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Khramova YV, Katrukha VA, Chebanenko VV, Kostyuk AI, Gorbunov NP, Panasenko OM, Sokolov AV, Bilan DS. Reactive Halogen Species: Role in Living Systems and Current Research Approaches. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S90-S111. [PMID: 38621746 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Reactive halogen species (RHS) are highly reactive compounds that are normally required for regulation of immune response, inflammatory reactions, enzyme function, etc. At the same time, hyperproduction of highly reactive compounds leads to the development of various socially significant diseases - asthma, pulmonary hypertension, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases, retinopathy, and many others. The main sources of (pseudo)hypohalous acids are enzymes from the family of heme peroxidases - myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and thyroid peroxidase. Main targets of these compounds are proteins and peptides, primarily methionine and cysteine residues. Due to the short lifetime, detection of RHS can be difficult. The most common approach is detection of myeloperoxidase, which is thought to reflect the amount of RHS produced, but these methods are indirect, and the results are often contradictory. The most promising approaches seem to be those that provide direct registration of highly reactive compounds themselves or products of their interaction with components of living cells, such as fluorescent dyes. However, even such methods have a number of limitations and can often be applied mainly for in vitro studies with cell culture. Detection of reactive halogen species in living organisms in real time is a particularly acute issue. The present review is devoted to RHS, their characteristics, chemical properties, peculiarities of interaction with components of living cells, and methods of their detection in living systems. Special attention is paid to the genetically encoded tools, which have been introduced recently and allow avoiding a number of difficulties when working with living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Khramova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Veronika A Katrukha
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victoria V Chebanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander I Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Oleg M Panasenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexey V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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2
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Kato Y, Sakanishi A, Matsuda K, Hattori M, Kaneko I, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S. Covalent adduction of serotonin-derived quinones to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease expressed in a cultured cell. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:74-82. [PMID: 37391098 PMCID: PMC10300202 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease is an essential molecule for viral replication and is often targeted by medications to treat the infection. In this study, we investigated the possible inhibitory action of endogenous quinones on the enzyme. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 main protease was exposed to tryptamine-4,5-dione (TD) or quinone from 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (Q5HIAA). As a result, the protease activity was considerably decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of the quinones toward the enzyme were approximately 0.28 μM (TD) and 0.49 μM (Q5HIAA). Blot analyses using specific antibodies to quinone-modified proteins revealed that quinones were adducted to the enzyme at concentrations as low as 0.12 μM. Intact mass analyses showed that one or two quinone molecules were covalently adducted onto the main protease. Chymotrypsin-digested main protease analyses revealed that the quinones bind to thiol residues at the enzyme's active site. When TD or Q5HIAA were exposed to cultured cells expressing the viral enzyme, quinone-modified enzyme was identified in the cell lysate, suggesting that even extracellularly generated quinones could react with the viral enzyme expressed in an infected cell. Thus, these endogenous quinones could act as inhibitors of the viral enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan; Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan.
| | - Asahi Sakanishi
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan
| | - Kaoru Matsuda
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan
| | - Mai Hattori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan; Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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3
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Kietzmann T. Vitamin C: From nutrition to oxygen sensing and epigenetics. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102753. [PMID: 37263060 PMCID: PMC10245123 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is unbeatable - at least when it comes to sales. Of all the vitamin preparations, those containing vitamin C sell best. This is surprising because vitamin C deficiency is extremely rare. Nevertheless, there is still controversy about whether the additional intake of vitamin C supplements is essential for our health. In this context, the possible additional benefit is in most cases merely reduced to the known effect as an antioxidant. However, new findings in recent years on the mechanisms of oxygen-sensing and epigenetic control underpin the multifaceted role of vitamin C in a biological context and have therefore renewed interest in it. In the present article, therefore, known facts are linked to these new key data. In addition, available clinical data on vitamin C use of cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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4
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Kettle AJ, Ashby LV, Winterbourn CC, Dickerhof N. Superoxide: The enigmatic chemical chameleon in neutrophil biology. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:181-196. [PMID: 36609987 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The burst of superoxide produced when neutrophils phagocytose bacteria is the defining biochemical feature of these abundant immune cells. But 50 years since this discovery, the vital role superoxide plays in host defense has yet to be defined. Superoxide is neither bactericidal nor is it just a source of hydrogen peroxide. This simple free radical does, however, have remarkable chemical dexterity. Depending on its environment and reaction partners, superoxide can act as an oxidant, a reductant, a nucleophile, or an enzyme substrate. We outline the evidence that inside phagosomes where neutrophils trap, kill, and digest bacteria, superoxide will react preferentially with the enzyme myeloperoxidase, not the bacterium. By acting as a cofactor, superoxide will sustain hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. As a substrate, superoxide may give rise to other forms of reactive oxygen. We contend that these interactions hold the key to understanding the precise role superoxide plays in neutrophil biology. State-of-the-art techniques in mass spectrometry, oxidant-specific fluorescent probes, and microscopy focused on individual phagosomes are needed to identify bactericidal mechanisms driven by superoxide. This work will undoubtably lead to fascinating discoveries in host defense and give a richer understanding of superoxide's varied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louisa V Ashby
