1
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Wright GSA. Bacterial evolutionary precursors of eukaryotic copper-zinc superoxide dismutases. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3789-3803. [PMID: 34021750 PMCID: PMC8382915 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of a bacteria by an archaeal cell expedited eukaryotic evolution. An important feature of the species that diversified into the great variety of eukaryotic life visible today was the ability to combat oxidative stress with a copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) enzyme activated by a specific, high-affinity copper chaperone. Adoption of a single protein interface that facilitates homodimerization and heterodimerization was essential; however, its evolution has been difficult to rationalize given the structural differences between bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. In contrast, no consistent strategy for the maturation of periplasmic bacterial CuZnSODs has emerged. Here, 34 CuZnSODs are described that closely resemble the eukaryotic form but originate predominantly from aquatic bacteria. Crystal structures of a Bacteroidetes bacterium CuZnSOD portray both prokaryotic and eukaryotic characteristics and propose a mechanism for self-catalyzed disulfide maturation. Unification of a bacterial but eukaryotic-like CuZnSOD along with a ferredoxin-fold MXCXXC copper-binding domain within a single polypeptide created the advanced copper delivery system for CuZnSODs exemplified by the human copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase-1. The development of this system facilitated evolution of large and compartmentalized cells following endosymbiotic eukaryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S A Wright
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Koo BK, Munroe W, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Whitelegge JP. A Novel SOD1 Intermediate Oligomer, Role of Free Thiols and Disulfide Exchange. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:619279. [PMID: 33679289 PMCID: PMC7930385 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.619279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type human SOD1 forms a highly conserved intra-molecular disulfide bond between C57-C146, and in its native state is greatly stabilized by binding one copper and one zinc atom per monomer rendering the protein dimeric. Loss of copper extinguishes dismutase activity and destabilizes the protein, increasing accessibility of the disulfide with monomerization accompanying disulfide reduction. A further pair of free thiols exist at C6 and C111 distant from metal binding sites, raising the question of their function. Here we investigate their role in misfolding of SOD1 along a pathway that leads to formation of amyloid fibrils. We present the seeding reaction of a mutant SOD1 lacking free sulfhydryl groups (AS-SOD1) to exclude variables caused by these free cysteines. Completely reduced fibril seeds decreasing the kinetic barrier to cleave the highly conserved intramolecular disulfide bond, and accelerating SOD1 reduction and initiation of fibrillation. Presence or absence of the pair of free thiols affects kinetics of fibrillation. Previously, we showed full maturation with both Cu and Zn prevents this behavior while lack of Cu renders sensitivity to fibrillation, with presence of the native disulfide bond modulating this propensity much more strongly than presence of Zn or dimerization. Here we further investigate the role of reduction of the native C57-C146 disulfide bond in fibrillation of wild-type hSOD1, firstly through removal of free thiols by paired mutations C6A, C111S (AS-SOD1), and secondly in seeded fibrillation reactions modulated by reductant tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP). Fibrillation of AS-SOD1 was dependent upon disulfide reduction and showed classic lag and exponential growth phases compared with wild-type hSOD1 whose fibrillation trajectories were typically somewhat perturbed. Electron microscopy showed that AS-SOD1 formed classic fibrils while wild-type fibrillation reactions showed the presence of smaller “sausage-like” oligomers in addition to fibrils, highlighting the potential for mixed disulfides involving C6/C111 to disrupt efficient fibrillation. Seeding by addition of sonicated fibrils lowered the TCEP concentration needed for fibrillation in both wild-type and AS-SOD1 providing evidence for template-driven structural disturbance that elevated susceptibility to reduction and thus propensity to fibrillate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Kyung Koo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William Munroe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edith B Gralla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joan Selverstone Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Maghool S, Fontaine SL, Roberts BR, Kwan AH, Maher MJ. Human glutaredoxin-1 can transfer copper to isolated metal binding domains of the P 1B-type ATPase, ATP7B. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4157. [PMID: 32139726 PMCID: PMC7057996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular copper (Cu) in eukaryotic organisms is regulated by homeostatic systems, which rely on the activities of soluble metallochaperones that participate in Cu exchange through highly tuned protein-protein interactions. Recently, the human enzyme glutaredoxin-1 (hGrx1) has been shown to possess Cu metallochaperone activity. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether hGrx1 can act in Cu delivery to the metal binding domains (MBDs) of the P1B-type ATPase ATP7B and to determine the thermodynamic factors that underpin this activity. hGrx1 can transfer Cu to the metallochaperone Atox1 and to the MBDs 5-6 of ATP7B (WLN5-6). This exchange is irreversible. In a mixture of the three proteins, Cu is delivered to the WLN5-6 preferentially, despite the presence of Atox1. This preferential Cu exchange appears to be driven by both the thermodynamics of the interactions between the proteins pairs and of the proteins with Cu(I). Crucially, protein-protein interactions between hGrx1, Atox1 and WLN5-6 were detected by NMR spectroscopy both in the presence and absence of Cu at a common interface. This study augments the possible activities of hGrx1 in intracellular Cu homeostasis and suggests a potential redundancy in this system, where hGrx1 has the potential to act under cellular conditions where the activity of Atox1 in Cu regulation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Maghool
