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Harrison SA, Rolph T, Knott M, Dubourg J. FGF21 agonists: An emerging therapeutic for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and beyond. J Hepatol 2024; 81:562-576. [PMID: 38710230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) represent a major economic burden on healthcare systems. Patients with at-risk MASH, defined as MASH with moderate or significant fibrosis, are at higher risk of comorbidity/mortality, with a significant risk of cardiovascular diseases and/or major adverse liver outcomes. Despite a high unmet medical need, there is only one drug approved for MASH. Several drug candidates have reached the phase III development stage and could lead to several potential conditional drug approvals in the coming years. Within the armamentarium of future treatment options, FGF21 analogues hold an interesting position thanks to their pleiotropic effects in addition to their significant effect on both MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. In this review, we summarise preclinical and clinical data from FGF21 analogues for MASH and explore additional potential therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK; Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tim Rolph
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Wang F, Gan J, Li R, Yang R, Mao X, Liu S, Chen Y, Duan Z, Li J. Naringin from Ganshuang granule inhibits inflammatory to relieve liver fibrosis through TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304185. [PMID: 38857261 PMCID: PMC11164354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the specific protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Ganshuang granule (GSG) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rat models. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was experimentally evoked in rats by DMN administration, and varying dosages of GSG were employed as an intervention. Hepatocellular damage was assessed by measuring serum levels of aminotransferase and bilirubin, accompanied by histopathological examinations of hepatic tissue. The hepatic concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were quantitated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) within hepatic tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemical techniques. The levels of hepatic interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and a spectrum of interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Additionally, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were cultured in vitro and exposed to TNF-α in the presence of naringin, a principal component of GSG. The gene expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1) in these cells were also quantified by qRT-PCR. Proliferative activity of HSCs was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Finally, alterations in Smad protein expression were analyzed through Western blotting. RESULTS Administration of GSG in rats with fibrosis resulted in reduced levels of serum aminotransferases and bilirubin, along with alleviation of histopathological liver injury. Furthermore, the fibrosis rats treated with GSG exhibited significant downregulation of hepatic TGF-β1, PDGF, and TNF-α levels. Additionally, GSG treatment led to increased mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4, as well as decreased expression of α-SMA in the liver. Furthermore, treatment with naringin, a pivotal extract of GSG, resulted in elevated expression of MMP-1 and decreased levels of TIMP-1 in TNF-α-stimulated HSCs when compared to the control group. Additionally, naringin administration led to a reduction in Smad expression within the HSCs. CONCLUSION GSG has the potential to mitigate fibrosis induced by DMN in rat models through the regulation of inflammatory and fibrosis factors. Notably, naringin, the primary extract of GSG, may exert a pivotal role in modulating the TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Wang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baiyin Pingchuan District People’s Hospital, Baiyin, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaorong Mao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Bourebaba L, Serwotka-Suszczak A, Bourebaba N, Zyzak M, Marycz K. The PTP1B Inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) Improves Glucose Uptake in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Liver through Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity. Int J Inflam 2023; 2023:3803056. [PMID: 37808009 PMCID: PMC10560121 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3803056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) has been associated with several metabolic malfunctions ranging from insulin resistance, metaflammation, lipotoxicity, and hyperglycaemia. Liver metabolism failure has been proposed as a core element in underlying endocrine disorders through persistent inflammation and highly fibrotic phenotype. Methods In this study, the outcomes of PTP1B inhibition using trodusquemine (MSI-1436) on key equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)-related alterations including inflammation, fibrosis, and glucose uptake have been analyzed in liver explants collected from EMS-affected horses using various analytical techniques, namely, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. Results PTP1B inhibition using trodusquemine resulted in decreased proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) release from liver and PBMC affected by EMS and regulated expression of major proinflammatory microRNAs such as miR-802 and miR-211. Moreover, MSI-1436 enhanced the anti-inflammatory profile of livers by elevating the expression of IL-10 and IL-4 and activating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in treated PBMC. Similarly, the inhibitor attenuated fibrogenic pathways in the liver by downregulating TGF-β/NOX1/4 axis and associated MMP-2/9 overactivation. Interestingly, PTP1B inhibition ameliorated the expression of TIMP-1 and Smad7, both important antifibrotic mediators. Furthermore, application of MSI-1436 was found to augment the abundance of glycosylated Glut-2, which subsequently expanded the glucose absorption in the EMS liver, probably due to an enhanced Glut-2 stability and half-life onto the plasma cell membranes. Conclusion Taken together, the presented data suggest that the PTP1B inhibition strategy and the use of its specific inhibitor MSI-1436 represents a promising option for the improvement of liver tissue integrity and homeostasis in the course of EMS and adds more insights for ongoing clinical trials for human MetS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Anna Serwotka-Suszczak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Nabila Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zyzak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95516, USA
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Bocian-Jastrzębska A, Malczewska-Herman A, Kos-Kudła B. Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4250. [PMID: 37686525 PMCID: PMC10486522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones produced by adipocytes, leptin and adiponectin, are associated with the process of carcinogenesis. Both of these adipokines have well-proven oncologic potential and can affect many aspects of tumorigenesis, from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Involvement in the formation of cancer includes interactions with the tumor microenvironment and its components, such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix and matrix metalloproteinases. Furthermore, these adipokines participate in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and connect to angiogenesis, which is critical for cancer invasiveness and cancer cell migration. In addition, an enormous amount of evidence has demonstrated that altered concentrations of these adipocyte-derived hormones and the expression of their receptors in tumors are associated with poor prognosis in various types of cancer. Therefore, leptin and adiponectin dysfunction play a prominent role in cancer and impact tumor invasion and metastasis in different ways. This review clearly and comprehensively summarizes the recent findings and presents the role of leptin and adiponectin in cancer initiation, promotion and progression, focusing on associations with the tumor microenvironment and its components as well as roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bocian-Jastrzębska
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinogy, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland; (A.M.-H.); (B.K.-K.)
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021703. [PMID: 36675217 PMCID: PMC9865319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease, affecting up to 70% of patients with diabetes. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for its treatment. Beyond their anti-hyperglycemic effect and the surprising role of cardio- and nephroprotection, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown a significant impact on body weight and clinical, biochemical and histological markers of fatty liver and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, GLP-1 RAs could be a weapon for the treatment of both diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence currently available on the role of GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of NAFLD and to hypothesize potential future scenarios.
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Xie M, Xiong Z, Yin S, Xiong J, Li X, Jin L, Zhang F, Chen H, Lan P, Lian L. Adiponectin Alleviates Intestinal Fibrosis by Enhancing AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2232-2243. [PMID: 34009553 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD). Adiponectin reportedly exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models, including colitis models. AIMS In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of adiponectin on intestinal fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A murine model of intestinal fibrosis was established by administering increasing doses of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to Balb/c mice via enema for 7 weeks. Primary human fibroblasts were isolated from the colon tissues of patients with CD. The fibroblasts were incubated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to establish a fibrosis model in vitro. Pathway inhibitors were used to verify the potential signaling pathways involved in the anti-fibrogenic effect of adiponectin. RESULTS Compared with the normal mesentery, adiponectin expression was significantly increased in the hypertrophic mesentery of patients with CD. Intraperitoneal injection of adiponectin significantly decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6) in the colon of fibrosis model mice, whereas the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 was substantially increased. Moreover, adiponectin treatment inhibited colon shortening, decreased colon weight, and reduced fibrotic protein deposition in the model mice. Adiponectin reduced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and collagen deposition induced by TGF-β1 in primary human intestinal fibroblasts, with an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, this phenomenon was reversed by the AMPK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin can protect against intestinal fibrosis by enhancing the phosphorylation of AMPK and inhibiting the activity of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Xie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Xiong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhe Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxian Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd., Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China.