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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Suga N, Murakami A, Arimitsu H, Shiogama K, Tanaka S, Ito M, Kato Y. Elevation of the serotonin-derived quinone, tryptamine-4,5-dione, in the intestine of ICR mice with dextran sulfate-induced colitis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:61-67. [PMID: 34376915 PMCID: PMC8325771 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders associated with oxidative stress. The intestines produce 5-hydroxytryptamine that may negatively affect disease state under inflammatory conditions when overproduced. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a substrate for myeloperoxidase and is converted into reactive tryptamine-4,5-dione. Here, an experimental colitis model was established through oral administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium to ICR mice for 7 days. Furthermore, the formation of tryptamine-4,5-dione in the colorectal mucosa/submucosa and colorectal tissue was analyzed by chemical and immunochemical methodologies. First, free tryptamine-4,5-dione in the homogenate was chemically trapped by o-phenylenediamine and analyzed as the stable phenazine derivative. Tryptamine-4,5-dione localization as adducted proteins in the colorectal tissue was immunohistochemically confirmed, and as demonstrated by both methods, this resulted in the significant increase of tryptamine-4,5-dione in dextran sulfate sodium-challenged mice compared with control mice. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed tryptamine-4,5-dione-positive staining at the myeloperoxidase accumulation site in dextran sulfate sodium-challenged mice colorectal tissue. The tryptamine-4,5-dione locus in the mice was partly matched with that of a specific marker for myeloperoxidase, halogenated tyrosine. Overall, the results possibly indicate that tryptamine-4,5-dione is generated by neutrophil myeloperoxidase in inflammatory tissue and may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Suga
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Sarasa Tanaka
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ito
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Yoji Kato
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
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6
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Nath AK, Ghatak A, Dey A, Dey SG. Intermediates involved in serotonin oxidation catalyzed by Cu bound Aβ peptides. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1924-1929. [PMID: 34163956 PMCID: PMC8179298 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of neurotransmitters is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Copper bound Aβ peptides, invoked to be involved in the pathology of AD, are found to catalyze the oxidation of serotonin (5-HT) by H2O2. A combination of EPR and resonance Raman spectroscopy reveals the formation of a Cu(ii)–OOH species and a dimeric, EPR silent, Cu2O2 bis-μ-oxo species under the reaction conditions. The Cu(ii)–OOH species, which can be selectively formed in the presence of excess H2O2, is the reactive intermediate responsible for 5-HT oxidation. H2O2 produced by the reaction of O2 with reduced Cu(i)–Aβ species can also oxidize 5-HT. Both these pathways are physiologically relevant and may be involved in the observed decay of neurotransmitters as observed in AD patients. The mononuclear copper hydroperoxo species (Cu(ii)–OOH) of Cu–Aβ is the active oxidant responsible for serotonin oxidation by Cu–Aβ in the presence of physiologically relevant oxidants like O2 and H2O2, which can potentially cause oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters, a marker of Alzheimer's disease.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Kumar Nath
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Arnab Ghatak
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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7
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Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Antelmann H. Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Chem 2020; 402:333-361. [PMID: 33544504 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
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8
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El Kazzi M, Rayner BS, Chami B, Dennis JM, Thomas SR, Witting PK. Neutrophil-Mediated Cardiac Damage After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Significance of Defining a New Target Cell Type for Developing Cardioprotective Drugs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:689-712. [PMID: 32517486 PMCID: PMC7475094 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Post-AMI survival rates have increased with the introduction of angioplasty as a primary coronary intervention. However, reperfusion after angioplasty represents a clinical paradox, restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium while simultaneously inducing ion and metabolic imbalances that stimulate immune cell recruitment and activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and damaging oxidant production. Recent Advances: Preclinical data indicate that these metabolic imbalances contribute to subsequent heart failure through sustaining local recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte death, and coronary microvascular disturbances, which enhance adverse cardiac remodeling. Both left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are strongly linked to inflammation and immune cell recruitment to the damaged myocardium. Critical Issues: Overall, therapeutic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents identified in preclinical trials have failed in clinical trials. Future Directions: The versatile neutrophil-derived heme enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), is gaining attention as an important oxidative mediator of reperfusion injury, vascular dysfunction, adverse ventricular remodeling, and atrial fibrillation. Accordingly, there is interest in therapeutically targeting neutrophils and MPO activity in the setting of heart failure. Herein, we discuss the role of post-AMI inflammation linked to myocardial damage and heart failure, describe previous trials targeting inflammation and oxidative stress post-AMI, highlight the potential adverse impact of neutrophil and MPO, and detail therapeutic options available to target MPO clinically in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary El Kazzi
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Marie Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane Ross Thomas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Kenneth Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Casas AI, Nogales C, Mucke HAM, Petraina A, Cuadrado A, Rojo AI, Ghezzi P, Jaquet V, Augsburger F, Dufrasne F, Soubhye J, Deshwal S, Di Sante M, Kaludercic N, Di Lisa F, Schmidt HHHW. On the Clinical Pharmacology of Reactive Oxygen Species. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:801-828. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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10
