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Xu S, Cao B, Xuan G, Xu S, An Z, Zhu C, Li L, Tang C. Function and regulation of Rab GTPases in cancers. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:28. [PMID: 38695990 PMCID: PMC11065922 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The Rab small GTPases are characterized by the distinct intracellular localization and modulate various endocytic, transcytic and exocytic transport pathways. Rab proteins function as scaffolds that connect signaling pathways and intracellular membrane trafficking processes through the recruitment of effectors, such as tethering factors, phosphatases, motors and kinases. In different cancers, Rabs play as either an onco-protein or a tumor suppressor role, highly dependending on the context. The molecular mechanistic research has revealed that Rab proteins are involved in cancer progression through influences on migration, invasion, metabolism, exosome secretion, autophagy, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, targeting Rab GTPases to recover the dysregulated vesicle transport systems may provide potential strategy to restrain cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the regulation of Rab protein level and activity in modulating pathways involved in tumor progression, and propose that Rab proteins may serve as a prognostic factor in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouying Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ge Xuan
- Department of Gynaecology, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, No.339 Liuting Road, Ningbo, 315012, China
| | - Shu Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Zihao An
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Chongying Zhu
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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2
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Cao GJ, Wang D, Zeng ZP, Wang GX, Hu CJ, Xing ZF. Direct interaction between Rab5a and Rab4a enhanced epidermal growth factor-stimulated proliferation of gastric cancer cells. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1492-1505. [PMID: 34721780 PMCID: PMC8529933 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Although targeted therapies such as antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 have been widely used in the treatment of metastatic cancer, the overall outcomes are poor. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanism underlying cancer progression is important to improve prognosis. Overexpression of the Rab5a gene has been confirmed to correlate with tumorigenesis of many cancers, but the mechanism underling, especially of GC, is still unclear.
AIM To investigate the effects of Rab5a overexpression on the tumorigenesis of GC.
METHODS First, the expression levels of Rab5a and Rab4a in primary tumorous tissues of GC patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. Then we constructed HGC-27 cell lines overexpressing green fluorescent protein-Rab5a or red fluorescent protein-Rab4a and investigated the interaction between Rab5a or Rab4a using Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and colocalization analysis. Finally, epidermal growth factor-stimulated proliferation of these cell lines was analyzed using cell counting kit-8 cell viability assay.
RESULTS Compared with normal gastric tissues, the expression levels of Rab5a and Rab4a increased progressively both in paracancerous tissues and in advanced cancerous tissues. Epidermal growth factor could promote the proliferation of HGC-27 cells, especially Rab5a-overexpressing HGC-27 cells. Notably, Rab5a and Rab4a co-overexpression promoted the proliferation of HGC-27 cells to the greatest extent. Further analysis identified a direct interaction between Rab5a and Rab4a in HGC-27 cells.
CONCLUSION Co-overexpression of Rab5a and Rab4a in GC may promote the endosomal recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor, which in turn contributes to poor prognosis and tumor progression in GC patients. Inhibition of Rab5a or Rab4a expression might be a promising therapy for refractory GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhao-Pei Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diniu (Shanghai) Health Technology Co., Shanghai 201703, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chun-Jiu Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Xing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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4
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Jin H, Tang Y, Yang L, Peng X, Li B, Fan Q, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Wu B, Huang M, Tang S, Liu J, Li H. Rab GTPases: Central Coordinators of Membrane Trafficking in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648384. [PMID: 34141705 PMCID: PMC8204108 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression involves invasion, migration, metabolism, autophagy, exosome secretion, and drug resistance. Cargos transported by membrane vesicle trafficking underlie all of these processes. Rab GTPases, which, through coordinated and dynamic intracellular membrane trafficking alongside cytoskeletal pathways, determine the maintenance of homeostasis and a series of cellular functions. The mechanism of vesicle movement regulated by Rab GTPases plays essential roles in cancers. Therefore, targeting Rab GTPases to adjust membrane trafficking has the potential to become a novel way to adjust cancer treatment. In this review, we describe the characteristics of Rab GTPases; in particular, we discuss the role of their activation in the regulation of membrane transport and provide examples of Rab GTPases regulating membrane transport in tumor progression. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications and the potential as a cancer therapeutic target of Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanxin Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Brito C, Barral DC, Pojo M. Subversion of Ras Small GTPases in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:575223. [PMID: 33072757 PMCID: PMC7538714 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.575223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence and mortality rate associated with the metastatic ability of cutaneous melanoma represent a major public health concern. Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most invasive human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Moreover, currently available therapies are not efficient in avoiding melanoma lethality. In this context, new biomarkers of prognosis, metastasis, and response to therapy are necessary to better predict the disease outcome. Additionally, the knowledge about the molecular alterations and dysregulated pathways involved in melanoma metastasis may provide new therapeutic targets. Members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases regulate various essential cellular activities, from signaling to membrane traffic and cytoskeleton dynamics. Therefore, it is not surprising that they are differentially expressed, and their functions subverted in several types of cancer, including melanoma. Indeed, Ras small GTPases were found to regulate melanoma progression and invasion. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulated by Ras small GTPases that are involved in melanoma tumorigenesis and progression may provide new therapeutic strategies to block these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of Ras small GTPases in melanoma aggressiveness and the molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we summarize the known involvement of these proteins in melanoma metastasis and how these players influence the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Génier S, Létourneau D, Gauthier E, Picard S, Boisvert M, Parent JL, Lavigne P. In-depth NMR characterization of Rab4a structure, nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis kinetics reveals an atypical GTPase profile. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107582. [PMID: 32707235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rab4a is a small GTPase associated with endocytic compartments and a key regulator of early endosomes recycling. Gathering evidence indicates that its expression and activation are required for the development of metastases. Rab4a-intrinsic GTPase properties that control its activity, i.e. nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis rates, have not yet been thoroughly studied. The determination of these properties is of the utmost importance to understand its functions and contributions to tumorigenesis. Here, we used the constitutively active (Rab4aQ67L) and dominant negative (Rab4aS22N) mutants to characterize the thermodynamical and structural determinants of the interaction between Rab4a and GTP (GTPγS) as well as GDP. We report the first 1H, 13C, 15N backbone NMR assignments of a Rab GTPase family member with Rab4a in complex with GDP and GTPγS. We also provide a qualitative description of the extent of structural and dynamical changes caused by the Q67L and S22N mutations. Using a real-time NMR approach and the two aforementioned mutants as controls, we evaluated Rab4a intrinsic nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis rates. Compared to most small GTPases such as Ras, a rapid GTP exchange rate along with slow hydrolysis rate were observed. This suggests that, in a cellular context, Rab4a can self-activate and persist in an activated state in absence of regulatory mechanisms. This peculiar profile is uncommon among the Ras superfamily members, making Rab4a an atypical fast-cycling GTPase and may explain, at least in part, how it contributes to metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Génier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Danny Létourneau
- Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Esther Gauthier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Picard
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marilou Boisvert
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Dar KB, Bhat AH, Amin S, Anjum S, Reshi BA, Zargar MA, Masood A, Ganie SA. Exploring Proteomic Drug Targets, Therapeutic Strategies and Protein - Protein Interactions in Cancer: Mechanistic View. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:430-448. [PMID: 30073927 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180803104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) drive major signalling cascades and play critical role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and trafficking. Deregulated PPIs are implicated in multiple malignancies and represent the critical targets for treating cancer. Herein, we discuss the key protein-protein interacting domains implicated in cancer notably PDZ, SH2, SH3, LIM, PTB, SAM and PH. These domains are present in numerous enzymes/kinases, growth factors, transcription factors, adaptor proteins, receptors and scaffolding proteins and thus represent essential sites for targeting cancer. This review explores the candidature of various proteins involved in cellular trafficking (small GTPases, molecular motors, matrix-degrading enzymes, integrin), transcription (p53, cMyc), signalling (membrane receptor proteins), angiogenesis (VEGFs) and apoptosis (BCL-2family), which could possibly serve as targets for developing effective anti-cancer regimen. Interactions between Ras/Raf; X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)/second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO); Frizzled (FRZ)/Dishevelled (DVL) protein; beta-catenin/T Cell Factor (TCF) have also been studied as prospective anticancer targets. Efficacy of diverse molecules/ drugs targeting such PPIs although evaluated in various animal models/cell lines, there is an essential need for human-based clinical trials. Therapeutic strategies like the use of biologicals, high throughput screening (HTS) and fragment-based technology could play an imperative role in designing cancer therapeutics. Moreover, bioinformatic/computational strategies based on genome sequence, protein sequence/structure and domain data could serve as competent tools for predicting PPIs. Exploring hot spots in proteomic networks represents another approach for developing targetspecific therapeutics. Overall, this review lays emphasis on a productive amalgamation of proteomics, genomics, biochemistry, and molecular dynamics for successful treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Anjum