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Tang YX, Liu M, Liu L, Zhen BR, Wang TT, Li N, Lv N, Zhu Z, Sun G, Wang X, Chen S. Lipophilic Constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Inhibit Activation of the Hepatic Stellate Cells by Suppressing the JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway: A Network Pharmacology Study and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:770344. [PMID: 35517817 PMCID: PMC9065469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.770344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is currently a global health challenge with no approved therapy, with the activation of hepatic stellate cells being a principal factor. Lipophilic constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza (LS) have been reported to improve liver function and reduce the indicators of liver fibrosis for patients with chronic hepatitis B induced hepatic fibrosis. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of LS on liver fibrosis have not been clarified. In this study, 71 active compounds, 342 potential target proteins and 22 signaling pathways of LS were identified through a network pharmacology strategy. Through text mining and data analysis, the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway was representatively selected for further experimental validation. We firstly confirmed the protective effect of LS on liver fibrosis in vivo by animal experiments. Hepatic stellate cells, which proliferated and displayed a fibroblast-like morphology similar to activated primary stellate cells, were applied to evaluate its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that LS could inhibit the cell viability, promote the cell apoptosis, decrease the expression of liver fibrosis markers, and downregulate the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that LS could exert anti-liver-fibrosis effects by inhibiting the activation of HSCs and regulating the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway, which is expected to benefit its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- GongQing Institute of Science and Technology, Gong Qing, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Long Liu
- GongQing Institute of Science and Technology, Gong Qing, China
| | - Bo-Rui Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanning Lv
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoquan Sun
- Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guoquan Sun, ; Xiaobo Wang, ; Si Chen,
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- The 967th Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Guoquan Sun, ; Xiaobo Wang, ; Si Chen,
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guoquan Sun, ; Xiaobo Wang, ; Si Chen,
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8
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Liu Y, Li Y, Liang J, Sun Z, Wu Q, Liu Y, Sun C. Leptin: an entry point for the treatment of peripheral tissue fibrosis and related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108608. [PMID: 35180626 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a small peptide mainly secreted by adipocyte, which acts on the central nervous system of the hypothalamus to regulate the body's energy balance by inhibiting food intake, it also can directly act on specific cells through leptin receptors (for example, ObRa, which exists in the blood-brain barrier or kidneys), thereby affect cell metabolism. Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) causes damage to normal tissues or destruction of organ structure, which will eventually lead to tissue or organ fibrosis. The sustainable development of fibrosis can lead to structural damage and functional decline of organs, and even exhaustion, which seriously threatens human health and life. In recent years, studies have found that leptin directly alleviates the fibrosis process of various tissues and organs in mammals. Therefore, we speculate that leptin may become a significant treatment for fibrosis of various tissues and organs in the future. So, the main purpose of this review is to explore the specific mechanism of leptin in the process of fibrosis in multiple tissues and organs, and to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of various tissues and organs fibrosis and related diseases caused by it, which is of great significance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yizhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Juntong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhuwen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| | - Yongnian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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9
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Flores R, Ramirez M, Ayala L, Benavides EA, Xie F, Arellano AA, Stanko RL, Garcia MR. Adiponectin Influences FGF2 in the Developing Porcine Corpus Luteum. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020077. [PMID: 35202330 PMCID: PMC8875662 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteal angiogenesis is regulated by pro-angiogenic hormones including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), which are regulated by the adipokine leptin during development. Another adipokine, adiponectin, exhibits an inverse relationship with leptin and has been identified in the CL. Therefore, it is hypothesized that adiponectin will influence pro-angiogenic hormones in the developing porcine CL. Crossbred sows were randomly allocated to one of two days of the estrous cycle, day 5 (D5; n = 4) or day 7 (D7; n = 5) for CL collection. Tissue was processed for immunohistochemical localization of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), gene expression of FGF2, Ang1, leptin, AdipoR2, and cell culture for adiponectin treatment. The expression of AdipoR2 tended (p = 0.09) to be higher in D7 lutea and was more prevalently localized to the cell surface of large and small luteal cells than in D5 tissue. Adiponectin influenced (p ≤ 0.05) FGF2, leptin, and AdipoR2 gene expression relative to the dose and day (D5 or D7). Collectively, the evidence supports the supposition that adiponectin influences angiogenic factors in the developing CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Martha Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (M.R.); (L.A.); (R.L.S.)
| | - Luis Ayala
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (M.R.); (L.A.); (R.L.S.)
| | | | - Fang Xie
- Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94142, USA;
| | - Adrian Aaron Arellano
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Randy Louis Stanko
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (M.R.); (L.A.); (R.L.S.)
| | - Michelle Renee Garcia
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (M.R.); (L.A.); (R.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-361-593-3197
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10
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Manley SJ, Olou AA, Jack JL, Ruckert MT, Walsh RM, Eades AE, Bye BA, Ambrose J, Messaggio F, Anant S, VanSaun MN. Synthetic adiponectin-receptor agonist, AdipoRon, induces glycolytic dependence in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:114. [PMID: 35121743 PMCID: PMC8817044 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity creates a localized inflammatory reaction in the adipose, altering secretion of adipocyte-derived factors that contribute to pathologies including cancer. We have previously shown that adiponectin inhibits pancreatic cancer by antagonizing leptin-induced STAT3 activation. Yet, the effects of adiponectin on pancreatic cancer cell metabolism have not been addressed. In these studies, we have uncovered a novel metabolic function for the synthetic adiponectin-receptor agonist, AdipoRon. Treatment of PDAC cells with AdipoRon led to mitochondrial uncoupling and loss of ATP production. Concomitantly, AdipoRon-treated cells increased glucose uptake and utilization. This metabolic switch further correlated with AMPK mediated inhibition of the prolipogenic factor acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1), which is known to initiate fatty acid catabolism. Yet, measurements of fatty acid oxidation failed to detect any alteration in response to AdipoRon treatment, suggesting a deficiency for compensation. Additional disruption of glycolytic dependence, using either a glycolysis inhibitor or low-glucose conditions, demonstrated an impairment of growth and survival of all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested. Collectively, these studies provide evidence that pancreatic cancer cells utilize metabolic plasticity to upregulate glycolysis in order to adapt to suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of AdipoRon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Manley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Appolinaire A Olou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jarrid L Jack
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mariana T Ruckert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - R McKinnon Walsh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Austin E Eades
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Bailey A Bye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Joe Ambrose
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Fanuel Messaggio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael N VanSaun
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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11
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Shimada H, Kohno T, Konno T, Okada T, Saito K, Shindo Y, Kikuchi S, Tsujiwaki M, Ogawa M, Matsuura M, Saito T, Kojima T. The Roles of Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Angulin-1/Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR) in Endometriosis and Endometrioid-Endometrial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6341. [PMID: 34944960 PMCID: PMC8699113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction proteins play roles beyond permeability barriers functions and control cell proliferation and differentiation. The relation between tight junctions and the signal transduction pathways affects cell growth, invasion and migration. Abnormality of tight junction proteins closely contributes to epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignancy of various cancers. Angulin-1/lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) forms tricellular contacts that has a barrier function. Downregulation of angulin-1/LSR correlates with the malignancy in various cancers, including endometrioid-endometrial carcinoma (EEC). These alterations have been shown to link to not only multiple signaling pathways such as Hippo/YAP, HDAC, AMPK, but also cell metabolism in ECC cell line Sawano. Moreover, loss of angulin-1/LSR upregulates claudin-1, and loss of apoptosis stimulating p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) downregulates angulin-1/LSR. Angulin-1/LSR and ASPP2 concentrate at both midbody and centrosome in cytokinesis. In EEC tissues, angulin-1/LSR and ASPP2 are reduced and claudin-2 is overexpressed during malignancy, while in the tissues of endometriosis changes in localization of angulin-1/LSR and claudin-2 are seen. This review highlights how downregulation of angulin-1/LSR promotes development of endometriosis and EEC and discusses about the roles of angulin-1/LSR and its related proteins, including claudins and ASPP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimada
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tadahi Okada
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Kimihito Saito
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuma Shindo
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsujiwaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
| | - Marie Ogawa
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Motoki Matsuura
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Departments of Obstetrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.O.); (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (H.S.); (T.K.); (T.O.); (K.S.); (Y.S.)