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Soubhye J, Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F. A patent review of myeloperoxidase inhibitors for treating chronic inflammatory syndromes (focus on cardiovascular diseases, 2013-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:595-608. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1780210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre De Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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11
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Gan LM, Lagerström-Fermér M, Ericsson H, Nelander K, Lindstedt EL, Michaëlsson E, Kjaer M, Heijer M, Whatling C, Fuhr R. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and effect on serum uric acid of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD4831 in a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:762-770. [PMID: 30618054 PMCID: PMC6422671 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Myeloperoxidase activity can contribute to impaired vascular endothelial function and fibrosis in chronic inflammation‐related cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor, AZD4831. Methods In this randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase I, first‐in‐human study, healthy men in five sequential cohorts were randomized 3:1 to receive a single oral dose of AZD4831 (5, 15, 45, 135 or 405 mg) or placebo, after overnight fasting. After at least 7 days' washout, one cohort additionally received AZD4831 45 mg after a high‐calorie meal. Results Forty men participated in the study (eight per cohort: AZD4831, n = 6; placebo, n = 2). AZD4831 distributed rapidly into plasma, with a half‐life of 38.2–50.0 hours. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) increased proportionally with dose (AUC0–∝ slope estimate 1.060; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9943, 1.127). Increases in maximum plasma concentration were slightly more than dose proportional (slope estimate 1.201; 95% CI 1.071, 1.332). Food intake reduced AZD4831 absorption rate but did not substantially affect overall exposure or plasma half‐life (n = 4). Serum uric acid concentrations decreased by 71.77 (95% CI 29.15, 114.39) and 84.42 (58.90, 109.94) μmol L−1 with AZD4831 135 mg and 405 mg, respectively. Maculopapular rash (moderate intensity) occurred in 4/30 participants receiving AZD4831 (13.3%). No other safety concerns were identified. Conclusions AZD4831 was generally well tolerated, rapidly absorbed, had a long plasma half‐life and lowered uric acid concentrations after single oral doses in healthy men. These findings support the further clinical development of AZD4831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Gan
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Ericsson
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Nelander
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Kjaer
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Heijer
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Whatling
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rainard Fuhr
- PAREXEL Early Phase Clinical Unit, Berlin, Germany
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12
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High-resolution Imaging of Myeloperoxidase Activity Sensors in Human Cerebrovascular Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7687. [PMID: 29769642 PMCID: PMC5956082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in clinical development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substrate-sensors of enzymatic activity has been slow partly due to the lack of human efficacy data. We report here a strategy that may serve as a shortcut from bench to bedside. We tested ultra high-resolution 7T MRI (µMRI) of human surgical histology sections in a 3-year IRB approved, HIPAA compliant study of surgically clipped brain aneurysms. µMRI was used for assessing the efficacy of MRI substrate-sensors that detect myeloperoxidase activity in inflammation. The efficacy of Gd-5HT-DOTAGA, a novel myeloperoxidase (MPO) imaging agent synthesized by using a highly stable gadolinium (III) chelate was tested both in tissue-like phantoms and in human samples. After treating histology sections with paramagnetic MPO substrate-sensors we observed relaxation time shortening and MPO activity-dependent MR signal enhancement. An increase of normalized MR signal generated by ultra-short echo time MR sequences was corroborated by MPO activity visualization by using a fluorescent MPO substrate. The results of µMRI of MPO activity associated with aneurysmal pathology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated active involvement of neutrophils and neutrophil NETs as a result of pro-inflammatory signalling in the vascular wall and in the perivascular space of brain aneurysms.
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13
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Kato Y, Suga N. Covalent adduction of endogenous and food-derived quinones to a protein: its biological significance. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 62:213-220. [PMID: 29892159 PMCID: PMC5990407 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many chemically reactive compounds, including quinone, in living systems and also food. Even after the ingestion of food polyphenols, quinones derived from catechol moieties could form endogenously in the body. Dopaquinone, dopamine quinone, estrogen-derived quinones, tryptamine-4,5-dione, and ubiquinone are examples of an endogenous quinone. These indicate that quinone is ubiquitously formed or present in living systems and food. Quinones can induce a variety of hazardous effects and also could have beneficial physiological effects. This review focuses on the chemical reactivity of quinone toward a biomolecule and its biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Free Radical and Food Function, School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.,Research Institute of Food and Nutrition, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Naoko Suga
- Laboratory of Free Radical and Food Function, School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
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14
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects of tryptamine-4,5-dione on neuronal cells: a double-edged sword. Free Radic Res 2018; 51:545-553. [PMID: 28503967 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1331038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a putative substrate for myeloperoxidase, which may convert it into the reactive quinone tryptamine-4,5-dione (TD). In this study, we found that the viability of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with 25 μM TD was increased to approximately 117%. On the other hand, the cell viability was significantly decreased by exposure to TD (150-200 μM), with an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, pre-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 100 μM TD prevented cell death and suppressed intracellular ROS generation evoked by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Expression of the phase-II antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 and haem oxygenase 1 were upregulated by TD at a concentration of 50-100 μM. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the regulator of these enzyme, was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus by 100 μM TD. In summary, moderate concentrations of TD may increase the self-defence capacity of neuronal cells against oxidative stress.
