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Hubert SM, Samollow PB, Lindström H, Mannervik B, Ing NH. Conservation of Glutathione Transferase mRNA and Protein Sequences Similar to Human and Horse Alpha Class GST A3-3 across Dog, Goat, and Opossum Species. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1420. [PMID: 37759820 PMCID: PMC10526480 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutathione transferase A3-3 (GST A3-3) homodimeric enzyme is the most efficient enzyme that catalyzes isomerization of the precursors of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone in the gonads of humans and horses. However, the presence of GST A3-3 orthologs with equally high ketosteroid isomerase activity has not been verified in other mammalian species, even though pig and cattle homologs have been cloned and studied. Identifying GSTA3 genes is a challenge because of multiple GSTA gene duplications (e.g., 12 in the human genome); consequently, the GSTA3 gene is not annotated in most genomes. To improve our understanding of GSTA3 gene products and their functions across diverse mammalian species, we cloned homologs of the horse and human GSTA3 mRNAs from the testes of a dog, goat, and gray short-tailed opossum, the genomes of which all currently lack GSTA3 gene annotations. The resultant novel GSTA3 mRNA and inferred protein sequences had a high level of conservation with human GSTA3 mRNA and protein sequences (≥70% and ≥64% identities, respectively). Sequence conservation was also apparent for the 12 residues of the "H-site" in the 222 amino acid GSTA3 protein that is known to interact with the steroid substrates. Modeling predicted that the dog GSTA3-3 may be a more active ketosteroid isomerase than the corresponding goat or opossum enzymes. However, expression of the GSTA3 gene was higher in liver than in other dog tissue. Our results improve understanding of the active sites of mammalian GST A3-3 enzymes, inhibitors of which might be useful for reducing steroidogenesis for medical purposes, such as fertility control or treatment of steroid-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna M. Hubert
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA; (S.M.H.); (N.H.I.)
- Department of Thoracic Head & Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4000, USA
| | - Paul B. Samollow
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA;
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Nancy H. Ing
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA; (S.M.H.); (N.H.I.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
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Mannervik B, Ismail A, Lindström H, Sjödin B, Ing NH. Glutathione Transferases as Efficient Ketosteroid Isomerases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:765970. [PMID: 34881290 PMCID: PMC8645602 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.765970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-established role in detoxication, glutathione transferases (GSTs) have other biological functions. We are focusing on the ketosteroid isomerase activity, which appears to contribute to steroid hormone biosynthesis in mammalian tissues. A highly efficient GST A3-3 is present in some, but not all, mammals. The alpha class enzyme GST A3-3 in humans and the horse shows the highest catalytic efficiency with kcat/Km values of approximately 107 M-1s-1, ranking close to the most active enzymes known. The expression of GST A3-3 in steroidogenic tissues suggests that the enzyme has evolved to support the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the formation of 5-androsten-3,17-dione and 5-pregnen-3,20-dione that are substrates for the double-bond isomerization catalyzed by GST A3-3. The dehydrogenase also catalyzes the isomerization, but its kcat of approximately 1 s-1 is 200-fold lower than the kcat values of human and equine GST A3-3. Inhibition of GST A3-3 in progesterone-producing human cells suppress the formation of the hormone. Glutathione serves as a coenzyme contributing a thiolate as a base in the isomerase mechanism, which also involves the active-site Tyr9 and Arg15. These conserved residues are necessary but not sufficient for the ketosteroid isomerase activity. A proper assortment of H-site residues is crucial to efficient catalysis by forming the cavity binding the hydrophobic substrate. It remains to elucidate why some mammals, such as rats and mice, lack GSTs with the prominent ketosteroid isomerase activity found in certain other species. Remarkably, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, expresses a GSTE14 with notable steroid isomerase activity, even though Ser14 has evolved as the active-site residue corresponding to Tyr9 in the mammalian alpha class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy H. Ing
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Ismail A, Sawmi J, Mannervik B. Marmoset glutathione transferases with ketosteroid isomerase activity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101078. [PMID: 34286113 PMCID: PMC8280513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus encodes two glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes with ketosteroid double-bond isomerase activity. The most active enzyme is CjaGST A3-3 showing a specific activity with 5-androsten-3,17-dione (Δ5-AD) of 62.1 ± 1.8 μmol min-1 mg-1, and a kcat value of 261 ± 49 s-1. The second ketosteroid isomerase CjaGST A1-1 has a 30-fold lower specific activity with Δ5-AD and a 37-fold lower kcat value. Thus, the marmoset CjaGST A3-3 would be the main contributor to the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones testosterone and progesterone, like the human ortholog HsaGST A3-3. Two residues differ in the H-site of the 91.4% sequence identical CjaGST A1-1 and CjaGST A3-3, and modeling of the structures suggests that the bulky phenyl ring of Phe111 in CjaGST A1-1 causes steric hindrance in the binding of the steroid substrate. Tributyltin acetate (IC50=0.16 ± 0.004 μM) and ethacrynic acid (IC50=3.3 ± 0.2 μM) were found to be potent inhibitors of CjaGST A3-3, as previously demonstrated with the human and equine orthologs. Marmoset glutathione transferase A3-3 displays potent ketosteroid isomerase activity. Marmoset glutathione transferase A1-1 shows weak ketosteroid isomerase activity. A model of marmoset A1-1 suggests active-site Phe to interfere with steroid binding. Common marmoset monkey – a possible model animal for steroid biosynthesis research.