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12
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Małecki P, Mania A, Tracz J, Łuczak M, Mazur-Melewska K, Figlerowicz M. Adipocytokines as Risk Factors for Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:646-653. [PMID: 34866842 PMCID: PMC8617538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive diagnostics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of liver dysfunction in children, are based on imaging, biochemical tests and their compilation. The study aimed to evaluate the serological biomarkers of steatosis, inflammation and liver fibrosis to assess the risk of NAFLD in children. METHODS A total of 73 children were included in the prospective study; 50 of them were diagnosed with NAFLD based on ultrasound, and 23 formed a control group. Basic anthropometric parameters were measured, blood samples were taken for laboratory tests and evaluated proteins were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha, fibroblast growth factor 21, liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and interleukin 6. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between the levels of two proteins were found: the adiponectin level was lower in the NAFLD group (12.24 ± 7.01 vs 16.88 ± 9.21 μg/mL, P = 0.024), and L-FABP levels were higher (21.48 ± 20.61 vs 11.74 ± 8.39 ng/mL, P = 0.031). In the group of children with body mass index (BMI)-for-age >1 standard deviation (SD), adiponectin concentration was also significantly lower (12.18 ± 6.43 μg/mL) than in the group with BMI ≤1 SD (17.29 ± 9.42 μg/mL, P = 0.015). The odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for the relation between adiponectin and NAFLD and obesity were 0.868 (0.767-0.982) and 0.838 (0.719-0.977), respectively. CONCLUSION Adiponectin may be useful in evaluating the risk of NAFLD and obesity in children.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
- APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- HMW, high-molecular-weight
- IR, insulin resistance
- L-FABP, liver fatty acid-binding protein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OR, odds ratio
- PNFS, Paediatric NAFLD Fibrosis Scale
- PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-α
- SD, standard deviation
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α
- US-FLI, ultrasound fatty liver indicator
- WHO, World Health Organization
- adipokines
- children
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Małecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Mania
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Tracz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łuczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Figlerowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 2021; 184:2537-2564. [PMID: 33989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 858] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. Its more advanced subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), connotes progressive liver injury that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we provide an in-depth discussion of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to progressive liver injury, including the metabolic origins of NAFLD, the effect of NAFLD on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, bile acid toxicity, macrophage dysfunction, and hepatic stellate cell activation, and consider the role of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that promote fibrosis progression and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Jabbari P, Sadeghalvad M, Rezaei N. An inflammatory triangle in Sarcoidosis: PPAR-γ, immune microenvironment, and inflammation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1451-1459. [PMID: 33798017 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1913118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by granuloma formation in several organs. Sarcoidosis patients experience higher inflammatory responses resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the precise mechanisms have not been well elucidated, the relationship between the immune system activation and inflammatory status is pivotal in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. AREAS COVERED Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) includes the transcription factors involved in cell metabolism, proliferation, and immune response. In the alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis, the reduced activity and a decreased level of PPAR-γ have been shown. In this study, we discuss how reducing the level of PPAR-γ could lead to increased inflammation and immune responses in patients with sarcoidosis. EXPERT OPINION Lack of PPAR-γ may contribute to the development of a suitable milieu for the formation of immune-associated pulmonary granuloma. Reduced levels of PPAR-γ in sarcoidosis could result from over-activation of the immune system and elevated inflammatory responses, as well. Due to the anti-inflammatory function of PPAR-γ, identifying the relation between PPAR-γ, sarcoidosis development, and inflammatory state could be essential to identify the appropriate therapeutic targets. The synthesis of PPAR-γ agonists or PPAR-γ ligands may be an effective step toward the treatment of sarcoidosis patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnia Jabbari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Armandi A, Rosso C, Caviglia GP, Bugianesi E. Insulin Resistance across the Spectrum of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2021; 11:155. [PMID: 33800465 PMCID: PMC8000048 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a lower-than-expected response to insulin action from target tissues, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes through the impairment of both glucose and lipid metabolism. IR is a common condition in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is considered one of the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in the progression of liver disease. The liver, the adipose tissue and the skeletal muscle are major contributors for the development and worsening of IR. In this review, we discuss the sites and mechanisms of insulin action and the IR-related impairment along the spectrum of NAFLD, from simple steatosis to progressive NASH and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.A.); (C.R.); (G.P.C.)
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16
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Martins KR, Haas CS, Rovani MT, Moreira F, Goetten ALF, Ferst JG, Portela VM, Duggavathi R, Bordignon V, Gonçalves PBD, Gasperin BG, Lucia T. Regulation and function of leptin during ovarian follicular development in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 227:106689. [PMID: 33667875 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well documented that leptin signals the body nutritional status to the brain, mechanisms of leptin regulation at the ovary are not well understood. This study was conducted to determine whether there was leptin and the receptor for leptin (LEPR) in cattle ovarian follicles and to investigate potential actions of leptin on follicular growth in vivo and on regulation of granulosa cell functions in vitro. There was leptin and LEPR in granulosa and theca cells of dominant and subordinate follicles, with greater immunostaining for leptin in granulosa cells of subordinate follicles. There was a lesser relative abundance of leptin receptor gene-related protein (LEPROT) and of the adiponectin receptors 1 (ADIPOR1) and 2 (ADIPOR2) mRNA transcripts in granulosa cells of subordinate than dominant follicles (P < 0.05). Intrafollicular injection of either 100 or 1000 ng/mL leptin did not affect the diameter and the growth of dominant follicles (P> 0.05). Supplementation of in vitro culture medium with different leptin concentations did not affect (P > 0.05) the relative abundance of hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) mRNA transcripts in granulosa cells. These findings indicate that leptin and LEPR are present in the follicular cells of cattle ovaries, but leptin apparently does not have essential functions in steroidogenesis and growth of dominant follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê R Martins
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil; ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina S Haas
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Monique T Rovani
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Moreira
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | - André L F Goetten
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, 89520-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Ferst
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Valério M Portela
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, 89520-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paulo B D Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Bernardo G Gasperin
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
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17
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Zhao D, Zhu X, Jiang L, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhao X, Du Y. Advances in understanding the role of adiponectin in renal fibrosis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2020; 26:197-203. [PMID: 33073881 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation of renal intrinsic cells, activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), processes that lead to the progressive loss of renal function. Renal fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation of renal intrinsic cells, activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts, and septal fibrosis is recognized as a marker for the progression of chronic kidney disease, a condition that is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is a significant public health burden. Despite extensive studies, there are no effective treatments for renal fibrosis. Adiponectin (APN) is a protein mainly produced by adipocytes that has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects, improves insulin resistance and provides other salutary effects. Recent studies found that APN can inhibit ECM deposition by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, and by regulating the TGF-β, AMPK, MCP-1 and other signalling pathways. Many recent studies have examined the roles of these pathways in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. In this article, we review the pathogenic mechanism of APN in renal fibrosis and provide a theoretical basis for delaying and blocking renal fibrosis by alteration of APN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujun Du
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Adipocytes protect fibroblasts from radiation-induced damage by adiponectin secretion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12616. [PMID: 32724116 PMCID: PMC7387543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate and colon cancers are among the most common cancers diagnosed annually, and both often require treatment with radiation therapy. Advancement in radiation delivery techniques has led to highly accurate targeting of tumor and sparing of normal tissue; however, in the pelvic region it is anatomically difficult to avoid off-target radiation exposure to other organs. Chronically the effects of normal urogenital tissue exposure can lead to urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, proctitis, and erectile dysfunction. Most of these symptoms are caused by radiation-induced fibrosis and reduce the quality of life for cancer survivors. We have observed in animal models that the severity of radiation-induced fibrosis in normal tissue correlates to damaged fat reservoirs in the pelvic region. We hypothesize that adipocytes may secrete a factor that prevents the induction of radiation-associated fibrosis in normal tissues. In these studies we show that the adipokine, adiponectin, is secreted by primary mouse adipocytes and protects fibroblasts from radiation-induced cell death, myofibroblast formation, and senescence. Further, we demonstrated that adiponectin does not protect colorectal or prostate cancer cells from radiation-induced death. Thus, we propose that adiponectin, or its downstream pathway, would provide a novel target for adjuvant therapy when treating pelvic cancers with radiation therapy.