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal Zargar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Binda C, Génier S, Degrandmaison J, Picard S, Fréchette L, Jean S, Marsault E, Parent JL. L-type prostaglandin D synthase regulates the trafficking of the PGD 2 DP1 receptor by interacting with the GTPase Rab4. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16865-16883. [PMID: 31575663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with Rab GTPases during their intracellular trafficking. How GPCRs recruit and activate the Rabs is unclear. Here, we report that depletion of endogenous L-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) in HeLa cells inhibited recycling of the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) DP1 receptor (DP1) to the cell surface after agonist-induced internalization and that L-PGDS overexpression had the opposite effect. Depletion of endogenous Rab4 prevented l-PGDS-mediated recycling of DP1, and l-PGDS depletion inhibited Rab4-dependent recycling of DP1, indicating that both proteins are mutually involved in this pathway. DP1 stimulation promoted its interaction through its intracellular C terminus with Rab4, which was increased by l-PGDS. Confocal microscopy revealed that DP1 activation induces l-PGDS/Rab4 co-localization. l-PGDS/Rab4 and DP1/Rab4 co-immunoprecipitation levels were increased by DP1 agonist treatment. Pulldown assays with purified GST-l-PGDS and His6-Rab4 indicated that both proteins interact directly. l-PGDS interacted preferentially with the inactive, GDP-locked Rab4S22N variant rather than with WT Rab4 or with constitutively active Rab4Q67L proteins. Overexpression and depletion experiments disclosed that l-PGDS partakes in Rab4 activation following DP1 stimulation. Experiments with deletion mutants and synthetic peptides revealed that amino acids 85-92 in l-PGDS are involved in its interaction with Rab4 and in its effect on DP1 recycling. Of note, GTPγS loading and time-resolved FRET assays with purified proteins suggested that l-PGDS enhances GDP-GTP exchange on Rab4. Our results reveal how l-PGDS, which produces the agonist for DP1, regulates DP1 recycling by participating in Rab4 recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Binda
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samuel Génier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jade Degrandmaison
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samuel Picard
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Louis Fréchette
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Steve Jean
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada .,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2018. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/215412481397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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11
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Zheng L, Conner SD. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition enhances Notch1 recycling. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:389-395. [PMID: 29237816 PMCID: PMC6014177 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is essential throughout development and remains active into adulthood, where it performs a critical role in tissue homeostasis. The fact that defects in signaling can lead to malignancy illustrates the need to control Notch activity tightly. GSK3β is an established regulator of the Notch signaling pathway, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Given the emerging role for GSK3β in receptor trafficking, we tested the idea that GSK3β controls signaling by regulating Notch transport. Consistent with published reports, we find that GSK3β inhibition enhances Notch1 signaling activity. Immunolocalization analysis reveals that Notch1 localization within a tubulovesicular compartment is altered when GSK3β activity is disrupted. We also find that receptor cell surface levels increase following acute GSK3β inhibition. This is followed by elevated Notch intra-cellular domain (NICD) production and a corresponding increase in signaling activity. Moreover, Notch transport assays reveal that receptor recycling rates increase when GSK3β activity is inhibited. Collectively, results presented here support a model where GSK3β regulates signaling by controlling postendocytic transport of Notch1. Given that GSK3β activity is suppressed following stimulation by multiple signal transduction pathways, our findings also suggest that cells can modulate Notch1 activity in response to extracellular signals by mobilizing Notch1 from endosomal stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sean D Conner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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12
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2017; 9:158-181. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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13
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Qin X, Wang J, Wang X, Liu F, Jiang B, Zhang Y. Targeting Rabs as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1139-1147. [PMID: 28390930 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases constitute the largest family of small GTPases. Rabs regulate not only membrane trafficking but also cell signaling, growth and survival, and development. Increasingly, Rabs and their effectors are shown to be overexpressed or subject to loss-of-function mutations in a variety of disease settings, including cancer progression. This review provides an overview of dysregulated Rab proteins in cancer, and highlights the signaling and secretory pathways in which they operate, with the aim of identifying potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Recent progress and perspectives for direct and/or indirect targeting of Rabs are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qin
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Jiongyi Wang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
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14
