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Mota L, Zhu M, Tomeo JN, Recarey M, Patel N, Pradhan-Nabzdyk L, LoGerfo FW, Liang P. The impact of heparin and direct thrombin inhibitors on cell-penetrating polymer siRNA transfection. Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41434-024-00460-2. [PMID: 39013986 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy using siRNA has become a promising strategy to achieve targeted gene knockdown for treatment of cardiovascular pathologies. However, efficient siRNA transfection often relies on cationic delivery vectors such as synthetic cell-penetrating polymers which are susceptible to interference by negatively charged molecules. Anticoagulants such as heparin, which is negatively charged and widely used in cardiovascular applications, may pose a significant barrier to effective siRNA delivery. We therefore conducted in vitro studies utilizing human smooth muscle and endothelial cells transfected with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β2-microglobulin (B2M) siRNA in the presence of heparin, argatroban, and bivalirudin in order to determine which anticoagulant therapy is most compatible for siRNA delivery. We observed that while heparin, at clinical doses, decreases the efficiency of siRNA targeted mRNA knockdown, mRNA knockdown is not inhibited in the presence of either argatroban or bivalirudin. Our data suggests that heparin should be avoided during siRNA therapy with cationic transfection agents, and argatroban and bivalirudin should be used in its stead.
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Grants
- 5T32HL007734 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL021796 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL086741 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 5T32HL007734 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 5T35HL110843 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL021796 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL086741 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 5T32HL007734 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 5T35HL110843 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mota
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Zhu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John N Tomeo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melina Recarey
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nyah Patel
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leena Pradhan-Nabzdyk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank W LoGerfo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patric Liang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yurttas AG, Okat Z, Elgun T, Cifci KU, Sevim AM, Gul A. Genetic deviation associated with photodynamic therapy in HeLa cell. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103346. [PMID: 36809810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method that is used in cancer treatment. The main therapeutic effect is the production of singlet oxygen (1O2). Phthalocyanines for PDT produce high singlet oxygen with absorbers of about 600-700 nm. AIM It is aimed to analyze cancer cell pathways by flow cytometry analysis and cancer-related genes with q-PCR device by applying phthalocyanine L1ZnPC, which we use as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, in HELA cell line. In this study, we investigate the molecular basis of L1ZnPC's anti-cancer activity. MATERIAL METHOD The cytotoxic effects of L1ZnPC, a phthalocyanine obtained from our previous study, in HELA cells were evaluated and it was determined that it led to a high rate of death as a result. The result of photodynamic therapy was analyzed using q-PCR. From the data received at the conclusion of this investigation, gene expression values were calculated, and expression levels were assessed using the 2-∆∆Ct method to examine the relative changes in these values. Cell death pathways were interpreted with the FLOW cytometer device. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test with Post-hoc Test were used for the statistical analysis. CONCLUSION In our study, it was observed that HELA cancer cells underwent apoptosis at a rate of 80% with drug application plus photodynamic therapy by flow cytometry method. According to q-PCR results, CT values of eight out of eighty-four genes were found to be significant and their association with cancer was evaluated. L1ZnPC is a new phthalocyanine used in this study and our findings should be supported by further studies. For this reason, different analyses are needed to be performed with this drug in different cancer cell lines. In conclusion, according to our results, this drug looks promising but still needs to be analyzed through new studies. It is necessary to examine in detail which signaling pathways they use and their mechanism of action. For this, additional experiments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Okat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Elgun
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ucar Cifci
- Division of Basic Sciences and Health, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Turkey
| | - Altug Mert Sevim