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19
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McVicker BL, Hamel FG, Simpson RL, Bennett RG. A Selective PPARγ Modulator Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070151. [PMID: 32630819 PMCID: PMC7407562 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the accumulation of excess collagen as a result of chronic liver injury. If left unabated, hepatic fibrosis can lead to the disruption of the liver architecture, portal hypertension, and increased risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs, through their target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), have protective effects against liver fibrosis, and can inhibit the profibrotic activity of hepatic stellate cells, the major collagen-producing liver cells. However, these drugs have been ineffective in the treatment of established fibrosis, possibly due to side effects such as increased weight and adiposity. Recently, selective PPARγ modulators that lack these side effects have been identified, but their role in treating fibrosis has not been studied. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of one of these selective modulators, SR1664, in the mouse carbon tetrachloride model of established hepatic fibrosis. Treatment with SR1664 reduced the total and type 1 collagen content without increasing body weight. The abundance of activated hepatic stellate cells was also significantly decreased. Finally, SR1664 inhibited the profibrotic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells. In summary, a selective PPARγ modulator was effective in the reduction of established hepatic fibrosis and the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells. This may represent a new treatment approach for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita L. McVicker
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Frederick G. Hamel
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ronda L. Simpson
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Robert G. Bennett
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Gandhi CR. Pro- and Anti-fibrogenic Functions of Gram-Negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in the Liver. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32373617 PMCID: PMC7186417 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research performed over several decades has identified cells participating in the initiation and progression of fibrosis, and the numerous underlying inter- and intra-cellular signaling pathways. However, liver fibrosis continues to be a major clinical challenge as the precise targets of treatment are still elusive. Activation of physiologically quiescent perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblastic proliferating, contractile and fibrogenic phenotype is a critical event in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms of the reversal to quiescence or inhibition of activated HSCs, and/or their elimination via apoptosis has been the focus of intense investigation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gut-resident Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, is a powerful pro-inflammatory molecule implicated in hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. In both acute and chronic liver injury, portal venous levels of LPS are elevated due to increased intestinal permeability. LPS, via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adapter molecules, stimulates macrophages, neutrophils and several other cell types to produce inflammatory mediators as well as factors that can activate HSCs and stimulate their fibrogenic activity. LPS also stimulates synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, growth mediators and molecules of immune regulation by HSCs. However, LPS was found to arrest proliferation of activated HSCs and to convert them into non-fibrogenic phenotype. Interestingly, LPS can elicit responses in HSCs independent of CD14 and TLR4. Identifying and/or developing non-inflammatory but anti-fibrogenic mimetics of LPS could be relevant for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Zhou C, Su W, Han H, Li N, Ma G, Cui L. Mouse tail models of secondary lymphedema: fibrosis gradually worsens and is irreversible. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:54-64. [PMID: 32055273 PMCID: PMC7013376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the mouse tail model of secondary lymphedema has been widely used in research, our knowledge regarding some of the characteristic changes in this model is lacking. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to identify pathologic changes after surgery. Tail lymphedema was created in C57BL/6J mice by disconnecting both superficial and deep lymphatic vessels. The surgery resulted in chronic edema formation with the proliferation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, deposition of fibrotic tissue, and gradual increase in CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration. Furthermore, dramatic expansion and an increased number of lymphatic vessels were observed postoperatively. Lymphatic reflux was established at least 8 weeks after surgery, as evidenced by staining of the scar from the surgical excision. In addition, tissue fibrosis was irreversible, although CD4+ T cell infiltration, tail swelling, and subcutaneous adipose hyperplasia were alleviated over time. We also show that necrosis could be effectively avoided by paying attention to several details in the modeling process. As animal models play a key role in exploring the pathophysiology of disease, our findings provide strong support for the study of lymphedema. The irreversibility of fibrosis suggests the importance of treating lymphedema by preventing fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Wanchun Su
- Department of Lymph Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Haotian Han
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Animal Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
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22
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Sun L, Lv Y, Tian J, Yu T, Niu F, Zhang X, Du D. Regular Swimming Exercise Attenuated Neuroma Pain in Rats: Involvement of Leptin and Adiponectin. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1112-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Kohno T, Konno T, Kojima T. Role of Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR) in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3555. [PMID: 31330820 PMCID: PMC6679224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a robust epithelial barrier requires the accumulation of tight junction proteins, LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin, at the tricellular contacts. Alterations in the localization of these proteins temporarily cause epithelial barrier dysfunction, which is closely associated with not only physiological differentiation but also cancer progression and metastasis. In normal human endometrial tissues, the endometrial cells undergo repeated proliferation and differentiation under physiological conditions. Recent observations have revealed that the localization and expression of LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin are altered in a menstrual cycle-dependent manner. Moreover, it has been shown that endometrial cancer progression affects these alterations. This review highlights the differences in the localization and expression of tight junction proteins in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancers and how they cause functional changes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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24
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Ma L, Li X, Bai Z, Lin X, Lin K. AdipoRs- a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:93-106. [PMID: 30569772 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibrotic disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality; hence effective treatments are still vigorously sought. AdipoRs (AdipoR1 and Adipo2) are responsible for the antifibrotic effects of adiponectin (APN). APN exerts antifibrotic effects by binding to its receptors. APN concentration and AdipoR expression are closely associated with fibrotic disorders. Decreased AdipoR expression may reduce APN-AdipoR signaling, while the upregulation of AdipoR expression may restore the anti-fibrotic effects of APN. Loss of APN signaling exacerbates fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Areas covered: We assess the relationship between APN and fibrotic disorders, the structure of receptors for APN and the pathways accounting for APN or its analogs blocking fibrotic disorders. This article also discusses designed APN products and their therapeutic prospects for fibrotic disorders. Expert opinion: AdipoRs have a critical role in blocking fibrosis. The development of small-molecule agonists toward this target represents a valid drug development pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingman Ma
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhaoshi Bai
- c Department of pharmacy , Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xinhao Lin
- d Department of pharmacy , Class 154010, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kejiang Lin
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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25
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Udomsinprasert W, Honsawek S, Poovorawan Y. Adiponectin as a novel biomarker for liver fibrosis. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:708-718. [PMID: 30386464 PMCID: PMC6206156 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i10.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is known to play primary roles in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates beneficial effects of adiponectin on liver fibrosis; however, the exact mechanisms of this action remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to summarize the recent findings regarding the role of adiponectin in liver fibrogenesis and update the current comprehensive knowledge regarding usefulness of adiponectin-based treatments in liver fibrosis. Adiponectin has been demonstrated to have an anti-fibrotic action in the liver by blocking the activation of hepatic stellate cell-mediated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha pathways, which in turn diminish the expression of pro-fibrotic genes. In addition, hyperadiponectinemia was noted in patients with various chronic liver diseases (CLDs)-related liver fibrosis. An increase in circulating adiponectin levels was also found to be associated with the development of liver fibrosis, indicating a role of adiponectin as a non-invasive biomarker for predicting the progression of liver fibrosis. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that adiponectin may be developed as a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Nonetheless, future observations are still necessary to fully elucidate the extent of the effects of adiponectin on liver fibrotic outcomes, in order to modify adiponectin as an anti-fibrotic therapy that would speed up fibrosis reversal in patients with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanvisa Udomsinprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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26