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16
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Soubhye J, Gelbcke M, Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F, Boufadi MY, Nève J, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Meyer F. From Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry to in Vivo Evaluation of Reversible and Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:206-210. [PMID: 28197313 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of dynamic combinatorial libraries allowed the determination of highly active reversible and irreversible inhibitors of myeloperoxidase (MPO) at the nanomolar level. Docking experiments highlighted the interaction between the most active ligands and MPO, and further kinetic studies defined the mode of inhibition of these compounds. Finally, in vivo evaluation showed that one dose of irreversible inhibitors is able to suppress the activity of MPO after inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mokhtaria Yasmina Boufadi
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Beneficial Microorganisms, Functional Food and Health (LMBAFS),
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Université de Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Jean Nève
- Chimie
Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculty of pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory
of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 unit), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chu de Charleroi, 6110 Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Laboratory
of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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17
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Kato Y, Oki K, Suga N, Ono S, Ishisaka A, Miura Y, Kanazawa S, Naito M, Kitamoto N, Kettle AJ. A novel quinone derived from 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid reacts with protein: Possible participation of oxidation of serotonin and its metabolite in the development of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:500-510. [PMID: 27856348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The modification of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) by myeloperoxidase with a xanthine oxidase system was investigated by chromatographic analyses. Two major products were identified as a dimer and quinone (indoleacetate dione) of 5HIAA. The formation of a quinone moiety was also confirmed by chemical trapping with o-phenylenediamine. In the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a quinone-NAC adduct was formed. When glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was exposed to the myeloperoxidase system with 5HIAA, quinone adducts were formed on the protein molecule. A monoclonal antibody was prepared using a quinone-modified protein as an immunogen to immunochemically detect the quinone on a protein. The established antibody recognized the quinone-NAC adduct, quinone-modified poly-L-lysine, and quinone-modified low-density lipoprotein. Quinone-modified proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions were immunohistochemically observed using the established antibody to the quinone and also a monoclonal antibody to tryptamine dione-modified protein, suggesting an occurrence of in vivo oxidation of serotonin and 5HIAA, accompanied by covalent adduction to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Kota Oki
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Suga
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ono
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akari Ishisaka
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoko Miura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michitaka Naito
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School and Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Gau J, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Prévost M, Van Antwerpen P, Arnhold J, Flemmig J. Flavonoids as promoters of the (pseudo-)halogenating activity of lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:307-319. [PMID: 27350402 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study several flavonoids were tested for their potential to regenerate the (pseudo-)halogenating activity (hypothiocyanite formation) of the heme peroxidases lactoperoxidase (LPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) after hydrogen peroxide-mediated enzyme inactivation. Several flavonoid subclasses with varying hydroxylation patterns (especially of the flavonoid B-ring) were examined in order to identify structural properties of efficient enzyme regenerators. Kinetic parameters and second-order rate constants were determined. A 3',4'-dihydroxylated B-ring together with C-ring saturation and hydroxylation were found to be important structural elements, which strongly influence the flavonoid binding and oxidizability by the LPO/MPO redox intermediates Compounds I and II. In combination with docking studies these results allow an understanding of the differences between flavonoids that promote the hypothiocyanite production by LPO and MPO and those that inhibit this enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gau
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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19
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Gołembiowska K, Jurczak A, Kamińska K, Noworyta-Sokołowska K, Górska A. Effect of Some Psychoactive Drugs Used as 'Legal Highs' on Brain Neurotransmitters. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:394-407. [PMID: 26501352 PMCID: PMC4786600 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive "designer drugs" are synthetic compounds developed to provide similar effects to illicit drugs of abuse, but not subjected to legal control. The rapidly changing legal status of novel psychoactive drugs triggers the development of new compounds, analogs of well-known amphetamine or mescaline. New designer drugs used as substitutes in ecstasy pills are the least investigated and can cause life-threatening effects on users. The aim of our research was to examine the effects of acute administration of 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA, 5 and 10 mg/kg), 4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (PMMA, 5 and 10 mg/kg), and mephedrone (MEPH, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) on extracellular and tissue level of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and their metabolites in rat brain, by microdialysis method in freely moving animals and HPLC. Similarly to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 5 and 10 mg/kg) PMA, PMMA and MEPH enhanced the release of DA and 5-HT in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex. DA tissue content was increased by MEPH and PMMA in striatum, by MEPH, PMA, and PMMA in nucleus accumbens, and by PMA in frontal cortex. Instead, cortical DA level was decreased by MEPH and PMMA. MEPH did not influence 5-HT tissue level in striatum and nucleus accumbens, but decreased its level in frontal cortex. PMMA increased 5-HT content in striatum, while PMA enhanced it in nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. Observed changes in brain monoamines and their metabolites by new psychoactive drugs suggest that these drugs may be capable of development of dependence. Further experiments are needed to fully investigate the neurotoxic and abuse potential of those drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Gołembiowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Alexandra Jurczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Noworyta-Sokołowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Górska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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20