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Sudhan DR, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L targeting in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:105-16. [PMID: 26299995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes may serve as promising targets for novel therapeutic treatment strategies seeking to impede cancer progression and metastasis. One such enzyme is cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosomal cysteine protease. CTSL upregulation, a common occurrence in a variety of human cancers, has been widely correlated with metastatic aggressiveness and poor patient prognosis. In addition, CTSL has been implicated to contribute to cancer-associated osteolysis, a debilitating morbidity affecting both life expectancy and the quality of life. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which CTSL contributes to tumor progression and dissemination and discuss the therapeutic utility of CTSL intervention strategies aimed at impeding metastatic progression and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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15
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Porther N, Barbieri MA. The role of endocytic Rab GTPases in regulation of growth factor signaling and the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Small GTPases 2015; 6:135-44. [PMID: 26317377 PMCID: PMC4601184 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is characterized pathologically by uncontrolled cell invasion, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. It is a multistep process that encompasses the modulation of membrane permeability and invasion, cell spreading, cell migration and proliferation of the extracellular matrix, increase in cell adhesion molecules and interaction, decrease in cell attachment and induced survival signals and propagation of nutrient supplies (blood vessels). In cancer, a solid tumor cannot expand and spread without a series of synchronized events. Changes in cell adhesion receptor molecules (e.g., integrins, cadherin-catenins) and protease expressions have been linked to tumor invasion and metastasis. It has also been determined that ligand-growth factor receptor interactions have been associated with cancer development and metastasis via the endocytic pathway. Specifically, growth factors, which include IGF-1 and IGF-2 therapy, have been associated with most if not all of the features of metastasis. In this review, we will revisit some of the key findings on perhaps one of the most important hallmarks of cancer metastasis: cell migration and cell invasion and the role of the endocytic pathway in mediating this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Porther
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
| | - MA Barbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Coral Gables, FL USA
- International Center of Tropical Botany; Florida International University; Miami, FL USA
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16
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Activity levels of cathepsins B and L in tumor cells are a biomarker for efficacy of reovirus-mediated tumor cell killing. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:188-97. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Ming Z, Guo C, Jiang M, Li W, Zhang Y, Fan N, Zhong Y, Meng X, Yang S. Bioinformatics analysis of Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta and its expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:201. [PMID: 25367783 PMCID: PMC4223158 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has been considered as one of the most important causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. To predict lung cancer, researchers identified several molecular markers. However, many underlying markers of lung cancer remain unclear. One of these markers is Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (GDIβ), which is related to tumorigenicity, development and invasion. This study was designed to analyze the biological characteristics of Rab GDIβ and to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of Rab GDIβ in lung cancer cells; this study also aimed to investigate the functions of this protein in lung cancer. METHOD Using online software from the websites of NCBI, ProtParam and so on, we analyzed the biological characteristics of Rab GDIβ. RT-PCR was performed to detect gene expressions in A549 and 16HBE cell lines and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was conducted to detect Rab GDIβ protein expression in 57 cases of human lung cancer tissues and 19 cases of normal lung tissues. The association of protein expression with patient clinical and pathological characteristics was assessed in each dataset. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis on Rab GDIβ: The mRNA of human Rab GDIβ contains two transcript variants; the common structural elements of the two proteins are mainly α-helix, random coil, β-turn and extended strand. Three and four transmembrane domains could be found in the entire polypeptide chain of protein variants 1 and 2, respectively; both transcript variants are hydrophilic and soluble proteins. The RT-PCR result: The mRNA expression of Rab GDIβ was down-regulation in A549 cells compared with that in 16HBE cells. The IHC result: The protein expression of Rab GDIβ in lung cancer cells was significantly lower than that in normal lung tissues (P <0.05) but was not correlated with patients' age, gender, tumor size, pathological type, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and TNM stage. CONCLUSION The expression of Rab GDIβ was low in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Hence, Rab GDIβ may be a tumor suppressor and could function as an indicator of tumorigenesis in NSCLC; nevertheless, this result should be further studied. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjuan Ming
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Chunli Guo
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, 727000 China
| | - Meihua Jiang
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Wei Li
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Na Fan
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Xia Meng
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Shuanying Yang
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
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18