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Kumar P, Raeman R, Chopyk DM, Smith T, Verma K, Liu Y, Anania FA. Adiponectin inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation by targeting the PTEN/AKT pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3537-3545. [PMID: 30293572 PMCID: PMC6529190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin inhibits hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and subsequent development of liver fibrosis via multiple mechanisms. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deletion 10 (PTEN) plays a crucial role in suppression of HSC activation, but its regulation by adiponectin is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of adiponectin on PTEN in LX-2 cells, a human cell line and examined the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in adiponectin-mediated upregulation of PTEN activity during fibrosis. PTEN expression was found to be significantly reduced in the livers of mice treated with CCl4, whereas its expression was rescued by adiponectin treatment. The DNA methylation proteins DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B are all highly expressed in activated primary HSCs compared to quiescent HSCs, and thus represent additional regulatory targets during liver fibrogenesis. Expression of DNMT proteins was significantly induced in the presence of fibrotic stimuli; however, only DNMT3B expression was reduced in the presence of adiponectin. Adiponectin-induced suppression of DNMT3B was found to be mediated by enhanced miR-29b expression. Furthermore, PTEN expression was significantly increased by overexpression of miR-29b, whereas its expression was markedly reduced by a miR-29b inhibitor in LX-2 cells. These findings suggest that adiponectin-induced upregulation of miR-29b can suppress DNMT3B transcription in LX-2 cells, thus resulting in reduced methylation of PTEN CpG islands and ultimately suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Together, these data suggest a possible new explanation for the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel M Chopyk
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tekla Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kiran Verma
- Labratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank A Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Besnier M, Coquerel D, Favre J, Dumesnil A, Guerrot D, Remy-Jouet I, Mulder P, Djerada Z, Tamion F, Richard V, Ouvrard-Pascaud A. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inactivation limits aging-associated heart failure in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H1279-H1288. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inactivation in mice [PTP1B-deficient (PTP1B−/−) mice] improves left ventricular (LV) angiogenesis, perfusion, remodeling, and function and limits endothelial dysfunction after myocardial infarction. However, whether PTP1B inactivation slows aging-associated cardiovascular dysfunction remains unknown. Wild-type (WT) and PTP1B−/− mice were allowed to age until 18 mo. Compared with old WT mice, in which aging increased the LV mRNA expression of PTP1B, old PTP1B−/− mice had 1) reduced cardiac hypertrophy with decreased LV mRNA levels of hypertrophic markers and atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, 2) lower LV fibrosis (collagen: 16 ± 3% in WT mice and 5 ± 3% in PTP1B−/− mice, P < 0.001) with decreased mRNA levels of transforming growth-factor-β1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, and 3) higher LV capillary density and lower LV mRNA level of hypoxic inducible factor-1α, which was associated over time with a higher rate of proangiogenic M2 type macrophages and a stable LV mRNA level of VEGF receptor-2. Echocardiography revealed an age-dependent LV increase in end-diastolic volume in WT mice together with alterations of fractional shortening and diastole (transmitral Doppler E-to-A wave ratio). Invasive hemodynamics showed better LV systolic contractility and better diastolic compliance in old PTP1B−/− mice (LV end-systolic pressure-volume relation: 13.9 ± 0.9 in WT mice and 18.4 ± 1.6 in PTP1B−/− mice; LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relation: 5.1 ± 0.8 mmHg/relative volume unit in WT mice and 1.2 ± 0.3 mmHg/relative volume unit in PTP1B−/− mice, P < 0.05). In addition, old PTP1B−/− mice displayed a reduced amount of LV reactive oxygen species. Finally, in isolated resistance mesenteric arteries, PTP1B inactivation reduced aging-associated endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilatation: −0.4 ± 2.1% in WT mice and 8.2 ± 2.8% in PTP1B−/− mice, P < 0.05). We conclude that PTP1B inactivation slows aging-associated LV remodeling and dysfunction and reduces endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric arteries. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study shows that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inactivation in aged mice improves left ventricular systolic and diastolic function associated with reduced adverse cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis, and capillary rarefaction) and limits vascular endothelial dysfunction. This suggests that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition could be an interesting treatment approach in age-related cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Besnier
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - David Coquerel
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Julie Favre
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Anais Dumesnil
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Domique Guerrot
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Remy-Jouet
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Paul Mulder
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Zoubir Djerada
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
- Medical Pharmacology, University Reims Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Fabienne Tamion
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Ouvrard-Pascaud
- Normandie University UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1096, Rouen, France
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28
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Gamberi T, Magherini F, Modesti A, Fiaschi T. Adiponectin Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020052. [PMID: 29735928 PMCID: PMC6027295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the liver, adiponectin regulates both glucose and lipid metabolism and exerts an insulin-sensitizing effect. The binding of adiponectin with its specific receptors induces the activation of a proper signaling cascade that becomes altered in liver pathologies. This review describes the different signaling pathways in healthy and diseased hepatocytes, also highlighting the beneficial role of adiponectin in autophagy activation and hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
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29
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Shimada H, Satohisa S, Kohno T, Takahashi S, Hatakeyama T, Konno T, Tsujiwaki M, Saito T, Kojima T. The roles of tricellular tight junction protein lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor in malignancy of human endometrial cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27735-52. [PMID: 27036040 PMCID: PMC5053684 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) has been identified as a novel molecular constituent of tricellular contacts that have a barrier function for the cellular sheet. LSR recruits tricellulin (TRIC), which is the first molecular component of tricellular tight junctions. Knockdown of LSR increases cell motility and invasion of certain cancer cells. However, the behavior and the roles of LSR in endometrial cancer remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the behavior and roles of LSR in normal and endometrial cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. In endometriosis and endometrial cancer, LSR was observed not only in the subapical region but also throughout the lateral region as well as in normal endometrial epithelial cells in the secretory phase, and LSR in the cancer was reduced in correlation with the malignancy. Knockdown of LSR by the siRNA in cells of the endometrial cancer cell line Sawano, induced cell migration, invasion and proliferation, while TRIC relocalized from the tricellular region to the bicellular region at the membrane. In Sawano cells and normal HEEs, a decrease of LSR induced by leptin and an increase of LSR induced by adiponectin and the drugs for type 2 diabetes metformin and berberine were observed via distinct signaling pathways including JAK2/STAT. In Sawano cells, metformin and berberine prevented cell migration and invasion induced by downregulation of LSR by the siRNA and leptin treatment. The dissection of the mechanism in the downregulation of endometrial LSR during obesity is important in developing new diagnostic and therapy for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiro Satohisa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syunta Takahashi
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Hatakeyama
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tsujiwaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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30
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Alzahrani B, Iseli T, Ramezani-Moghadam M, Ho V, Wankell M, Sun EJ, Qiao L, George J, Hebbard LW. The role of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in liver fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:700-708. [PMID: 29237572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the adiponectin (APN) signaling axis retards liver fibrosis. However, understanding of the role of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in mediating this response is still rudimentary. Here, we sought to elucidate the APN receptor responsible for limiting liver fibrosis by employing AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 knock-out mice in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model of liver fibrosis. In addition, we knocked down receptor function in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro. Following the development of fibrosis, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 KO mice had no quantitative difference in fibrosis by Sirius red staining. However, AdipoR2 KO mice had an enhanced fibrotic signature with increased Col1-α1, TGFß-1, TIMP-1, IL-10, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Knockdown of AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 in HSCs followed by APN treatment demonstrated that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 did not affect proliferation or TIMP-1 gene expression, while AdipoR2 modulated Col1-α1 and α-SMA gene expression, HSC migration, and AMPK activity. These finding suggest that AdipoR2 is the major APN receptor on HSCs responsible for mediating its anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Alzahrani
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Tristan Iseli
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ramezani-Moghadam
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Vikki Ho