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Kato Y. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase and its substrates: formation of specific markers and reactive compounds during inflammation. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:99-104. [PMID: 27013775 PMCID: PMC4788398 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an inflammatory enzyme that generates reactive hypochlorous acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion. However, this enzyme also uses bromide ion or thiocyanate as a substrate to form hypobromous or hypothiocyanous acid, respectively. These species play important roles in host defense against the invasion of microorganisms. In contrast, these enzyme products modify biomolecules in hosts during excess inflammation, indicating that the action of myeloperoxidase is both beneficial and harmful. Myeloperoxidase uses other endogenous compounds, such as serotonin, urate, and l-tyrosine, as substrates. This broad-range specificity may have some biological implications. Target molecules of this enzyme and its products vary, including low-molecular weight thiols, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The modified products represent biomarkers of myeloperoxidase action. Moderate inhibition of this enzyme might be critical for the prevention/modulation of excess, uncontrolled inflammatory events. Some phytochemicals inhibit myeloperoxidase, which might explain the reductive effect caused by the intake of vegetables and fruits on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan; Research Institute of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
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21
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Kalogiannis M, Delikatny EJ, Jeitner TM. Serotonin as a putative scavenger of hypohalous acid in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:651-661. [PMID: 26699077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent the culmination of numerous insults including oxidative stress. The long etiology of most of these disorders suggests that lessening the effects of one or more of the insults could significantly delay disease onset. Antioxidants have been tested as possible therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders, but with little success. Here we report that serotonin acts as a scavenger of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the brain. Serotonin was shown to prevent the oxidation of 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoate by HOCl in a biphasic manner. The first phase was a partial scavenging that occurred at concentrations of serotonin that exceeded those of HOCl. (1)H-NMR studies indicated that HOCl chlorinates both the aryl and akyl nitrogen atoms of serotonin. Thus, the oxidation of 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoate that occurred during the first phase of scavenging is likely due to the formation of serotonergic chloramines. A second phase of scavenging occurred at concentrations of HOCl that exceeded those of serotonin. Under these conditions, the chlorinated serotonin polymerized and formed inert aggregates. Serotonin was further shown to prevent the loss of cells and cellular α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity caused by HOCl. Extracellular concentrations of serotonin in the brain can be elevated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suggests that such compounds could be used to increase the cerebral antioxidant capacity. Acute administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to mice treated with endotoxin partially mitigated sickness behavior and protein chlorination in the brain. These observations suggest that serotonin may act to suppress chlorinative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kalogiannis
- Department of Neurosciences, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
| | - E James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 317 Anatomy Chemistry Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Neurosciences, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Basic Sciences, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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22
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Kinetics of serotonin oxidation by heme–Aβ relevant to Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:1355-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Kato Y, Ono S, Kitamoto N, Kettle AJ. Covalent modification of cytoskeletal proteins in neuronal cells by tryptamine-4,5-dione. Redox Biol 2014; 2:983-90. [PMID: 25460734 PMCID: PMC4215393 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, is a systemic bioactive amine that acts in the gut and brain. As a substrate of myeloperoxidase in vitro, serotonin is oxidized to tryptamine-4,5-dione (TD), which is highly reactive with thiols. In this work, we successively prepared a monoclonal antibody to quinone-modified proteins and found that the antibody preferentially recognizes the TD–thiol adduct. Using the antibody, we observed that the chloride ion, the predominant physiological substrate for myeloperoxidase in vivo, is not competitive toward the enzyme catalyzed serotonin oxidation process, suggesting that serotonin is a plausible physiological substrate for the enzyme in vivo. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that TD staining was observed in the cytosol of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells while blot analyses showed that some cellular proteins were preferentially modified. Pull-down analyses confirmed that the cytoskeletal proteins tubulins, vimentin, and neurofilament-L were modified. When pure tubulins were exposed to micromolar levels of synthetic TD, self-polymerization was initially enhanced and then suppressed. These results suggest that serotonin oxidation by myeloperoxidase or the action of other oxidants could cause functional alteration of cellular proteins, which may be related to neurodegeneration processes or irritable bowel syndrome. Antibody to quinone-modified protein was established and characterized. Modification of protein by quinone was dependent on myeloperoxidase but independent of chloride ion concentration. We immunochemically found that cellular proteins were preferentially modified. Quinone modulated polymerization of tubulins in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Ono
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan.