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ann H Kwan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Megan J Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Chemistry and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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4
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Tiwari MK, Hägglund PM, Møller IM, Davies MJ, Bjerrum MJ. Copper ion / H 2O 2 oxidation of Cu/Zn-Superoxide dismutase: Implications for enzymatic activity and antioxidant action. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101262. [PMID: 31284117 PMCID: PMC6614508 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper ion-catalyzed oxidation of yeast SOD1 (ySOD1) was examined to determine early oxidative modifications, including oxidation of a crucial disulfide bond, and the structural and functional repercussions of these events. The study used distinct oxidative conditions: Cu2+/H2O2, Cu2+/H2O2/AscH− and Cu2+/H2O2/glucose. Capillary electrophoresis experiments and quantification of protein carbonyls indicate that ySOD1 is highly susceptible to oxidative modification and that changes can be detected within 0.1 min of the initiation of the reaction. Oxidation-induced structural perturbations, characterized by circular dichroism, revealed the formation of partially-unfolded ySOD1 species in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these structural changes, pyrogallol assay indicates a partial loss of enzymatic activity. ESI-MS analyses showed seven distinct oxidized ySOD1 species under mild oxidation within 0.1 min. LC/MS analysis after proteolytic digestion demonstrated that the copper-coordinating active site histidine residues, His47 and His49, were converted into 2-oxo-histidine. Furthermore, the Cu and Zn bridging residue, His64 is converted into aspartate/asparagine. Importantly, the disulfide-bond Cys58-Cys147 which is critical for the structural and functional integrity of ySOD1 was detected as being oxidized at Cys147. We propose, based on LC/MS analyses, that disulfide-bond oxidation occurs without disulfide bond cleavage. Modifications were also detected at Met85 and five surface-exposed Lys residues. Based on these data we propose that the Cys58-Cys147 bond may act as a sacrificial target for oxidants and protect ySOD1 from oxidative inactivation arising from exposure to Cu2+/H2O2 and auto-inactivation during extended enzymatic turnover. Oxidation of yeast superoxide dismutase (ySOD1) by Cu2+/H2O2 is examined. Rapid modification of His, Met, Cys and Lys residues detected by LC-MS methods. Oxidation of active site His residues and partial protein unfolding are early events. The Cys58-Cys147 disulfide bond is oxidized and may act as a sacrificial target. Excess exogenous Cu2+ decreases protein damage and can reverse loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per M Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Xiao Z, La Fontaine S, Bush AI, Wedd AG. Molecular Mechanisms of Glutaredoxin Enzymes: Versatile Hubs for Thiol-Disulfide Exchange between Protein Thiols and Glutathione. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:158-177. [PMID: 30552876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG) constitute a key redox couple in cells. In particular, they partner protein thiols in reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions that act as switches in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. Disruption of these processes may impair cellular redox signal transduction and induce redox misbalances that are linked directly to aging processes and to a range of pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Glutaredoxins are a class of GSH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes that specifically catalyze reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions between protein thiols and the abundant thiol pool GSSG/GSH. They protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation, regulate their activities under a variety of cellular conditions and are key players in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. On the other hand, they may also function as metal-binding proteins with a possible role in the cellular homeostasis and metabolism of essential metals copper and iron. However, the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms of glutaredoxin action remain elusive in many situations. This review focuses specifically on these aspects in the context of recent developments that illuminate some of these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiao
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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6
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Maiti BK, Maia LB, Moro AJ, Lima JC, Cordas CM, Moura I, Moura JJG. Unusual Reduction Mechanism of Copper in Cysteine-Rich Environment. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8078-8088. [PMID: 29956539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper-cysteine interactions play an important role in Biology and herein we used the copper-substituted rubredoxin (Cu-Rd) from Desulfovibrio gigas to gain further insights into the copper-cysteine redox chemistry. EPR spectroscopy results are consistent with Cu-Rd harboring a CuII center in a sulfur-rich coordination, in a distorted tetrahedral structure ( g∥,⊥ = 2.183 and 2.032 and A∥,⊥ = 76.4 × 10-4 and 12 × 10-4 cm-1). In Cu-Rd, two oxidation states at Cu-center (CuII and CuI) are associated with Cys oxidation-reduction, alternating in the redox cycle, as pointed by electrochemical studies that suggest internal geometry rearrangements associated with the electron transfer processes. The midpoint potential of [CuI(S-Cys)2(Cys-S-S-Cys)]/[CuII(S-Cys)4] redox couple was found to be -0.15 V vs NHE showing a large separation of cathodic and anodic peaks potential (Δ Ep = 0.575 V). Interestingly, sulfur-rich CuII-Rd is highly stable under argon in dark conditions, which is thermodynamically unfavorable to Cu-thiol autoreduction. The reduction of copper and concomitant oxidation of Cys can both undergo two possible pathways: oxidative as well as photochemical. Under O2, CuII plays the role of the electron carrier from one Cys to O2 followed by internal geometry rearrangement at the Cu site, which facilitates reduction at Cu-center to yield CuI(S-Cys)2(Cys-S-S-Cys). Photoinduced (irradiated at λex = 280 nm) reduction of the CuII center is observed by UV-visible photolysis (above 300 nm all bands disappeared) and tryptophan fluorescence (∼335 nm peak enhanced) experiments. In both pathways, geometry reorganization plays an important role in copper reduction yielding an energetically compatible donor-acceptor system. This model system provides unusual stability and redox chemistry rather than the universal Cu-thiol auto redox chemistry in cysteine-rich copper complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Maiti