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Key Words
- 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, (CDNB)
- 4-androsten-3,17-dione, (Δ4-AD)
- 5-Androsten-3,17-dione
- 5-Pregnen-3,20-dione
- 5-androsten-3,17-dione, (Δ5-AD)
- 5-pregnen-3,20-dione, (Δ5-PD)
- Alpha glutathione transferase
- CjaGST A1-1
- CjaGST A3-3
- Glutathione transferase, (GST)
- Glutathione, (GSH)
- SDS-PAGE, (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)
- Steroid hormone synthesis
- allyl isothiocyanate, (AITC)
- phenethyl isothiocyanate, (PEITC)
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm. Sweden
| | - Julia Sawmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm. Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm. Sweden
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Draskau MK, Lardenois A, Evrard B, Boberg J, Chalmel F, Svingen T. Transcriptome analysis of fetal rat testis following intrauterine exposure to the azole fungicides triticonazole and flusilazole reveals subtle changes despite adverse endocrine effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128468. [PMID: 33032228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoles are used in agriculture and medicine to combat fungal infections. We have previously examined the endocrine disrupting properties of the agricultural azole fungicides triticonazole and flusilazole. Triticonazole displayed strong androgen receptor (AR) antagonism in vitro, whereas in utero exposure resulted in anti-androgenic effects in vivo evidenced by shorter anogenital distance (AGD) in fetal male rats. Flusilazole displayed strong AR antagonism, but less potent than triticonazole, and disrupted steroidogenesis in vitro, whereas in utero exposure disrupted fetal male plasma hormone levels. To elaborate on how these azole fungicides can disrupt male reproductive development by different mechanisms, and to investigate whether feminization effects such as short AGD in males can also be detected at the transcript level in fetal testes, we profiled fetal testis transcriptomes after in utero exposure to triticonazole and flusilazole by 3'Digital Gene Expression (3'DGE). The analysis revealed few transcriptional changes after exposure to either compound at gestation day 17 and 21. This suggests that the observed influence of flusilazole on hormone production may be by directly targeting steroidogenic enzyme activity in the testis at the protein level, whereas observations of shorter AGD by triticonazole may primarily be due to disturbed androgen signaling in androgen-sensitive tissues. Expression of Calb2 and Gsta2 was altered by flusilazole but not triticonazole and may pinpoint novel pathways of disrupted testicular steroid synthesis. Our findings have wider implication for how we integrate omics data in chemical testing frameworks, including selection of non-animal test methods and building of Adverse Outcome Pathways for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Kam Draskau
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark.