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Tholen S, Biniossek ML, Gansz M, Ahrens TD, Schlimpert M, Kizhakkedathu JN, Reinheckel T, Schilling O. Double deficiency of cathepsins B and L results in massive secretome alterations and suggests a degradative cathepsin-MMP axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:899-916. [PMID: 23811845 PMCID: PMC11113308 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endolysosomal cysteine cathepsins functionally cooperate. Cathepsin B (Ctsb) and L (Ctsl) double-knockout mice die 4 weeks after birth accompanied by (autophago-) lysosomal accumulations within neurons. Such accumulations are also observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient for Ctsb and Ctsl. Previous studies showed a strong impact of Ctsl on the MEF secretome. Here we show that Ctsb alone has only a mild influence on extracellular proteome composition. Protease cleavage sites dependent on Ctsb were identified by terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), revealing a prominent yet mostly indirect impact on the extracellular proteolytic cleavages. To investigate the cooperation of Ctsb and Ctsl, we performed a quantitative secretome comparison of wild-type MEFs and Ctsb (-/-) Ctsl (-/-) MEFs. Deletion of both cathepsins led to drastic alterations in secretome composition, highlighting cooperative functionality. While many protein levels were decreased, immunodetection corroborated increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Re-expression of Ctsl rescues MMP-2 abundance. Ctsl and to a much lesser extent Ctsb are able to degrade MMP-2 at acidic and neutral pH. Addition of active MMP-2 to the MEF secretome degrades proteins whose levels were also decreased by Ctsb and Ctsl double deficiency. These results suggest a degradative Ctsl-MMP-2 axis, resulting in increased MMP-2 levels upon cathepsin deficiency with subsequent degradation of secreted proteins such as collagen α-1 (I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tholen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Gansz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa D. Ahrens
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Goldenring JR. A central role for vesicle trafficking in epithelial neoplasia: intracellular highways to carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:813-20. [PMID: 24108097 PMCID: PMC4011841 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell carcinogenesis involves the loss of cell polarity, alteration of polarized protein presentation, dynamic cell morphology changes, increased proliferation, and increased cell motility and invasion. Membrane vesicle trafficking underlies all of these processes. Specific membrane trafficking regulators, including RAB small GTPases, through the coordinated dynamics of intracellular trafficking along cytoskeletal pathways, determine the cell surface presentation of proteins and the overall function of both differentiated and neoplastic cells. Although mutations in vesicle trafficking proteins may not be direct drivers of transformation, components of the machinery of vesicle movement have crucial roles in the phenotypes of neoplastic cells. Therefore, the regulators of membrane vesicle trafficking decisions are essential mediators of the full range of cell physiologies that drive cancer cell biology, including initial loss of cell polarity, invasion and metastasis. Targeting of these fundamental intracellular processes may permit the manipulation of cancer cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goldenring
- Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA; and the Nashville Veternas Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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20
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Gashenko EA, Lebedeva VA, Brak IV, Tsykalenko EA, Vinokurova GV, Korolenko TA. Evaluation of serum procathepsin B, cystatin B and cystatin C as possible biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013; 72:21215. [PMID: 23986888 PMCID: PMC3754495 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate procathepsin B, as well as endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases (cystatin B and cystatin C) in biological fluids as possible biomarkers of ovarian cancer. To observe levels of serum procathepsin B in different age groups. Study design The sample (N=27) of women with gynaecological tumours included 18 patients with ovarian cancer (n=18) and 9 patients with benign ovarian tumours (n=9); 72 healthy women were in the control group. All patients were treated in Novosibirsk Regional Oncological Center, Russia. Serum samples of healthy women (n=40) aged 18–70 years were used as controls for common biomarker of ovarian cancer CA-125. In the Procathepsin B study, serum samples of healthy women (n=32) aged 18–40 years (n=14), 41–55 years (n=10) and 56–80 (n=8) years were used as controls. Methods Common biomarker of ovarian cancer, CA-125, was assayed by using a commercial kit (Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia). Procathepsin B was measured by means of a commercial kit for human procathepsin B (R&D, USA); cystatin C was measured by commercial ELISA kits for human (BioVendor, Czechia); cystatin B was measured by ELISA kits for human (USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA (Statistica 10 Program). Results In the control group, serum procathepsin B concentration did not reveal age dependency. In the ovarian cancer group, both levels of serum procathepsin B and standard biomarker CA-125 increased significantly (both p<0.001) compared with the control group. In the benign ovarian tumour group, serum procathepsin B (p<0.001) and CA-125 (p=0.004) increased about 2.5- and 8-fold compared to the control group. Serum cystatin B level increased up to 1.7-fold in the ovarian cancer group compared to the control group. The increase of serum CA-125 was about 3.5-fold higher (p=0.017) and procathepsin B was 1.8-fold higher (p<0.05) in the ovarian cancer group compared to the benign tumour group. Cystatin B in ascites fluid increased equally in both ovarian cancer (p<0.001) and benign ovarian tumours group (p<0.05). Cystatin C concentration in ascites fluid increased only in patients with ovarian cancer (p<0.05) and did not change in the benign tumours group. Large increases of procathepsin B level (about 13-fold, p<0.001) and to a lesser degree of cystatin C (1.8-fold, p<0.05) and cystatin B levels (1.4 fold, p<0.001) were revealed in ascites fluids of patients with ovarian cancer compared to the control serum. The significant difference in serum procathepsin B levels was noted between the ovarian cancer and benign tumour groups (p<0.05), which could be used in differential diagnostics between malignant and benign gynaecological tumours. Conclusion Serum procathepsin B demonstrated significant promise as a new biomarker of ovarian cancer.