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Miriam Wankell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centre for Comparative Genomics, The Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Eun Jin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centre for Comparative Genomics, The Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Lionel W Hebbard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centre for Comparative Genomics, The Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; The Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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31
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Lecarpentier Y, Schussler O, Claes V, Vallée A. The Myofibroblast: TGFβ-1, A Conductor which Plays a Key Role in Fibrosis by Regulating the Balance between PPARγ and the Canonical WNT Pathway. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEP), Meaux, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, HUG/CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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32
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Interactions between TGF-β1, canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ in radiation-induced fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90579-90604. [PMID: 29163854 PMCID: PMC5685775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy induces DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur 4 to 12 months after radiation therapy. This process worsens with time and years. Radiation-induced fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix. Myofibroblasts are non-muscle cells that can contract and relax. Myofibroblasts evolve towards irreversible retraction during fibrosis process. In this review, we discussed the interplays between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation-induced fibrosis, and the potential role of PPAR γ agonists. Overexpression of TGF-β and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate fibroblasts accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation whereas PPAR γ expression decreases due to the opposite interplay of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Both TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate each other through the Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ interact in an opposite manner. PPAR γ agonists decrease β-catenin levels through activation of inhibitors of the WNT pathway such as Smad7, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3 β) and dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). PPAR γ agonists also stimulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, which decreases both TGF-β1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. PPAR γ agonists by activating Smad7 decrease Smads pathway and then TGF-β signaling leading to decrease radiation-induced fibrosis. TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway promote radiation-induced fibrosis whereas PPAR γ agonists can prevent radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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Zheng X, Xu F, Liang H, Cao H, Cai M, Xu W, Weng J. SIRT1/HSF1/HSP pathway is essential for exenatide-alleviated, lipid-induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hepatology 2017; 66:809-824. [PMID: 28439947 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have indicated that lipid-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to the progression of hepatic steatosis. Exenatide (exendin-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is known to improve hepatic steatosis, with accumulating evidence. In this study, we investigated whether exenatide could alleviate lipid-induced hepatic ER stress through mammal sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and illustrated the detailed mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with exenatide or normal saline by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks. We observed that HFD feeding induced hepatic ER stress as indicated by increased expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER kinase, and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, while these increases were significantly inhibited by exenatide. Exenatide notably decreased the liver weight and hepatic steatosis induced by HFD challenge. Consistently, in human HepG2 cells and primary murine hepatocytes, exendin-4 also significantly alleviated the ER stress and lipid accumulation induced by palmitate. Importantly, further studies showed that exendin-4 enhanced the binding of heat shock factor 1 to the promoter of heat shock protein (HSP) genes through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation, which then increased the expression of molecular chaperones HSP70 and HSP40 to alleviate hepatic ER stress. Finally, inhibition of SIRT1 by genetic whole-body heterozygous knockout or by lentiviral short hairpin RNA knockdown greatly diminished the effect of exenatide on deacetylating heat shock factor 1, increasing HSP expression and alleviating ER stress and hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSION The SIRT1/heat shock factor 1/HSP pathway is essential for exenatide-alleviated, lipid-induced ER stress and hepatic steatosis, which provides evidence for a molecular mechanism to support exenatide and incretin mimetics as promising therapeutics for obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. (Hepatology 2017;66:809-824).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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Fujii M, Yoneda A, Takei N, Sakai-Sawada K, Kosaka M, Minomi K, Yokoyama A, Tamura Y. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1α is critical for collagen secretion from and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase levels in hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15649-15660. [PMID: 28774960 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon liver injury, excessive deposition of collagen from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a leading cause of liver fibrosis. An understanding of the mechanism by which collagen biosynthesis is regulated in HSCs will provide important clues for practical anti-fibrotic therapy. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1α (ERO1α) functions as an oxidative enzyme of protein disulfide isomerase, which forms intramolecular disulfide bonds of membrane and secreted proteins. However, the role of ERO1α in HSCs remains unclear. Here, we show that ERO1α is expressed and mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum in human HSCs. When HSCs were transfected with ERO1α siRNA or an ERO1α shRNA-expressing plasmid, expression of ERO1α was completely silenced. Silencing of ERO1α expression in HSCs markedly suppressed their proliferation but did not induce apoptosis, which was accompanied by impaired secretion of collagen type 1. Silencing of ERO1α expression induced impaired disulfide bond formation and inhibited autophagy via activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, resulting in intracellular accumulation of collagen type 1 in HSCs. Furthermore, silencing of ERO1α expression also promoted proteasome-dependent degradation of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), which stimulates cell proliferation through cleavage of secreted collagens. The inhibition of HSC proliferation was reversed by treatment with MT1-MMP-cleaved collagen type 1. The results suggest that ERO1α plays a crucial role in HSC proliferation via posttranslational modification of collagen and MT1-MMP and, therefore, may be a suitable therapeutic target for managing liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Fujii
- From the Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi-7, Kita-13, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8486, Japan.,the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
| | - Akihiro Yoneda
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
| | - Norio Takei
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
| | - Kaori Sakai-Sawada
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
| | - Marina Kosaka
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and.,the Research and Development Department, Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Minomi
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and.,the Research and Development Department, Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- From the Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Nishi-7, Kita-13, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8486, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tamura
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Nishi-11, Kita-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
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Ouyang P, Wang S, Zhang H, Huang Z, Wei P, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Li T. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in L929 mouse fibroblast cells exposed to leptin and hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:181-191. [PMID: 28534985 PMCID: PMC5482097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and hypoxia are pro-fibrotic factors involved in fibrogenesis, however, the gene expression profiles remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory roles of leptin and hypoxia on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The cells were assigned to a normoxia, normoxia with leptin, hypoxia, and hypoxia with leptin group. The cDNA expression was detected using an Agilent mRNA array platform. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to leptin and hypoxia were identified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, followed by clustering analysis, Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis. As a result, 54, 1,507 and 1,502 DEGs were found in response to leptin, hypoxia and the two combined, respectively, among which 52 (96.30%), 467 (30.99%) and 495 (32.96%) of the DEGs were downregulated. The most significant functional terms in response to leptin were meiosis I for biological process (P=0.0041) and synaptonemal complex for cell component (P=0.0013). Only one significant pathway responded to leptin, which was axon guidance (P=0.029). Flow cytometry confirmed that leptin promoted L929 cell proliferation. The most significant functional terms in response to hypoxia were ion binding for molecular function (P=7.8621E-05), glucose metabolic process for biological process (P=0.0008) and cell projection part for cell component (P=0.003). There were 12 pathways, which significantly responded to hypoxia (P<0.05) and the pathway with the highest significance was the chemokine signaling pathway (P=0.0001), which comprised 28 genes, including C-C motif ligand (CCL)1, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10, son of sevenless homolog 1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 2, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, CCL17, arrestin β1 and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2. In conclusion, the present study showed that leptin and hypoxia altered the profiles of gene expression in L929 cells. These findings not only extend the cell spectrum of leptin on cell proliferation, but also improve current understanding of hypoxia in fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- Cancer Institute of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Pei Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhuguo Wu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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36