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Genenger B, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. A tEMTing target? Clinical and experimental evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (a scoping systematic review). Discov Oncol 2022; 13:42. [PMID: 35666359 PMCID: PMC9170863 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a disease with globally rising incidence and poor prognosis for patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a driver of metastasis in many carcinomas, and cSCC is no exception. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the clinical and experimental evidence for EMT in cSCC, with critical appraisal of type and quality of the methodology used. We then used this information as rationale for potential drug targets against advanced and metastatic cSCC. All primary literature encompassing clinical and cell-based or xenograft experimental studies reporting on the role of EMT markers or related signalling pathways in the progression of cSCC were considered. A screen of 3443 search results yielded 86 eligible studies comprising 44 experimental studies, 22 clinical studies, and 20 studies integrating both. From the clinical studies a timeline illustrating the alteration of EMT markers and related signalling was evident based on clinical progression of the disease. The experimental studies reveal connections of EMT with a multitude of factors such as genetic disorders, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and matrix remodelling via matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase plasminogen activator. Additionally, EMT was found to be closely tied to environmental factors as well as to stemness in cSCC via NFκB and β-catenin. We conclude that the canonical EGFR, canonical TGF-βR, PI3K/AKT and NFκB signalling are the four signalling pillars that induce EMT in cSCC and could be valuable therapeutic targets. Despite the complexity, EMT markers and pathways are desirable biomarkers and drug targets for the treatment of advanced or metastatic cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jay R Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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5
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Experimental and Clinical Evidence Supports the Use of Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System Components as Clinically Relevant Biomarkers in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164097. [PMID: 34439251 PMCID: PMC8393967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas (GOCs) have short life expectancies as their tumours spread to other sites early. This is facilitated by the increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS); a feature of the majority of GOCs. There is increasing appreciation of the importance of uPAS expression in a range of cell types within the tumour microenvironment. Abundant clinical evidence indicates that altered expression of uPAS proteins is associated with worse outcomes, including time to tumour recurrence and patient survival. Emerging technologies, including liquid biopsy, suggest a role of uPAS for the detection of circulating tumour cells, which are responsible for the dissemination of cancers. We review and summarise pre-clinical and clinical data that supports the use of uPAS as a biomarker in GOC. Abstract Gastric and oesophageal cancers (GOCs) are lethal cancers which metastasise early and recur frequently, even after definitive surgery. The urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the invasion and metastasis of many aggressive tumours including GOCs. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) interaction with its receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), leads to proteolytic activation of plasminogen to plasmin, a broad-spectrum protease which enables tumour cell invasion and dissemination to distant sites. uPA, uPAR and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are overexpressed in some GOCs. Accumulating evidence points to a causal role of activated receptor tyrosine kinase pathways enhancing uPAS expression in GOCs. Expression of these components are associated with poorer clinicopathological features and patient survival. Stromal cells, including tumour-associated macrophages and myofibroblasts, also express the key uPAS proteins, supporting the argument of stromal involvement in GOC progression and adverse effect on patient survival. uPAS proteins can be detected on circulating leucocytes, circulating tumour cells and within the serum; all have the potential to be developed into circulating biomarkers of GOC. Herein, we review the experimental and clinical evidence supporting uPAS expression as clinical biomarker in GOC, with the goal of developing targeted therapeutics against the uPAS.
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Uhl B, A Mittmann L, Dominik J, Hennel R, Smiljanov B, Haring F, B Schaubächer J, Braun C, Padovan L, Pick R, Canis M, Schulz C, Mack M, Gutjahr E, Sinn P, Heil J, Steiger K, Kanse SM, Weichert W, Sperandio M, Lauber K, Krombach F, Reichel CA. uPA-PAI-1 heteromerization promotes breast cancer progression by attracting tumorigenic neutrophils. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13110. [PMID: 33998175 PMCID: PMC8185543 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High intratumoral levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) heteromers predict impaired survival and treatment response in early breast cancer. The pathogenetic role of this protein complex remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that heteromerization of uPA and PAI-1 multiplies the potential of the single proteins to attract pro-tumorigenic neutrophils. To this end, tumor-released uPA-PAI-1 utilizes very low-density lipoprotein receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinases to initiate a pro-inflammatory program in perivascular macrophages. This enforces neutrophil trafficking to cancerous lesions and skews these immune cells toward a pro-tumorigenic phenotype, thus supporting tumor growth and metastasis. Blockade of uPA-PAI-1 heteromerization by a novel small-molecule inhibitor interfered with these events and effectively prevented tumor progression. Our findings identify a therapeutically targetable, hitherto unknown interplay between hemostasis and innate immunity that drives breast cancer progression. As a personalized immunotherapeutic strategy, blockade of uPA-PAI-1 heteromerization might be particularly beneficial for patients with highly aggressive uPA-PAI-1high tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Uhl
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Laura A Mittmann