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Škerlová J, Ismail A, Lindström H, Sjödin B, Mannervik B, Stenmark P. Structural and functional analysis of the inhibition of equine glutathione transferase A3-3 by organotin endocrine disrupting pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115960. [PMID: 33162212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds are highly toxic environmental pollutants with neurotoxic and endocrine-disrupting effects. They are potent inhibitors of glutathione transferases (GSTs), thus impeding their detoxication and antioxidant functions. Several GSTs, including equine GST A3-3 (EcaGST A3-3), exhibit steroid double-bond isomerase activity and are involved in the biosynthesis of testosterone and progesterone. We have performed enzyme kinetics analyses of the inhibition of EcaGST A3-3 by organotin compounds. We have also solved crystal structures of EcaGST A3-3 in complexes with glutathione, and with glutathione together with covalently bound triethyltin. Our structural data indicate that the tin atom forms strong bonds with a covalent character not only with the glutathione, but also with a tyrosyl residue of the enzyme itself, thereby preventing the release of the glutathione-organotin adduct and completely blocking the enzyme function. This work presents a structural basis for the general mechanism of GST inhibition by organotin compounds and contributes to the understanding of their neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Lindström H, Mazari AMA, Musdal Y, Mannervik B. Potent inhibitors of equine steroid isomerase EcaGST A3-3. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214160. [PMID: 30897163 PMCID: PMC6428247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine glutathione transferase A3-3 (EcaGST A3-3) belongs to the superfamily of detoxication enzymes found in all higher organisms. However, it is also the most efficient steroid double-bond isomerase known in mammals. Equus ferus caballus shares the steroidogenic pathway with Homo sapiens, which makes the horse a suitable animal model for investigations of human steroidogenesis. Inhibition of the enzyme has potential for treatment of steroid-hormone-dependent disorders. Screening of a library of FDA-approved drugs identified 16 out of 1040 compounds, which at 10 μM concentration afforded at least 50% inhibition of EcaGST A3-3. The most potent inhibitors, anthralin, sennoside A, tannic acid, and ethacrynic acid, were characterized by IC50 values in the submicromolar range when assayed with the natural substrate Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aslam M. A. Mazari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaman Musdal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Differential expression of NPM, GSTA3, and GNMT in mouse liver following long-term in vivo irradiation by means of uranium tailings. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180536. [PMID: 30061177 PMCID: PMC6200700 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uranium tailings (UT) are formed as a byproduct of uranium mining and are of potential risk to living organisms. In the present study, we sought to identify potential biomarkers associated with chronic exposure to low dose rate γ radiation originating from UT. We exposed C57BL/6J mice to 30, 100, or 250 μGy/h of gamma radiation originating from UT samples. Nine animals were included in each treatment group. We observed that the liver central vein was significantly enlarged in mice exposed to dose rates of 100 and 250 μGy/h, when compared with nonirradiated controls. Using proteomic techniques, we identified 18 proteins that were differentially expressed (by a factor of at least 2.5-fold) in exposed animals, when compared with controls. We chose glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), glutathione S-transferase A3 (GSTA3), and nucleophosmin (NPM) for further investigations. Our data showed that GNMT (at 100 and 250 μGy/h) and NPM (at 250 μGy/h) were up-regulated, and GSTA3 was down-regulated in all of the irradiated groups, indicating that their expression is modulated by chronic gamma radiation exposure. GNMT, GSTA3, and NPM may therefore prove useful as biomarkers of gamma radiation exposure associated with UT. The mechanisms underlying those changes need to be further studied.
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Lindström H, Peer SM, Ing NH, Mannervik B. Characterization of equine GST A3-3 as a steroid isomerase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:117-126. [PMID: 29180167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a superfamily of enzymes prominently involved in detoxication by making toxic electrophiles more polar and therefore more easily excretable. However some GSTs have developed alternative functions. Thus, a member of the Alpha class GSTs in pig and human tissues is involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, catalyzing the obligatory double-bond isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione to Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione and of Δ5-pregnene-3,20-dione to Δ4-pregnene-3,20-dione on the biosynthetic pathways to testosterone and progesterone. The human GST A3-3 is the most efficient steroid double-bond isomerase known so far in mammals. The current work extends discoveries of GST enzymes that act in the steroidogenic pathways in large mammals. The mRNA encoding the steroid isomerase GST A3-3 was cloned from testis of the horse (Equus ferus caballus). The concentrations of GSTA3 mRNA were highest in hormone-producing organs such as ovary, testis and adrenal gland. EcaGST A3-3 produced in E. coli has been characterized and shown to have highly efficient steroid double-bond isomerase activity, exceeding its activities with conventional GST substrates. The enzyme now ranks as one of the most efficient steroid isomerases known in mammals and approaches the activity of the bacterial ketosteroid isomerase, one of the most efficient enzymes of all categories known today. The high efficiency and the tissue distribution of EcaGST A3-3 support the view that the enzyme plays a physiologically significant role in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lindström
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shawna M Peer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Nancy H Ing
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA.
