlying the physiological activation of PI3Kα and its pathological activation by oncogenic mutations. This review discusses information derived from x-ray diffraction and theoretical calculations regarding the structural and dynamic effects of mutations in four highly mutated regions of PI3K p110α, as well as the proposed mechanisms by which these mutations increase kinase activity. During the physiological activation of PI3Kα, the phosphorylated tyrosine of RTKs binds to the nSH2 domain of p85, dislodging an inhibitory interaction between the p85 nSH2 and a loop of the helical domain of p110α. Several of the oncogenic mutations in p110α activate the enzyme by weakening this autoinhibitory interaction. These effects involve structural changes as well as changes in the dynamics of the enzyme. One of the most common p110α mutations, H1047R, activates PI3Kα by a different mechanism: it increases the interaction of the enzyme with the membrane, maximizing the access of the PI3Kα to its substrate PIP2, a membrane lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B. Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Ignacia Echeverria
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Megan Alexander
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Krisna C. Duong-Ly
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Daniele Chaves-Moreira
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Evan T. Brower
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Hopkins-Kimmel Cancer Center, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - B. Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Hopkins-Kimmel Cancer Center, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - L. Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Rasool S, Rasool V, Naqvi T, Ganai BA, Shah BA. Genetic unraveling of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5067-82. [PMID: 24573608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common disease in both men and women (being the third most common cancer in men and the second most common among women) and thus represents an important and serious public health issue, especially in the western world. Although it is a well-established fact that cancers of the large intestine produce symptoms relatively earlier at a stage that can be easily cured by resection, a large number of people lose their lives to this deadly disease each year. Recent times have seen an important change in the incidence of colorectal cancer in different parts of the world. The etiology of colorectal cancer is multifactorial and is likely to involve the actions of genes at multiple levels along the multistage carcinogenesis process. Exhaustive efforts have been made out in the direction of unraveling the role of various environmental factors, gene mutations, and polymorphisms worldwide (as well as in Kashmir-"a valley of gastrointestinal cancers") that have got a role to play in the development of this disease so that antitumor drugs could be developed against this cancer, first, and, finally, the responsiveness or resistance to these agents could be understood for combating this global issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Rasool
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India
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48
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Structure, function and inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α enzyme. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:120-4. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20130255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) p110α isoform is activated by oncogenic mutations in many cancers. This has stimulated intense interest in identifying inhibitors of the PI3K pathway as well as p110α-selective inhibitors, and understanding the mechanisms underlying activation by the oncogenic mutations. In the present article, we review recent progress in the structure and function of the p110α enzyme and two of its most common oncogenic mutations, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors, and p110α pharmacology.
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Smith GC, Ong WK, Costa JL, Watson M, Cornish J, Grey A, Gamble GD, Dickinson M, Leung S, Rewcastle GW, Han W, Shepherd PR. Extended treatment with selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR inhibitors has effects on metabolism, growth, behaviour and bone strength. FEBS J 2013; 280:5337-49. [PMID: 23837532 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PtdIns3Ks) mediate the effects of many hormones and growth factors on a wide range of cellular processes, and activating mutations or gene amplifications of class I PtdIns3K isoforms are known to contribute to oncogenic processes in a range of tumours. Consequently, a number of small-molecule PtdIns3K inhibitors are under development and in clinical trial. The central signalling role of PtdIns3K in many cellular processes suggests there will be on-target side effects associated with the use of these agents. To gain insights into what these might be we investigated the effect of extended daily dosing of eight small-molecule inhibitors of class Ia PtdIns3Ks. Animals were characterized in metabolic cages to analyse food intake, oxygen consumption and movement. Insulin tolerance and body composition were analysed at the end of the experiment, the latter using EchoMRI. Bone volume and strength was assessed by micro-CT and three-point bending, respectively. Surprisingly, after sustained dosing with pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α isoform there was a resolution of the impairments in insulin tolerance observed in drug-naïve animals treated with the same drugs. However, pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α have deleterious effects on animal growth, animal behaviour and bone volume and strength. Together, these findings identify a range of on target effects of PtdIns3K inhibitors and suggest use of these drugs in humans may have important adverse effects on metabolism, body composition, behaviour and skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Walser R, Burke JE, Gogvadze E, Bohnacker T, Zhang X, Hess D, Küenzi P, Leitges M, Hirsch E, Williams RL, Laffargue M, Wymann MP. PKCβ phosphorylates PI3Kγ to activate it and release it from GPCR control. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001587. [PMID: 23824069 PMCID: PMC3692425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) associate tightly with regulatory subunits through interactions that have been thought to be constitutive. PI3Kγ is key to the regulation of immune cell responses activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Remarkably we find that PKCβ phosphorylates Ser582 in the helical domain of the PI3Kγ catalytic subunit p110γ in response to clustering of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and/or store-operated Ca²⁺- influx in mast cells. Phosphorylation of p110γ correlates with the release of the p84 PI3Kγ adapter subunit from the p84-p110γ complex. Ser582 phospho-mimicking mutants show increased p110γ activity and a reduced binding to the p84 adapter subunit. As functional p84-p110γ is key to GPCR-mediated p110γ signaling, this suggests that PKCβ-mediated p110γ phosphorylation disconnects PI3Kγ from its canonical inputs from trimeric G proteins, and enables p110γ to operate downstream of Ca²⁺ and PKCβ. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry shows that the p84 adaptor subunit interacts with the p110γ helical domain, and reveals an unexpected mechanism of PI3Kγ regulation. Our data show that the interaction of p110γ with its adapter subunit is vulnerable to phosphorylation, and outline a novel level of PI3K control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Walser
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John E. Burke
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Gogvadze
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bohnacker
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuxiao Zhang
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Küenzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roger L. Williams
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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