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julian Dominik
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Roman Hennel
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Bojan Smiljanov
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Florian Haring
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Johanna B Schaubächer
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Constanze Braun
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Lena Padovan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Robert Pick
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of CardiologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Ewgenija Gutjahr
- Institute for PathologyUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Peter Sinn
- Institute for PathologyUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jörg Heil
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Department of PathologyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Department of PathologyTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and PathophysiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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Buckley BJ, Ali U, Kelso MJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathophysiological Roles and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:970-981. [PMID: 30516104 PMCID: PMC6700755 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204164140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease characterized in its early stages by synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration and later by irreversible joint tissue destruction. The Plasminogen Activation System (PAS) is associated with a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological states involving fibrinolysis, inflammation and tissue remodeling. Various components of the PAS are implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) in particular is a pro-inflammatory mediator that appears to play an important role in the bone and cartilage destruction associated with RA. Clinical studies have shown that uPA and its receptor uPAR are overexpressed in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Further, genetic knockdown and antibody-mediated neutralization of uPA have been shown to be protective against induction or progression of arthritis in animal models. The pro-arthritic role of uPA is differentiated from its haemodynamic counterpart, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which appears to play a protective role in RA animal models. This review summarises available evidence supporting the PAS as a critical determinant of RA pathogenesis and highlights opportunities for the development of novel uPAS-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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8
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N-Alkylisatin-Loaded Liposomes Target the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator System in Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070641. [PMID: 32645963 PMCID: PMC7408009 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor (uPA/uPAR) are biomarkers for metastasis, especially in triple-negative breast cancer. We prepared anti-mitotic N-alkylisatin (N-AI)-loaded liposomes functionalized with the uPA/uPAR targeting ligand, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2/SerpinB2), and assessed liposome uptake in vitro and in vivo. Receptor-dependent uptake of PAI-2-functionalized liposomes was significantly higher in the uPA/uPAR overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line relative to the low uPAR/uPAR expressing MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Furthermore, N-AI cytotoxicity was enhanced in a receptor-dependent manner. In vivo, PAI-2 N-AI liposomes had a plasma half-life of 5.82 h and showed an increased accumulation at the primary tumor site in an orthotopic MDA-MB-231 BALB/c-Fox1nu/Ausb xenograft mouse model, relative to the non-functionalized liposomes, up to 6 h post-injection. These findings support the further development of N-AI-loaded PAI-2-functionalized liposomes for uPA/uPAR-positive breast cancer, especially against triple-negative breast cancer, for which the prognosis is poor and treatment is limited.
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9
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Abbink K, Zusterzeel PLM, Geurts-Moespot A, van der Steen R, Span PN, Sweep FCGJ. Prognostic significance of VEGF and components of the plasminogen activator system in endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1725-1735. [PMID: 32394054 PMCID: PMC7256031 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective The plasminogen activator system (PAS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important in the carcinogenesis and play a key role in cancer invasion and mediating metastasis of carcinomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of serum levels of VEGF and components of the PAS with clinicopathological risk factors and outcome in patients with endometrial cancer (EC). Methods Preoperative blood was collected from 173 patients treated for EC between 1999 and 2009. Serum concentrations of VEGF, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and -2 (PAI-2) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Serum levels of VEGF and components of the PAS were significantly associated with stage of the disease, tumor histology, tumor grade, myometrial invasion (MI), presence of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastases (LNM). Preoperative serum levels of PAI-1 and -2 and tPA were higher in patients who experienced a recurrence than in patients who remained disease free (p < 0.01). PAI-1 and -2 and tPA were significantly independent prognostic factors for DFS with a HR of 3.85 (95% CI 1.84–8.07), 3.90 (95% CI 1.75–8.66) and 2.53 (95% CI 1.16–5.55), respectively. PAI-1 and tPA turned out to be independent prognostic factors for OS, with a HR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.08–4.05) and 2.16 (95% CI 1.06–4.44), respectively. Conclusion Serum levels of VEGF and components of the PAS at primary diagnosis were associated with well-known clinicopathological risk factors such as; FIGO stage, tumor histology, tumor grade, MI, LVSI and LNM. High concentrations of PAI-1 and-2 and tPA are independent factors for poor prognosis in patients with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Abbink