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dual Roles of Glutathione in Ecdysone Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Function During Larval Development in Drosophila. Genetics 2017; 207:1519-1532. [PMID: 29021278 PMCID: PMC5714463 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids, including the biologically active hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), play essential roles in controlling many developmental and physiological events in insects. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is achieved by a series of specialized enzymes encoded by the Halloween genes. Recently, a new class of Halloween gene, noppera-bo (nobo), encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) in dipteran and lepidopteran species, has been identified and characterized. GSTs are well known to conjugate substrates with the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), a bioactive tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. We hypothesized that GSH itself is required for ecdysteroid biosynthesis. However, the role of GSH in steroid hormone biosynthesis has not been examined in any organisms. Here, we report phenotypic analysis of a complete loss-of-function mutant in the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit (Gclc) gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Gclc encodes the evolutionarily conserved catalytic component of the enzyme that conjugates glutamate and cysteine in the GSH biosynthesis pathway. Complete Gclc loss-of-function leads to drastic GSH deficiency in the larval body fluid. Gclc mutant animals show a larval-arrest phenotype. Ecdysteroid titer in Gclc mutant larvae decreases, and the larval-arrest phenotype is rescued by oral administration of 20E or cholesterol. Moreover, Gclc mutant animals exhibit abnormal lipid deposition in the prothoracic gland, a steroidogenic organ during larval development. All of these phenotypes are reminiscent to nobo loss-of-function animals. On the other hand, Gclc mutant larvae also exhibit a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity. Consistent with this phenotype, Gclc mutant larvae are more sensitive to oxidative stress response as compared to wild-type. Nevertheless, the ecdysteroid biosynthesis defect in Gclc mutant animals is not associated with loss of antioxidant function. Our data raise the unexpected hypothesis that a primary role of GSH in early D. melanogaster larval development is ecdysteroid biosynthesis, independent from the antioxidant role of GSH.
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Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Kissoudis C, Voulgari G, Chronopoulou E, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Plant glutathione transferase-mediated stress tolerance: functions and biotechnological applications. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:791-805. [PMID: 28391528 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione transferases (EC 2.5.1.18, GSTs) are an ancient, multimember and diverse enzyme class. Plant GSTs have diverse roles in plant development, endogenous metabolism, stress tolerance, and xenobiotic detoxification. Their study embodies both fundamental aspects and agricultural interest, because of their ability to confer tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and to detoxify herbicides. Here we review the biotechnological applications of GSTs towards developing plants that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. We integrate recent discoveries, highlight, and critically discuss the underlying biochemical and molecular pathways involved. We elaborate that the functions of GSTs in abiotic and biotic stress adaptation are potentially a result of both catalytic and non-catalytic functions. These include conjugation of reactive electrophile species with glutathione and the modulation of cellular redox status, biosynthesis, binding, and transport of secondary metabolites and hormones. Their major universal functions under stress underline the potential in developing climate-resilient cultivars through a combination of molecular and conventional breeding programs. We propose that future GST engineering efforts through rational and combinatorial approaches, would lead to the design of improved isoenzymes with purpose-designed catalytic activities and novel functional properties. Concurrent GST-GSH metabolic engineering can incrementally increase the effectiveness of GST biotechnological deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Kissoudis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Voulgari
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsaftaris
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Kubiszeski EH, de Medeiros SF, da Silva Seidel JA, Barbosa JS, Galera MF, Galera BB. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms in Brazilian women with endometriosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1531-5. [PMID: 26350109 PMCID: PMC4615927 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The glutathione family (GST) genes appear to play a role in the genesis of endometriosis. This case-control study aimed to compare the frequencies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in women with endometriosis and women without endometriosis. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes among women with surgically and histologically confirmed endometriosis (case group n = 121) and in women without evidence of endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy for investigation the infertility or for laparoscopic tubal sterilization (control group n = 97). RESULT(S) No differences in the frequencies of GSTM1 polymorphism (null genotype) were observed between the cases and controls: odds ratio (OR) = 1.13; 95 % CI 0.656-1.93 (p = 0.659). The GSTT1 polymorphism (null genotype) was more prevalent in the endometriosis group than in the control group (OR = 0.53; 95 % CI 0.94-0.29 (p = 0.039). No relationship between menstrual cycle interval and GSTM1 null genotype frequency was observed in either cases or controls (p = 0.370 and p = 0.664, respectively). In addition, no relationship between menstrual cycle interval and GSTT1 null genotype was observed in cases (p = 0.797) or controls (p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS GSTM1 null genotype frequency was similar between cases and controls. The GSTT1 null genotype was more frequent in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Helena Kubiszeski