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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24
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Potent inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation of epicatechins. Biochem J 2014; 462:303-14. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the ability of oxidized epicatechins to modify the N-terminal proline of the pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF at equimolar concentrations.
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25
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Neumann B, Yarman A, Wollenberger U, Scheller F. Characterization of the enhanced peroxidatic activity of amyloid β peptide–hemin complexes towards neurotransmitters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3359-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Soubhye J, Aldib I, Prévost M, Elfving B, Gelbcke M, Podrecca M, Conotte R, Colet JM, Furtmüller PG, Delporte C, Rousseau A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, Obinger C, Zouaoui-Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F. Hybrid molecules inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity and serotonin reuptake: a possible new approach of major depressive disorders with inflammatory syndrome. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1122-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied with an imbalance in the immune system and cardiovascular impairments, such as atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms have been pointed out to underlie this rather unexpected association, and among them the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO). The aim of our study was to find compounds that inhibit both MPO and serotonin transporter (SERT) for treating MDD associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Methods
SERT inhibition was assessed with measuring of [3H]-serotonin uptake using HEK-293 MSR cells. MPO inhibition was determined by taurine chloramine test on 3-(aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindole derivatives and on clinically relevant antidepressants. All kinetic measurements were performed using a temperature-controlled stopped-flow apparatus (model SX-18 MV). Promising lead compounds were docked onto SERT 3D structure modelled using the LeuT structure complexed to tryptophan (PDB code 3F3A). Their toxicological profile was also assessed.
Key findings
3-(aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindole derivative with 5 carbons on the side chain and paroxetine showed the best activity on both MPO and SERT at the nanomolar range. Paroxetine was found to be the first irreversible MPO inhibitor at nanomolar concentrations.
Conclusions
Our results put forward the first hybrid molecule (compound 25) and drug (paroxetine) that can be especially used in MDD associated with inflammatory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manuel Podrecca
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Conotte
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Colet
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karim Zouaoui-Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang H, Jing X, Shi Y, Xu H, Du J, Guan T, Weihrauch D, Jones DW, Wang W, Gourlay D, Oldham KT, Hillery CA, Pritchard KA. N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide inhibits myeloperoxidase, a novel tripeptide inhibitor. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3016-29. [PMID: 23883583 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays important roles in disease by increasing oxidative and nitrosative stress and oxidizing lipoproteins. Here we report N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC) is an effective inhibitor of MPO activity. We show KYC inhibits MPO-mediated hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formation and nitration/oxidation of LDL. Disulfide is the major product of MPO-mediated KYC oxidation. KYC (≤4,000 μM) does not induce cytotoxicity in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). KYC inhibits HOCl generation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophils and human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells but not superoxide generation by PMA-stimulated HL-60 cells. KYC inhibits MPO-mediated HOCl formation in BAEC culture and protects BAECs from MPO-induced injury. KYC inhibits MPO-mediated lipid peroxidation of LDL whereas tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) enhance oxidation. KYC is unique as its isomers do not inhibit MPO activity, or are much less effective. Ultraviolet-visible spectral studies indicate KYC binds to the active site of MPO and reacts with compounds I and II. Docking studies show the Tyr of KYC rests just above the heme of MPO. Interestingly, KYC increases MPO-dependent H₂O₂ consumption. These data indicate KYC is a novel and specific inhibitor of MPO activity that is nontoxic to endothelial cell cultures. Accordingly, KYC may be useful for treating MPO-mediated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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28
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Kettle AJ, Albrett AM, Chapman AL, Dickerhof N, Forbes LV, Khalilova I, Turner R. Measuring chlorine bleach in biology and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:781-93. [PMID: 23872351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorine bleach, or hypochlorous acid, is the most reactive two-electron oxidant produced in appreciable amounts in our bodies. Neutrophils are the main source of hypochlorous acid. These champions of the innate immune system use it to fight infection but also direct it against host tissue in inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils contain a rich supply of the enzyme myeloperoxidase. It uses hydrogen peroxide to convert chloride to hypochlorous acid. SCOPE OF REVIEW We give a critical appraisal of the best methods to measure production of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils. Robust ways of detecting it inside neutrophil phagosomes where bacteria are killed are also discussed. Special attention is focused on reaction-based fluorescent probes but their visual charm is tempered by stressing their current limitations. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of biomarker assays that capture the footprints of chlorine in various pathologies are evaluated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Detection of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils is best achieved by measuring accumulation of taurine chloramine. Formation of hypochlorous acid inside neutrophil phagosomes can be tracked using mass spectrometric analysis of 3-chlorotyrosine and methionine sulfoxide in bacterial proteins, or detection of chlorinated fluorescein on ingestible particles. Reaction-based fluorescent probes can also be used to monitor hypochlorous acid during phagocytosis. Specific biomarkers of its formation during inflammation include 3-chlorotyrosine, chlorinated products of plasmalogens, and glutathione sulfonamide. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These methods should bring new insights into how chlorine bleach is produced by peroxidases, reacts within phagosomes to kill bacteria, and contributes to inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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29