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra L M Zusterzeel
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Geurts-Moespot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Steen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Harris NLE, Vennin C, Conway JRW, Vine KL, Pinese M, Cowley MJ, Shearer RF, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Allam AH, Pajic M, Morton JP, Biankin AV, Ranson M, Timpson P, Saunders DN. SerpinB2 regulates stromal remodelling and local invasion in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4288-4298. [PMID: 28346421 PMCID: PMC5537606 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a devastating prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of ~8%, restricted treatment options and characteristic molecular heterogeneity. SerpinB2 expression, particularly in the stromal compartment, is associated with reduced metastasis and prolonged survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and our genomic analysis revealed that SERPINB2 is frequently deleted in PDAC. We show that SerpinB2 is required by stromal cells for normal collagen remodelling in vitro, regulating fibroblast interaction and engagement with collagen in the contracting matrix. In a pancreatic cancer allograft model, co-injection of PDAC cancer cells and SerpinB2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in increased tumour growth, aberrant remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and increased local invasion from the primary tumour. These tumours also displayed elevated proteolytic activity of the primary biochemical target of SerpinB2-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In a large cohort of patients with resected PDAC, we show that increasing uPA mRNA expression was significantly associated with poorer survival following pancreatectomy. This study establishes a novel role for SerpinB2 in the stromal compartment in PDAC invasion through regulation of stromal remodelling and highlights the SerpinB2/uPA axis for further investigation as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L E Harris
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C Vennin
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - J R W Conway
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - K L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M Pinese
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M J Cowley
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - R F Shearer
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M C Lucas
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - D Herrmann
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - A H Allam
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M Pajic
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - J P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P Timpson
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - D N Saunders
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Down-regulation of SerpinB2 is associated with gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer and enhances invadopodia-like structure protrusions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32258. [PMID: 27558531 PMCID: PMC4997607 DOI: 10.1038/srep32258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of targeted therapy due to the resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, is considered a major problem in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. SerpinB2, a component of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system, has been recognized as a biomarker for the progression and metastasis of lung cancer. Nevertheless, the relationship between SerpinB2 and EGFR-TKI resistance has not been elucidated. Here, we report that SerpinB2 is down-regulated in gefitinib-resistant (H292-Gef) cells compared to gefitinib-sensitive (H292) cells. The low SerpinB2 levels in H292-Gef cells were also associated with an enhancement in invasiveness and increase in the length of invadopodia-like structures in the cells. The effect on invasiveness and gefitinib sensitivity was confirmed by knockdown and overexpression of SerpinB2. In addition, the possibility to overcome the resistance through the up-regulation of SerpinB2 was supported by employing an antitumor agent yuanhuadine (YD). Treatment with YD effectively elevated SerpinB2 levels and suppressed invasive properties in H292-Gef cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the prospective role of SerpinB2 as a novel biomarker for acquired gefitinib resistance and a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
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12