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
- , Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n° 2367-Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, ZIPMAIL: 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Sebastião Freitas de Medeiros
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
- Tropical Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Menopause, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcial Francis Galera
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Bianca Borsatto Galera
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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12
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Glisic B, Mihaljevic I, Popovic M, Zaja R, Loncar J, Fent K, Kovacevic R, Smital T. Characterization of glutathione-S-transferases in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 158:50-62. [PMID: 25461745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are one of the key enzymes that mediate phase II of cellular detoxification. The aim of our study was a comprehensive characterization of GSTs in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an important vertebrate model species frequently used in environmental research. A detailed phylogenetic analysis of GST superfamily revealed 27 zebrafish gst genes. Further insights into the orthology relationships between human and zebrafish GSTs/Gsts were obtained by the conserved synteny analysis. Expression of gst genes in six tissues (liver, kidney, gills, intestine, brain and gonads) of adult male and female zebrafish was determined using qRT-PCR. Functional characterization was performed on 9 cytosolic Gst enzymes after overexpression in E. coli and subsequent protein purification. Enzyme kinetics was measured for GSH and a series of model substrates. Our data revealed ubiquitously high expression of gstp, gstm (except in liver), gstr1, mgst3a and mgst3b, high expression of gsto2 in gills and ovaries, gsta in intestine and testes, gstt1a in liver, and gstz1 in liver, kidney and brain. All zebrafish Gsts catalyzed the conjugation of GSH to model GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and monochlorobimane (MCB), apart from Gsto2 and Gstz1 that catalyzed GSH conjugation to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), respectively. Affinity toward CDNB varied from 0.28 mM (Gstp2) to 3.69 mM (Gstm3), while affinity toward MCB was in the range of 5 μM (Gstt1a) to 250 μM (Gstp1). Affinity toward GSH varied from 0.27 mM (Gstz1) to 4.45 mM (Gstt1a). Turnover number for CDNB varied from 5.25s(-1) (Gstt1a) to 112s(-1) (Gstp2). Only Gst Pi enzymes utilized ethacrynic acid (ETA). We suggest that Gstp1, Gstp2, Gstt1a, Gstz1, Gstr1, Mgst3a and Mgst3b have important role in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, while Gst Alpha, Mu, Pi, Zeta and Rho classes are involved in the crucial physiological processes. In summary, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of GST superfamily in zebrafish, presents new insight into distinct functions of individual Gsts, and offers methodological protocols that can be used for further verification of interaction of environmental contaminants with fish Gsts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Glisic
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Mihaljevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roko Zaja
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Loncar
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Department of Environmental System Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Radmila Kovacevic
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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13
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Enya S, Ameku T, Igarashi F, Iga M, Kataoka H, Shinoda T, Niwa R. A Halloween gene noppera-bo encodes a glutathione S-transferase essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis via regulating the behaviour of cholesterol in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6586. [PMID: 25300303 PMCID: PMC4192634 DOI: 10.1038/srep06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the precise timing of moulting and metamorphosis is strictly guided by ecdysteroids that are synthesised from dietary cholesterol in the prothoracic gland (PG). In the past decade, several ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, some of which are encoded by the Halloween genes, have been identified and characterised. Here, we report a novel Halloween gene, noppera-bo (nobo), that encodes a member of the glutathione S-transferase family. nobo was identified as a gene that is predominantly expressed in the PG of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We generated a nobo knock-out mutant, which displayed embryonic lethality and a naked cuticle structure. These phenotypes are typical for Halloween mutants showing embryonic ecdysteroid deficiency. In addition, the PG-specific nobo knock-down larvae displayed an arrested phenotype and reduced 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titres. Importantly, both embryonic and larval phenotypes were rescued by the administration of 20E or cholesterol. We also confirm that PG cells in nobo loss-of-function larvae abnormally accumulate cholesterol. Considering that cholesterol is the most upstream material for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the PG, our results raise the possibility that nobo plays a crucial role in regulating the behaviour of cholesterol in steroid biosynthesis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Enya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tomotsune Ameku