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Abstract
Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular trafficking and, in recent years, their role in the control of different aspects of tumour progression has emerged. In the present review, we show that Rab GTPases are disregulated in many cancers and have central roles in tumour cell migration, invasion, proliferation, communication with stromal cells and the development of drug resistance. As a consequence, Rab proteins may be novel potential candidates for the development of anticancer drugs and, in this context, the preliminary results obtained with an inhibitor of Rab function are also discussed.
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Wiesner C, El Azzouzi K, Linder S. A specific subset of RabGTPases controls cell surface exposure of MT1-MMP, extracellular matrix degradation and three-dimensional invasion of macrophages. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2820-33. [PMID: 23606746 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP has a major impact on invasive cell migration in both physiological and pathological settings such as immune cell extravasation or metastasis of cancer cells. Surface-associated MT1-MMP is able to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, which is a prerequisite for proteolytic invasive migration. However, current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that regulate MT1-MMP trafficking to and from the cell surface is limited. We have identified three members of the RabGTPase family, Rab5a, Rab8a and Rab14, as crucial regulators of MT1-MMP trafficking and function in primary human macrophages. Both overexpressed and endogenous forms show prominent colocalisation with MT1-MMP-positive vesicles, whereas expression of mutant constructs, as well as siRNA-induced knockdown, reveal that these RabGTPases are crucial in the regulation of MT1-MMP surface exposure, contact of MT1-MMP-positive vesicles with podosomes, extracellular matrix degradation in two and three dimensions, as well as three-dimensional proteolytic invasion of macrophages. Collectively, our results identify Rab5a, Rab8a and Rab14 as major regulators of MT1-MMP trafficking and invasive migration of primary human macrophages, which could be promising potential targets for manipulation of immune cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wiesner
- Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Is there a future for prenyltransferase inhibitors in cancer therapy? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:704-9. [PMID: 22817869 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been over 20 years since it was first recognized that the function of both normal and oncogenic Ras is dependent on the post-translational modification termed farnesylation. Since that time, intense effort has been expended on the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors as novel anticancer agents. Over 70 clinical trials have now been conducted, with limited efficacy demonstrated. Here we provide an update of the most recently published clinical trials, discuss the use of the RASGRP1/APTX two-gene expression screen to select patients with acute myeloid leukemia for therapy, and report on the latest discoveries related to the targets of prenyltransferase inhibitors.
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Tholen S, Biniossek ML, Geßler AL, Müller S, Weißer J, Kizhakkedathu JN, Reinheckel T, Schilling O. Contribution of cathepsin L to secretome composition and cleavage pattern of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Biol Chem 2011; 392:961-71. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The endolysosomal cysteine endoprotease cathepsin L is secreted from cells in a variety of pathological conditions such as cancer and arthritis. We compared the secretome composition and extracellular proteolytic cleavage events in cell supernatants of cathepsin L-deficient and wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Quantitative proteomic comparison of cell conditioned media indicated that cathepsin L deficiency affects, albeit in a limited manner, the abundances of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, signaling proteins, and further proteases as well as endogenous protease inhibitors. Immunodetection corroborated that cathepsin L deficiency results in decreased abundance of the ECM protein periostin and elevated abundance of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2. While mRNA levels of MMP-2 were not affected by cathepsin L ablation, periostin mRNA levels were reduced, potentially indicating a downstream effect. To characterize cathepsin L contribution to extracellular proteolysis, we performed terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), an N-terminomic technique for the identification and quantification of native and proteolytically generated protein N-termini. TAILS identified >1500 protein N-termini. Cathepsin L deficiency predominantly reduced the magnitude of collagenous cleavage sites C-terminal to a proline residue. This contradicts cathepsin L active site specificity and indicates altered activity of further proteases as a result of cathepsin L ablation.
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