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Improved Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Properties of the Selective Urokinase Inhibitor PAI-2 (SerpinB2) by Site-Specific PEGylation: Implications for Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1045-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Xiang Y, Li Q, Huang D, Tang X, Wang L, Shi Y, Zhang W, Yang T, Xiao C, Wang J. Preparation and antitumor effect of a toxin-linked conjugate targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and urokinase plasminogen activator. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:160-8. [PMID: 25125500 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214547154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant signaling activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a common characteristic of many tumors, including lung cancer. Accordingly, VEGFR and uPA have emerged as attractive targets for tumor. KDR (Flk-1/VEGFR-2), a member of the VEGFR family, has been recognized as an important target for antiangiogenesis in tumor. In this study, a recombinant immunotoxin was produced to specifically target KDR-expressing tumor vascular endothelial cells and uPA-expressing tumor cells and mediate antitumor angiogenesis and antitumor effect. Based on its potent inhibitory effect on protein synthesis, Luffin-beta (Lβ) ribosome-inactivating protein was selected as part of a recombinant fusion protein, a single-chain variable fragment against KDR (KDRscFv)-uPA cleavage site (uPAcs)-Lβ-KDEL (named as KPLK). The KDRscFv-uPAcs-Lβ-KDEL (KPLK) contained a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against KDR, uPAcs, Lβ, and the retention signal for endoplasmic reticulum proteins KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu). The KPLK-expressing vector was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the KPLK protein was isolated with nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis test demonstrated KPLK was effectively expressed. Result of in vitro cell viability assay on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H460 cell line (uPA-positive cell) revealed that KPLK significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and accumulated cells in S and G2/M phases, but the normal cell line (human submandibular gland cell) was unaffected. These effects were enhanced when uPA was added to digest KPLK to release Lβ. For in vivo assay of KPLK, subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of nude mice were established with H460 cells. Growth of solid tumors was significantly inhibited in animals treated with KPLK up to 21 days, tumor weights were decreased, and the expression of angiogenesis marker CD31 was downregulated; meanwhile, the apoptosis-related protein casspase-3 was upregulated. These results suggested that the recombinant KPLK may have therapeutic applications on tumors, especially uPA-overexpressing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiying Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dehong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xianjun Tang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chunyan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jianghong Wang
- Center of Endoscopy Examination & Therapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
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14
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Bellance C, Khan JA, Meduri G, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombès M, Loosfelt H. Progesterone receptor isoforms PRA and PRB differentially contribute to breast cancer cell migration through interaction with focal adhesion kinase complexes. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1363-74. [PMID: 23485561 PMCID: PMC3639048 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-11-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditionally expressed progesterone receptor isoforms PRA and PRB enhance breast cancer cell migration through interaction with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and differential regulation of FAK phosphorylation and turnover. PRB-stimulated migration is reduced by progestins, which is prevented by PR antagonists or agonist-bound PRA. Progesterone receptor (PR) and progestins affect mammary tumorigenesis; however, the relative contributions of PR isoforms A and B (PRA and PRB, respectively) in cancer cell migration remains elusive. By using a bi-inducible MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line expressing PRA and/or PRB, we analyzed the effect of conditional PR isoform expression. Surprisingly, unliganded PRB but not PRA strongly enhanced cell migration as compared with PR(–) cells. 17,21-Dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-dien-3,20-dione (R5020) progestin limited this effect and was counteracted by the antagonist 11β-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-17β-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one (RU486). Of importance, PRA coexpression potentiated PRB-mediated migration, whereas PRA alone was ineffective. PR isoforms differentially regulated expressions of major players of cell migration, such as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, uPA receptor (uPAR), and β1-integrin, which affect focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Moreover, unliganded PRB but not PRA enhanced FAK Tyr397 phosphorylation and colocalized with activated FAK in cell protrusions. Because PRB, as well as PRA, coimmunoprecipitated with FAK, both isoforms can interact with FAK complexes, depending on their respective nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In addition, FAK degradation was coupled to R5020-dependent turnovers of PRA and PRB. Such an effect of PRB/PRA expression on FAK signaling might thus affect adhesion/motility, underscoring the implication of PR isoforms in breast cancer invasiveness and metastatic evolution with underlying therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bellance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
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15