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Igarashi
- 1] Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan [2]
| | - Masatoshi Iga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinoda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- 1] Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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14
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Ing NH, Forrest DW, Riggs PK, Loux S, Love CC, Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Welsh TH. Dexamethasone acutely down-regulates genes involved in steroidogenesis in stallion testes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:451-9. [PMID: 25010478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, livestock and primate species, a single dose of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone acutely lowers testosterone biosynthesis. To determine the mechanism of decreased testosterone biosynthesis, stallions were treated with 0.1mg/kg dexamethasone 12h prior to castration. Dexamethasone decreased serum concentrations of testosterone by 60% compared to saline-treated control stallions. Transcriptome analyses (microarrays, northern blots and quantitative PCR) of testes discovered that dexamethasone treatment decreased concentrations of glucocorticoid receptor alpha (NR3C1), alpha actinin 4 (ACTN4), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR), squalene epoxidase (SQLE), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), glutathione S-transferase A3 (GSTA3) and aromatase (CYP19A1) mRNAs. Dexamethasone increased concentrations of NFkB inhibitor A (NFKBIA) mRNA in testes. SQLE, DHCR24 and GSTA3 mRNAs were predominantly expressed by Leydig cells. In man and livestock, the GSTA3 protein provides a major 3-ketosteroid isomerase activity: conversion of Δ(5)-androstenedione to Δ(4)-androstenedione, the immediate precursor of testosterone. Consistent with the decrease in GSTA3 mRNA, dexamethasone decreased the 3-ketosteroid isomerase activity in testicular extracts. In conclusion, dexamethasone acutely decreased the expression of genes involved in hormone signaling (NR3C1, ACTN4 and LHCGR), cholesterol synthesis (SQLE and DHCR24) and steroidogenesis (GSTA3 and CYP19A1) along with testosterone production. This is the first report of dexamethasone down-regulating expression of the GSTA3 gene and a very late step in testosterone biosynthesis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved may lead to new approaches to modulate androgen regulation of the physiology of humans and livestock in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ing
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | - David W Forrest
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Penny K Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Shavahn Loux
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Charlie C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Steven P Brinsko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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15
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Josephy PD, Pan D, Ianni MD, Mannervik B. Functional studies of single-nucleotide polymorphic variants of human glutathione transferase T1-1 involving residues in the dimer interface. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 513:87-93. [PMID: 21781954 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase T1-1 catalyses detoxication and bioactivation processes in which glutathione conjugates are formed from endogenous and xenobiotic substrates, including alkylating agents and halogenated alkanes. Although the common null polymorphism of the human GSTT1 gene has been studied extensively, little is known about the consequences of GSTT1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we have examined the effects of two SNPs that alter amino acid residues in the dimer interface of the GST T1-1 protein and one that causes a conservative substitution in the core of the subunit. Variant proteins were expressed in an Escherichia coli strain in which the metabolism of ethylene dibromide to a glutathione conjugate leads to lacZ reversion mutations. We measured the kinetic properties of the enzymes with the characteristic substrate 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (EPNP) and determined the specific activities with several other substrates. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to measure protein thermal denaturation profiles. Variant T104P, which has been reported as inactive, showed weak but detectable activity with each substrate. Variant R76S was expressed at lower levels and showed much-reduced thermal stability. The results are interpreted in the context of the three-dimensional structure of human GST T1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Josephy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1.
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16
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Fedulova N, Mannervik B. Experimental conditions affecting functional comparison of highly active glutathione transferases. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Fedulova N, Raffalli-Mathieu F, Mannervik B. Characterization of porcine Alpha-class glutathione transferase A1-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 507:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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