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Graham GG, Davies MJ, Day RO, Mohamudally A, Scott KF. The modern pharmacology of paracetamol: therapeutic actions, mechanism of action, metabolism, toxicity and recent pharmacological findings. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:201-32. [PMID: 23719833 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol is used worldwide for its analgesic and antipyretic actions. It has a spectrum of action similar to that of NSAIDs and resembles particularly the COX-2 selective inhibitors. Paracetamol is, on average, a weaker analgesic than NSAIDs or COX-2 selective inhibitors but is often preferred because of its better tolerance. Despite the similarities to NSAIDs, the mode of action of paracetamol has been uncertain, but it is now generally accepted that it inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 through metabolism by the peroxidase function of these isoenzymes. This results in inhibition of phenoxyl radical formation from a critical tyrosine residue essential for the cyclooxygenase activity of COX-1 and COX-2 and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Paracetamol shows selectivity for inhibition of the synthesis of PGs and related factors when low levels of arachidonic acid and peroxides are available but conversely, it has little activity at substantial levels of arachidonic acid and peroxides. The result is that paracetamol does not suppress the severe inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and acute gout but does inhibit the lesser inflammation resulting from extraction of teeth and is also active in a variety of inflammatory tests in experimental animals. Paracetamol often appears to have COX-2 selectivity. The apparent COX-2 selectivity of action of paracetamol is shown by its poor anti-platelet activity and good gastrointestinal tolerance. Unlike both non-selective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, paracetamol inhibits other peroxidase enzymes including myeloperoxidase. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase involves paracetamol oxidation and concomitant decreased formation of halogenating oxidants (e.g. hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid) that may be associated with multiple inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and rheumatic diseases. Paracetamol may, therefore, slow the development of these diseases. Paracetamol, NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors all have central and peripheral effects. As is the case with the NSAIDs, including the selective COX-2 inhibitors, the analgesic effects of paracetamol are reduced by inhibitors of many endogenous neurotransmitter systems including serotonergic, opioid and cannabinoid systems. There is considerable debate about the hepatotoxicity of therapeutic doses of paracetamol. Much of the toxicity may result from overuse of combinations of paracetamol with opioids which are widely used, particularly in USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry G Graham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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30
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Chapman ALP, Mocatta TJ, Shiva S, Seidel A, Chen B, Khalilova I, Paumann-Page ME, Jameson GNL, Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Ceruloplasmin is an endogenous inhibitor of myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6465-77. [PMID: 23306200 PMCID: PMC3585080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a neutrophil enzyme that promotes oxidative stress in numerous inflammatory pathologies. It uses hydrogen peroxide to catalyze the production of strong oxidants including chlorine bleach and free radicals. A physiological defense against the inappropriate action of this enzyme has yet to be identified. We found that myeloperoxidase oxidized 75% of the ascorbate in plasma from ceruloplasmin knock-out mice, but there was no significant loss in plasma from wild type animals. When myeloperoxidase was added to human plasma it became bound to other proteins and was reversibly inhibited. Ceruloplasmin was the predominant protein associated with myeloperoxidase. When the purified proteins were mixed, they became strongly but reversibly associated. Ceruloplasmin was a potent inhibitor of purified myeloperoxidase, inhibiting production of hypochlorous acid by 50% at 25 nm. Ceruloplasmin rapidly reduced Compound I, the Fe(V) redox intermediate of myeloperoxidase, to Compound II, which has Fe(IV) in its heme prosthetic groups. It also prevented the fast reduction of Compound II by tyrosine. In the presence of chloride and hydrogen peroxide, ceruloplasmin converted myeloperoxidase to Compound II and slowed its conversion back to the ferric enzyme. Collectively, our results indicate that ceruloplasmin inhibits myeloperoxidase by reducing Compound I and then trapping the enzyme as inactive Compound II. We propose that ceruloplasmin should provide a protective shield against inadvertent oxidant production by myeloperoxidase during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. P. Chapman
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tessa J. Mocatta
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sruti Shiva
- the Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Antonia Seidel
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Brian Chen
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Irada Khalilova
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Martina E. Paumann-Page
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Guy N. L. Jameson
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56 Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Christine C. Winterbourn
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- From the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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31
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Petrônio MS, Zeraik ML, da Fonseca LM, Ximenes VF. Apocynin: chemical and biophysical properties of a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Molecules 2013; 18:2821-39. [PMID: 23455672 PMCID: PMC6269682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocynin is the most employed inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a multienzymatic complex capable of catalyzing the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to the superoxide anion. Despite controversies about its selectivity, apocynin has been used as one of the most promising drugs in experimental models of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aimed to study the chemical and biophysical properties of apocynin. The oxidation potential was determined by cyclic voltammetry (Epa = 0.76V), the hydrophobicity index was calculated (logP = 0.83) and the molar absorption coefficient was determined (e275nm = 1.1 × 104 M-1 cm-1). Apocynin was a weak free radical scavenger (as measured using the DPPH, peroxyl radical and nitric oxide assays) when compared to protocatechuic acid, used here as a reference antioxidant. On the other hand, apocynin was more effective than protocatechuic acid as scavenger of the non-radical species hypochlorous