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Croucher DR, Hochgräfe F, Zhang L, Liu L, Lyons RJ, Rickwood D, Tactacan CM, Browne BC, Ali N, Chan H, Shearer R, Gallego-Ortega D, Saunders DN, Swarbrick A, Daly RJ. Involvement of Lyn and the atypical kinase SgK269/PEAK1 in a basal breast cancer signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1969-80. [PMID: 23378338 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal breast cancer cells feature high expression of the Src family kinase Lyn that has been implicated in the pathogenicity of this disease. In this study, we identified novel Lyn kinase substrates, the most prominent of which was the atypical kinase SgK269 (PEAK1). In breast cancer cells, SgK269 expression associated with the basal phenotype. In primary breast tumors, SgK269 overexpression was detected in a subset of basal, HER2-positive, and luminal cancers. In immortalized MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells, SgK269 promoted transition to a mesenchymal phenotype and increased cell motility and invasion. Growth of MCF-10A acini in three-dimensional (3D) culture was enhanced upon SgK269 overexpression, which induced an abnormal, multilobular acinar morphology and promoted extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and Stat3 activation. SgK269 Y635F, mutated at a major Lyn phosphorylation site, did not enhance acinar size or cellular invasion. We show that Y635 represents a Grb2-binding site that promotes both Stat3 and Erk activation in 3D culture. RNA interference-mediated attenuation of SgK269 in basal breast cancer cells promoted acquisition of epithelial characteristics and decreased anchorage-independent growth. Together, our results define a novel signaling pathway in basal breast cancer involving Lyn and SgK269 that offers clinical opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Croucher
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Ranson M, Berghofer P, Vine KL, Greguric I, Shepherd R, Katsifis A. Different radiolabelling methods alter the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 (PAI-2) forms. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:833-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Cochran BJ, Croucher DR, Lobov S, Saunders DN, Ranson M. Dependence on endocytic receptor binding via a minimal binding motif underlies the differential prognostic profiles of SerpinE1 and SerpinB2 in cancer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24467-75. [PMID: 21606492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.225706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor overexpression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its specific inhibitor SerpinE1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1) correlates with poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential. Conversely, tumor expression of uPA and another specific inhibitor, SerpinB2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2), are associated with favorable outcome and relapse-free survival. It is not known how overexpression of these uPA inhibitors results in such disparate outcomes. A possible explanation may be related to the presence of a proposed low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-binding motif in SerpinE1 responsible for mitogenic signaling via ERK that is absent in SerpinB2. We now show that complementation of such a LDLR-binding motif in SerpinB2 by mutagenesis of two key residues enabled high affinity binding to very LDLR (VLDLR). Furthermore, the VLDLR-binding SerpinB2 form behaved in a manner indistinguishable from SerpinE1 in terms of enhanced uPA-SerpinB2 complex endocytosis and subsequent ERK phosphorylation and cell proliferation; that is, the introduction of the LDLR-binding motif to SerpinB2 was necessary and sufficient to allow it to acquire characteristics of SerpinE1 associated with malignancy. In conclusion, this study defines the structural elements underlying the distinct interactions of SerpinE1 versus SerpinB2 with endocytic receptors and how differential VLDLR binding impacts on downstream cellular behavior. This has clear relevance to understanding the paradoxical disease outcomes associated with overexpression of these serpins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Cochran
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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18
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Medcalf RL. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2: still an enigmatic serpin but a model for gene regulation. Methods Enzymol 2011; 499:105-34. [PMID: 21683251 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386471-0.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2; SERPINB2) is an atypical member of the Ov-serpin family of serine protease inhibitors. While it is an undisputed inhibitor of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator in the extracellular space and on the cell surface, the weight of circumstantial evidence suggests that PAI-2 also fulfills an intracellular role which is independent of plasminogen activator inhibition and indeed may not even involve protease inhibition at all. More and more data continue to implicate a role for PAI-2 in many settings, the most recent associating it as a modulator of the innate immune response. Further to the debates concerning its physiological role, there are few genes, if any, that display the regulation profile of the PAI-2 gene: PAI-2 protein and mRNA levels can be induced in the order of, not hundred-, but thousand-folds in a process that is controlled at many levels including gene transcription and mRNA stability while an epigenetic component is also likely. The ability of some cells, including monocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons to have the capacity to increase PAI-2 synthesis to such high levels is intriguing enough. So why do these cells have the capacity to synthesize so much of this protein? While tantalizing clues continue to be revealed to the field, an understanding of how this gene is regulated so profoundly has provided insights into the broader mechanics of gene expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Pedersen K, Wiechec E, Madsen BE, Overgaard J, Hansen LL. A simple way to evaluate self-designed probes for tumor specific Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:179. [PMID: 20579386 PMCID: PMC2913922 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) is widely used for analysis of copy number variations (CNVs) in single or multiple loci. MLPA is a versatile