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Ma L, Zhang Z, Xue X, Wan Y, Ye B, Lin K. A potent peptide as adiponectin receptor 1 agonist to against fibrosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:624-631. [PMID: 28260395 PMCID: PMC6010020 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1284067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases have become a major cause of death in the developed world. AdipoR1 agonists are potent inhibitors of fibrotic responses. Here, we focused on the in silico identification of novel AdipoR1 peptide agonists. A homology model was constructed to predict the 3D structure of AdipoR1. By docking to known active peptides, the putative active site of the model was further explored. A virtual screening study was then carried out with a set of manually designed peptides using molecular docking. Peptides with high docking scores were then evaluated for their anti-fibrotic properties. The data indicated that the novel peptide Pep70 significantly inhibited the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and NIH-3T3 cells (18.33% and 27.80%) and resulted in favouring cell-cycle arrest through increasing the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase by 17.08% and 15.86%, thereby reducing the cell population in the G2/M phase by 11.25% and 15.95%, respectively. Additionally, Pep70 exhibited the most marked suppression on the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I alpha1 (COL1A1) and TGF-β1. Therefore, the peptide Pep70 was ultimately identified as an inhibitor of fibrotic responses and as a potential AdipoR1 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingman Ma
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.,b School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.,c Department of Pharmacy , First People's Hospital of Changde City , Changde , Hunan , China
| | - Xiaowen Xue
- b School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yumeng Wan
- b School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Boping Ye
- b School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kejiang Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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37
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Tardelli M, Moreno-Viedma V, Zeyda M, Itariu BK, Langer FB, Prager G, Stulnig TM. Adiponectin regulates aquaglyceroporin expression in hepatic stellate cells altering their functional state. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:253-260. [PMID: 27083512 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Obesity is a major risk factor for liver fibrosis and tightly associated with low levels of adiponectin. Adiponectin has antifibrogenic activity protecting from liver fibrosis, which is mainly driven by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that allow the movement of water and, in case of aquaglyceroporins (AQPs), of glycerol that is needed in quiescent HSC for lipogenesis. Expression of various AQPs in liver is altered by obesity; however, the mechanisms through which obesity influences HSCs activation and AQPs expression remain unclear. This study aimed to identify obesity-associated factors that are related to HSC AQPs expression activation and lipid storage. METHODS Correlations between serum adipokine levels and hepatic AQPs gene expression were analyzed from a cohort of obese patients. AQP and fibrotic gene expression was determined in a HSC line (LX2) and in a hepatocyte cell line (HepG2) after stimulation with adiponectin using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found that serum adiponectin significantly correlated with liver AQP3, AQP7, AQP9 gene expressions. In vitro, adiponectin induced upregulation of AQP3 gene and AQP3 protein expression in human HSCs, but not in hepatocytes, while AQP7, AQP9 remained undetectable. Accordingly, HSC stimulated with adiponectin increased glycerol uptake, lipogenic gene expression, and lipid storage while downregulating activation/fibrosis markers. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that adiponectin is a potent inhibitor of HSC activation and induces AQPs expression. Thus, low serum levels of adiponectin could be a mechanism how obesity affects the functional state of HSC, thereby contributing to obesity-associated liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Moreno-Viedma
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca K Itariu
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix B Langer
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Stulnig
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Feng Y, Ying HY, Qu Y, Cai XB, Xu MY, Lu LG. Novel matrine derivative MD-1 attenuates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting EGFR activation of hepatic stellate cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:662-72. [PMID: 27342773 PMCID: PMC5003784 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine (MT), the effective component of Sophora flavescens Ait, has been shown to have anti-inflammation, immune-suppressive, anti-tumor, and anti-hepatic fibrosis activities. However, the pharmacological effects of MT still need to be strengthened due to its relatively low efficacy and short half-life. In the present study, we report a more effective thio derivative of MT, MD-1, and its inhibitory effects on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in both cell culture and animal models. Cytological experiments showed that MD-1 can inhibit the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 62 μmol/L. In addition, MD-1 more strongly inhibits the migration of HSC-T6 cells compared to MT and can more effectively induce G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. Investigating the biological mechanisms underlying anti-hepatic fibrosis in the presence of MD-1, we found that MD-1 can bind the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the surface of HSC-T6 cells, which can further inhibit the phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream protein kinase B (Akt), resulting in decreased expression of cyclin D1 and eventual inhibition of the activation of HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, in rats with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis, MD-1 slowed the development and progression of hepatic fibrosis, protecting hepatic parenchymal cells and improving hepatic functions. Therefore, MD-1 is a potential drug for anti-hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ming-Yi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lun-Gen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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40
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Nepal S, Park PH. Modulation of Cell Death and Survival by Adipokines in the Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:961-5. [PMID: 26133703 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines, hormones predominantly produced from adipose tissue, have been shown to impart dynamic functions in the liver. Emerging evidence has shown that adipokines are also involved in modulating liver cell survival and/or death. Among the various adipokines, adiponectin and leptin directly regulate proliferation of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Moreover, these adipokines control apoptosis and cell cycle of hepatic cancer cells in a complex manner. Adiponectin possesses both pro- and anti-proliferative properties, whereas leptin appears to play roles as a pro-survival hormone. Recent studies have revealed that regulation of cell death and proliferation is one of the critical factors regulating liver physiology by adipokines. In this review, we summarize the effects of adipokines on apoptosis and survival of liver cells and also demonstrate their implications in regulating various liver functions and decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Huang B, Cheng X, Wang D, la Gahu Z, Xue Z, Da Y, Li D, Yao Z, Gao F, Xu A, Zhang R. Adiponectin-derived active peptide ADP355 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in thioacetamide-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19445. [PMID: 26777428 PMCID: PMC4725969 DOI: 10.1038/srep19445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived circulating protein with beneficial effects on injured livers. Adiponectin-deficient (adipo(−/−)) mice develop enhanced liver fibrosis, suggesting that adiponectin could be a therapeutic target for liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of ADP355, an adiponectin-based active short peptide, in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute injury and chronic liver fibrosis in mice. ADP355 remarkably reduced TAA-induced necroinflammation and liver fibrosis. ADP355 treatment increased liver glycogen, decreased serum alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity, and promoted body weight gain, hyper-proliferation and hypo-apoptosis. In addition, ADP355 administration suppressed the TAA-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells and macrophages in the liver. These were associated with the inactivation of TGF-β1/SMAD2 signaling and the promotion of AMPK and STAT3 signaling. Sensitivity of adipo(−/−) mice to chronic liver injury was decreased with ADP355. In conclusion, ADP355 could mimic adiponectin’s action and may be suitable for the preclinical or clinical therapy of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zha la Gahu
- Department of Cell Biology, Logistic College of CAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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Sympathetic Nervous System Control of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Liver through α-Adrenergic Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3190617. [PMID: 26798417 PMCID: PMC4699022 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3190617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being the primary organ involved in redox cycling, the liver is one of the most highly innervated tissues in mammals. The interaction between hepatocytes and sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peptidergic nerve fibers through a variety of neurotransmitters and signaling pathways is recognized as being important in the regulation of hepatocyte function, liver regeneration, and hepatic fibrosis. However, less is known regarding the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in modulating the hepatic response to oxidative stress. Our aim was to investigate the role of the SNS in healthy and oxidatively stressed liver parenchyma. Mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide were used to realize chemical sympathectomy. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection was used to induce oxidative liver injury. Sympathectomized animals were protected from CCl4 induced hepatic lipid peroxidation-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as assessed by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal levels, morphological features of cell damage, and DNA oxidative damage. Furthermore, sympathectomy modulated hepatic inflammatory response induced by CCl4-mediated lipid peroxidation. CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity were suppressed by administration of an α-adrenergic antagonist. We conclude that the SNS provides a permissive microenvironment for hepatic oxidative stress indicating the possibility that targeting the hepatic α-adrenergic signaling could be a viable strategy for improving outcomes in patients with acute hepatic injury.