acid. Apocynin reacted promptly with the non-radical reactive species H2O2 only in the presence of peroxidase. This finding is relevant, since it represents a new pathway for depleting H2O2 in cellular experimental models, besides the direct inhibition of NADPH oxidase. This could be relevant for its application as an inhibitor of NOX4, since this isoform produces H2O2 and not superoxide anion. The binding parameters calculated by fluorescence quenching showed that apocynin binds to human serum albumin (HSA) with a binding affinity of 2.19 × 104 M-1. The association did not alter the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA, as verified by synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism. The displacement of fluorescent probes suggested that apocynin binds to site I and site II of HSA. Considering the current biomedical applications of this phytochemical, the dissemination of these chemical and biophysical properties can be very helpful for scientists and physicians interested in the use of apocynin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon S. Petrônio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
| | - Maria Luiza Zeraik
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Luiz Marcos da Fonseca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
| | - Valdecir F. Ximenes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil; E-Mails: ;
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
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32
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Redox reactions and microbial killing in the neutrophil phagosome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:642-60. [PMID: 22881869 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE When neutrophils kill microorganisms, they ingest them into phagosomes and bombard them with a burst of reactive oxygen species. RECENT ADVANCES This review focuses on what oxidants are produced and how they kill. The neutrophil NADPH oxidase is activated and shuttles electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm to oxygen in the phagosomal lumen. Superoxide is generated in the narrow space between the ingested organism and the phagosomal membrane and kinetic modeling indicates that it reaches a concentration of around 20 μM. Degranulation leads to a very high protein concentration with up to millimolar myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO has many substrates, but its main phagosomal reactions should be to dismutate superoxide and, provided adequate chloride, catalyze efficient conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Studies with specific probes have shown that HOCl is produced in the phagosome and reacts with ingested bacteria. The amount generated should be high enough to kill. However, much of the HOCl reacts with phagosomal proteins. Generation of chloramines may contribute to killing, but the full consequences of this are not yet clear. CRITICAL ISSUES Isolated neutrophils kill most of the ingested microorganisms rapidly by an MPO-dependent mechanism that is almost certainly due to HOCl. However, individuals with MPO deficiency rarely have problems with infection. A possible explanation is that HOCl provides a frontline response that kills most of the microorganisms, with survivors killed by nonoxidative processes. The latter may deal adequately with low-level infection but with high exposure, more efficient HOCl-dependent killing is required. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better quantification of HOCl and other oxidants in the phagosome should clarify their roles in antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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34
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Kato Y, Peskin AV, Dickerhof N, Harwood DT, Kettle AJ. Myeloperoxidase Catalyzes the Conjugation of Serotonin to Thiols via Free Radicals and Tryptamine-4,5-dione. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2322-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- School of Human Science
and
Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji
670-0092, Japan
| | - Alexander V. Peskin
- Centre
for Free Radical Research,
Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre
for Free Radical Research,
Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Centre
for Free Radical Research,
Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre
for Free Radical Research,
Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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35
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Forbes LV, Furtmüller PG, Khalilova I, Turner R, Obinger C, Kettle AJ. Isoniazid as a substrate and inhibitor of myeloperoxidase: Identification of amine adducts and the influence of superoxide dismutase on their formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:949-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Meotti FC, Jameson GNL, Turner R, Harwood DT, Stockwell S, Rees MD, Thomas SR, Kettle AJ. Urate as a physiological substrate for myeloperoxidase: implications for hyperuricemia and inflammation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12901-11. [PMID: 21266577 PMCID: PMC3075637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are associated with adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed whether urate is a likely physiological substrate for MPO and if the products of their interaction have the potential to exacerbate inflammation. Urate was readily oxidized by MPO and hydrogen peroxide to 5-hydroxyisourate, which decayed to predominantly allantoin. The redox intermediates of MPO were reduced by urate with rate constants of 4.6 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for compound I and 1.7 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for compound II. Urate competed with chloride for oxidation by MPO and at hyperuricemic levels is expected to be a substantive substrate for the enzyme. Oxidation of urate promoted super-stoichiometric consumption of glutathione, which indicates that it is converted to a free radical intermediate. In combination with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, MPO oxidized urate to a reactive hydroperoxide. This would form by addition of superoxide to the urate radical. Urate also enhanced MPO-dependent consumption of nitric oxide. In human plasma, stimulated neutrophils produced allantoin in a reaction dependent on the NADPH oxidase, MPO and superoxide. We propose that urate is a physiological substrate for MPO that is oxidized to the urate radical. The reactions of this radical with superoxide and nitric oxide provide a plausible link between urate and MPO in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C. Meotti
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Guy N. L. Jameson
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Rufus Turner
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Stockwell
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin D. Rees
- the Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shane R. Thomas
- the Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
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37
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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