methodology and important tool in cancer research; it provides precise information on increased or decreased copy number at specific loci as opposed to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies based upon microsatellite analysis. Pre-designed MLPA kits and software are commercially available to analyze multiple exons, genes, and genomic regions. However, an increasing demand for new gene specific assays makes it necessary to self-design new MLPA probes for which the available software may not be applicable. During evaluation of new self-designed reference probes, we encountered a number of problems, especially when applying the MLPA methodology to tumor samples. Findings DNA samples from 48 unaffected individuals and 145 breast cancer patients were used to evaluate 11 self-designed MLPA probes and determine the cut-off values for CNV, before applying the MLPA probes to normalize the target probes in a cohort of affected individuals. To test the calculation strategy, three probes were designed to cover regions in Regulator of G-protein Signaling 8 (RGS8), which we previously have identified as being affected by allelic imbalance by LOH analysis across RGS8 in the cohort comprising 145 breast tumors. Agreement between the LOH results and the results obtained by each of the three MLPA probes in RGS8 was found for 64%, 73%, and 91%, of the analyzed samples, respectively. Conclusion Here, we present a straightforward method, based upon the normalization pattern in both unaffected and affected individuals, to evaluate self-designed reference probes and to calculate CNV for the MLPA assay with specific focus on the difficulties when analyzing tumor DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pedersen
- Institute of Human Genetics, The Bartholin building, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Martin PM, Dussert C, Romain S, Ouafik L. Relations du système plasminogène-plasmine et cancer. ONCOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-010-1893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Syrjänen S, Naud P, Sarian L, Derchain S, Roteli-Martins C, Longatto-Filho A, Tatti S, Branca M, Eržen M, Hammes LS, Costa S, Syrjänen K. Up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 is associated with high-risk HPV and grade of cervical lesion at baseline but does not predict outcomes of high-risk HPV infections or incident CIN. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:883-92. [PMID: 19926580 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpqq07wutzutes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitor serpin-B2 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 [PAI-2]) protects pRb from degradation in human papillomavirus (HPV)-18+ HeLa cells. Our objective was to assess whether the pRb-mediated HPV-suppressive effect of PAI-2 in cancer cell lines has implications in the outcome of HPV infections. Cervical biopsy specimens from 225 women were analyzed for PAI-2 expression to assess its value as a predictor of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade, high-risk (HR) HPV at baseline, outcomes of HR-HPV infections, and the development of incident CIN. PAI-2 expression increased in parallel with lesion grade. Nuclear PAI-2 expression was significantly related to HR-HPV detection and had a linear relationship with HR-HPV load. PAI-2 expression was of no value in predicting the outcomes of HR-HPV infections. The same was true for PAI-2 as a predictor of surrogate end points (incident CIN 1+, CIN 2+) of progressive disease. PAI-2 expression is up-regulated on transition from CIN 2 to CIN 3. The HR-HPV suppressive effects of PAI-2 were not related to more favorable outcomes of HR-HPV infections or lower risk of disease progression to CIN.
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22
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D'mello V, Singh S, Wu Y, Birge RB. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17030-17038. [PMID: 19383607 PMCID: PMC2719341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR), expressed on the surface of many cell types, coordinates plasmin-mediated cell surface proteolysis for matrix remodeling and promotes cell adhesion by acting as a binding protein for vitronectin. There is great clinical interest in uPAR in the cancer field as numerous reports have demonstrated that up-regulation of the uPA system is correlated with malignancy of various carcinomas. Using both stable cell lines overexpressing uPAR and transient gene transfer, here we provide evidence for a non-reported role of uPAR in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, a process that has recently been termed efferocytosis. When uPAR was expressed in human embryonic kidney cells, hamster melanoma cells, or breast cancer cells (BCCs), there was a robust enhancement in the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. uPAR-expressing cells failed to stimulate engulfment of viable cells, suggesting that uPAR enhances recognition of one or more determinant on the surface of the apoptotic cell. uPAR-mediated engulfment was not inhibited by expression of mutant beta5 integrin, nor was alphavbeta5 integrin-mediated engulfment modulated by cleavage of uPAR by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Further, we found that the more aggressive BCCs had a higher phagocytic capacity that correlated with uPAR expression and cleavage of membrane-associated uPAR in MDA-MB231 BCCs significantly impaired phagocytic activity. Because efferocytosis is critical for the resolution of inflammation and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, overexpression of uPAR in tumor cells may promote a tolerogenic microenvironment that favors tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera D'mello
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Yi Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Raymond B Birge
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Newark, New Jersey 07103.