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Adiponectin as an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory adipokine in the liver. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:243-252. [PMID: 26858914 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process resulting from excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the liver; uncontrolled progression of fibrosis can eventually lead to liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The fibrogenic process is complex and modulated by a number of both hepatic and extra-hepatic biological factors. Growing evidence indicates that adipokines, a group of cytokines produced by adipose tissue, impart dynamic functions in liver and are involved in modulation of hepatic fibrosis. In particular, two key adipokines, adiponectin and leptin, directly regulate many biological responses closely associated with development and progression of hepatic fibrosis. Leptin acts as a pro-fibrogenic cytokine, while adiponectin possesses anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin, acting via its cognate receptors, adiponectin receptors 1 and 2, potently suppresses fibrosis and inflammation in liver via multiple mechanisms. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of adiponectin in fibrogenic process in liver and addresses the underlying molecular mechanisms in modulation of fibrosis.
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Possible role of vitamin D3 on the adipocyte/fibroblast trans-differentiation mediated by pancreas cancer. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2015; 41:5-10. [PMID: 30151244 PMCID: PMC6057533 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.41.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In pancreatic tumors, white adipose tissue and metabolic disorders related to
adipocytes, are recently reviewed as important co-factors in pancreas pathology.
Cell differentiation in pancreatic cancer might involve therefore adipose tissue
and factors released by adipocytes should play a fundamental role both in cancer
onset and in its progression. Among these molecules, a great interest has been
devoted quite recently to the hormonal role exerted by vitamin D3 in pancreatic
cancer, particularly its active 1,25 dihydroxylated form. Despite the wide bulk
of evidence reporting the chemopreventive role of vitamin D, the mechanism by
which active vitamin D3 is able to counteract cancer progression and malignancy
is yet far to be elucidated.
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Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose significant risk for the progression of many types of chronic illness, including liver disease. Hormones released from adipocytes, adipocytokines, associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, have been shown to control hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the final common pathway that can result in cirrhosis, and can ultimately require liver transplantation. Initially, two key adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, appeared to control many fundamental aspects of the cell and molecular biology related to hepatic fibrosis and its resolution. Leptin appears to act as a profibrogenic molecule, while adiponectin has strong-antifibrotic properties. In this review, we emphasize pertinent data associated with these and other recently discovered adipocytokines that may drive or halt the fibrogenic response in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Saxena
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Howard Hall, Room 301, 660W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Frank A Anania
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, 615 Michael Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Identification of eQTLs for hepatic Xbp1s and Socs3 gene expression in mice fed a high-fat, high-caloric diet. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:487-96. [PMID: 25617409 PMCID: PMC4390565 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.016626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent form of human hepatic disease and feeding mice a high-fat, high-caloric (HFHC) diet is a standard model of NAFLD. To better understand the genetic basis of NAFLD, we conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of mice fed a HFHC diet. Two-hundred sixty-five (A/J × C57BL/6J) F2 male mice were fed a HFHC diet for 8 wk. eQTL analysis was utilized to identify genomic regions that regulate hepatic gene expression of Xbp1s and Socs3. We identified two overlapping loci for Xbp1s and Socs3 on Chr 1 (164.0–185.4 Mb and 174.4–190.5 Mb, respectively) and Chr 11 (41.1–73.1 Mb and 44.0–68.6 Mb, respectively), and an additional locus for Socs3 on Chr 12 (109.9–117.4 Mb). C57BL/6J-Chr 11A/J/ NaJ mice fed a HFHC diet manifested the A/J phenotype of increased Xbp1s and Socs3 gene expression (P < 0.05), whereas C57BL/6J-Chr 1A/J/ NaJ mice retained the C57BL/6J phenotype. In addition, we replicated the eQTLs on Chr 1 and Chr 12 (LOD scores ≥3.5) using mice from the BXD murine reference panel challenged with CCl4 to induce chronic liver injury and fibrosis. We have identified overlapping eQTLs for Xbp1 and Socs3 on Chr 1 and Chr 11, and consomic mice confirmed that replacing the C57BL/6J Chr 11 with the A/J Chr 11 resulted in an A/J phenotype for Xbp1 and Socs3 gene expression. Identification of the genes for these eQTLs will lead to a better understanding of the genetic factors responsible for NAFLD and potentially other hepatic diseases.
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in health and disease: facts and expectations at its twentieth anniversary. Metabolism 2015; 64:5-12. [PMID: 25467841 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston VA Healthcare system and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kang N, Shah VH, Urrutia R. Membrane-to-Nucleus Signals and Epigenetic Mechanisms for Myofibroblastic Activation and Desmoplastic Stroma: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Liver Metastasis? Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:604-12. [PMID: 25548101 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), are a key source of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that constitutes the desmoplastic stroma. Through remodeling of the reactive tumor stroma and paracrine actions, CAFs regulate cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, as well as tumor resistance to therapies. The CAFs found in stroma-rich primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and liver metastases of primary cancers of other organs predominantly originate from hepatic stellate cells (HSTC), which are pericytes associated with hepatic sinusoids. During tumor invasion, HSTCs transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to paracrine signals emanating from either tumor cells or a heterogeneous cell population within the hepatic tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, HSTC-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation, also known as, HSTC activation, requires cell surface receptor activation, intracellular signal transduction, gene transcription, and epigenetic signals, which combined ultimately modulate distinct gene expression profiles that give rise to and maintain a new phenotype. The current review defines a paradigm that explains how HSTCs are activated into CAFs to promote liver metastasis. Furthermore, a focus on the most relevant intracellular signaling networks and epigenetic mechanisms that control HSTC activation is provided. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of targeting CAF/activated HSTCs, in isolation or in conjunction with targeting cancer cells, which constitutes a promising and viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of primary stroma-rich liver cancers and liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningling Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
| | - Vijay H Shah
- GI Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raul Urrutia
- GI Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Kumar P, Smith T, Rahman K, Thorn NE, Anania FA. Adiponectin agonist ADP355 attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110405. [PMID: 25310107 PMCID: PMC4195748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a growing global health problem characterized by excess deposition of fibrillar collagen, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Adiponectin is known to possess anti-fibrotic properties; however a high physiological concentration and multiple forms circulating in blood prohibit clinical use. Recently, an adiponectin-like small synthetic peptide agonist (ADP355: H-DAsn-Ile-Pro-Nva-Leu-Tyr-DSer-Phe-Ala-DSer-NH2) was synthesized for the treatment of murine breast cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of ADP355 as an anti-fibrotic agent in the in vivo carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis model. Liver fibrosis was induced in eight-week old male C57BL/6J mice by CCl4-gavage every other day for four weeks before injection of a nanoparticle-conjugated with ADP355 (nano-ADP355). Control gold nanoparticles and nano-ADP355 were administered by intraperitoneal injection for two weeks along with CCl4-gavage. All mice were sacrificed after 6 weeks, and serum and liver tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathologic and molecular analyses. Biochemical studies suggested ADP355 treatment attenuates liver fibrosis, determined by reduction of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase ALT) and hydroxyproline. Histopathology revealed chronic CCl4-treatment results in significant fibrosis, while ADP355 treatment induced significantly reversed fibrosis. Key markers for fibrogenesis-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase I (TIMP1) were also markedly attenuated. Conversely, liver lysates from ADP355 treated mice increased phosphorylation of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and AMPK while AKT phosphorylation was diminished. These findings suggest ADP355 is a potent anti-fibrotic agent that can be an effective intervention against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tekla Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Khalidur Rahman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Natalie E. Thorn
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Anania
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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