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23
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Cochran BJ, Gunawardhana LP, Vine KL, Lee JA, Lobov S, Ranson M. The CD-loop of PAI-2 (SERPINB2) is redundant in the targeting, inhibition and clearance of cell surface uPA activity. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:43. [PMID: 19442270 PMCID: PMC2693429 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2, SERPINB2) is an irreversible, specific inhibitor of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Since overexpression of uPA at the surface of cancer cells is linked to malignancy, targeting of uPA by exogenous recombinant PAI-2 has been proposed as the basis of potential cancer therapies. To this end, reproducible yields of high purity protein that maintains this targeting ability is required. Herein we validate the use in vitro of recombinant 6 x His-tagged-PAI-2 lacking the intrahelical loop between C and D alpha-helices (PAI-2 Delta CD-loop) for these purposes. RESULTS We show that PAI-2 Delta CD-loop expressed and purified from the pQE9 vector system presents an easier purification target than the previously used pET15b system. Additionally, PAI-2 Delta CD-loop gave both higher yield and purity than wild-type PAI-2 expressed and purified under identical conditions. Importantly, absence of the CD-loop had no impact on the inhibition of both solution phase and cell surface uPA or on the clearance of receptor bound uPA from the cell surface. Furthermore, uPA:PAI-2 Delta CD-loop complexes had similar binding kinetics (KD approximately 5 nM) with the endocytosis receptor Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (VLDLR) to that previously published for uPA:PAI-2 complexes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the CD-loop is redundant for the purposes of cellular uPA inhibition and cell surface clearance (endocytosis) and is thus suitable for the development of anti-uPA targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Cochran
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lakshitha P Gunawardhana
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Current address: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jodi A Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sergei Lobov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Fabre-Guillevin E, Malo M, Cartier-Michaud A, Peinado H, Moreno-Bueno G, Vallée B, Lawrence DA, Palacios J, Cano A, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Charrière-Bertrand C. PAI-1 and functional blockade of SNAI1 in breast cancer cell migration. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R100. [PMID: 19055748 PMCID: PMC2656896 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Snail, a family of transcriptional repressors implicated in cell movement, has been correlated with tumour invasion. The Plasminogen Activation (PA) system, including urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1(PAI-1), also plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, either through proteolytic degradation or by non-proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion and migration. Thus, Snail and the PA system are both over-expressed in cancer and influence this process. In this study we aimed to determine if the activity of SNAI1 (a member of the Snail family) is correlated with expression of the PA system components and how this correlation can influence tumoural cell migration. Methods We compared the invasive breast cancer cell-line MDA-MB-231 expressing SNAI1 (MDA-mock) with its derived clone expressing a dominant-negative form of SNAI1 (SNAI1-DN). Expression of PA system mRNAs was analysed by cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Wound healing assays were used to determine cell migration. PAI-1 distribution was assessed by immunostaining. Results We demonstrated by both cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR that the functional blockade of SNAI1 induces a significant decrease of PAI-1 and uPA transcripts. After performing an in vitro wound-healing assay, we observed that SNAI1-DN cells migrate more slowly than MDA-mock cells and in a more collective manner. The blockade of SNAI1 activity resulted in the redistribution of PAI-1 in SNAI1-DN cells decorating large lamellipodia, which are commonly found structures in these cells. Conclusions In the absence of functional SNAI1, the expression of PAI-1 transcripts is decreased, although the protein is redistributed at the leading edge of migrating cells in a manner comparable with that seen in normal epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Tumour expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator correlates with invasive capacity. Consequently, inhibition of this serine protease by physiological inhibitors should decrease invasion and metastasis. However, of the two main urokinase inhibitors, high tumour levels of the type 1 inhibitor actually promote tumour progression, whereas high levels of the type 2 inhibitor decrease tumour growth and metastasis. We propose that the basis of this apparently paradoxical action of two similar serine protease inhibitors lies in key structural differences controlling interactions with components of the extracellular matrix and endocytosis-signalling co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Croucher
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia 2010
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The plasminogen activator inhibitor "paradox" in cancer. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:116-24. [PMID: 18495253 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis in general and specifically the plasminogen activating system regulated by urokinase (uPA) its specific receptor, the GPI membrane anchored urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the specific plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays a major role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, tumor invasion and metastasis formation. This is exemplified by a body of published work showing a positive correlation between the expression of uPA or uPAR in several tumors and their malignancy. It is generally assumed that such a "pro-malignant" effect of the uPA-uPAR system is mediated by increased local proteolysis thus favoring tumor invasion, by a pro-angiogenic effect of this system and also by uPA-uPAR signaling towards the tumor thereby shifting the tumor phenotype to a more "malignant" one. However, when tumor patients are analyzed for long term survival, those with high levels of the inhibitor of the system, PAI-1 have a much worse prognosis than those with lower PAI-1 levels. This indicates that increased overall proteolysis alone cannot be made responsible for the adverse effects of the plasminogen activating system in tumors. Moreover, it becomes increasingly evident that components of the fibrinolytic system secreted by the tumor cells themselves are not solely responsible for a correlation between the plasminogen activating system and tumor malignancy; components of the plasminogen activating system secreted by stroma cells or cells of the immune system such as macrophages contribute also to the impact of fibrinolysis on malignancy. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mediating the malignant phenotype and possible mechanism thereby trying to explain the "PAI-1 paradox in cancer" on a molecular level.
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