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Artur J Moro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - João C Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Cristina M Cordas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
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7
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Copper accumulation in senescent cells: Interplay between copper transporters and impaired autophagy. Redox Biol 2018; 16:322-331. [PMID: 29579719 PMCID: PMC5953000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible growth arrest incurred through either replicative exhaustion or by pro-oncogenic cellular stressors (radioactivity, oxidative stress, oncogenic activation). The enrichment of senescent cells in tissues with age has been associated with tissue dyshomeostasis and age-related pathologies including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) and metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes). We identified copper accumulation as being a universal feature of senescent cells [mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), human prostate epithelial cells and human diploid fibroblasts] in vitro. Elevated copper in senescent MEFs was accompanied by elevated levels of high-affinity copper uptake protein 1 (Ctr1), diminished levels of copper-transporting ATPase 1 (Atp7a) (copper export) and enhanced antioxidant defence reflected by elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1). The levels of intracellular copper were further increased in senescent MEFs cultured in copper supplemented medium and in senescent Mottled Brindled (Mobr) MEFs lacking functional Atp7a. Finally, we demonstrated that the restoration/preservation of autophagic-lysosomal degradation in senescent MEFs following rapamycin treatment correlated with attenuation of copper accumulation in these cells despite a further decrease in Atp7a levels. This study for the first time establishes a link between Atp7a and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, and a requirement for both to effect efficient copper export. Such a connection between cellular autophagy and copper homeostasis is significant, as both have emerged as important facets of age-associated degenerative disease. Copper accumulation is a feature of cellular senescence. Elevated copper in senescent cells is associated with impaired autophagic-lysosomal function. Restoration/preservation of lysosomal function attenuates copper accumulation. Both Atp7a and autophagic-lysosomal function are required for copper export.
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8
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Ukuwela AA, Bush AI, Wedd AG, Xiao Z. Glutaredoxins employ parallel monothiol-dithiol mechanisms to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchanges with protein disulfides. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1173-1183. [PMID: 29675162 PMCID: PMC5885593 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins were demonstrated to be a family of versatile enzymes capable of catalyzing thiol–disulfide exchange involving GSSG/GSH via different catalytic routes either alone or in parallel.
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a family of glutathione (GSH)-dependent thiol–disulfide oxidoreductases. They feature GSH-binding sites that directly connect the reversible redox chemistry of protein thiols to the abundant cellular nonprotein thiol pool GSSG/GSH. This work studied the pathways for oxidation of protein dithiols P(SH)2 and reduction of protein disulfides P(SS) catalyzed by Homo sapiens HsGrx1 and Escherichia coli EcGrx1. The metal-binding domain HMA4n(SH)2 was chosen as substrate as it contains a solvent-exposed CysCys motif. Quenching of the reactions with excess iodoacetamide followed by protein speciation analysis via ESI-MS allowed interception and characterization of both substrate and enzyme intermediates. The enzymes shuttle between three catalytically-competent forms (Grx(SH)(S–), Grx(SH)(SSG) and Grx(SS)) and employ conserved parallel monothiol and dithiol mechanisms. Experiments with dithiol and monothiol versions of both Grx enzymes demonstrate which monothiol (plus GSSG or GSH) or dithiol pathways dominate a specific oxidation or reduction reaction. Grxs are shown to be a class of versatile enzymes with diverse catalytic functions that are driven by specific interactions with GSSG/GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwinie A Ukuwela
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
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9
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Reduction potentials of protein disulfides and catalysis of glutathionylation and deglutathionylation by glutaredoxin enzymes. Biochem J 2017; 474:3799-3815. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a class of GSH (glutathione)-dependent thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase enzymes. They use the cellular redox buffer GSSG (glutathione disulfide)/GSH directly to catalyze these exchange reactions. Grxs feature dithiol active sites and can shuttle rapidly between three oxidation states, namely dithiol Grx(SH)2, mixed disulfide Grx(SH)(SSG) and oxidized disulfide Grx(SS). Each is characterized by a distinct standard reduction potential . The values for the redox couple Grx(SS)/Grx(SH)2 are available, but a recent estimate differs by over 100 mV from the literature values. No estimates are available for for the mixed disulfide couple Grx(SH)(SSG)/(Grx(SH)2 + GSH). This work determined both and for two representative Grx enzymes, Homo sapiens HsGrx1 and Escherichia coli EcGrx1. The empirical approaches were verified rigorously to overcome the sensitivity of these redox-labile enzymes to experimental conditions. The classic method of acid ‘quenching’ was demonstrated to shift the thiol–disulfide redox equilibria. Both enzymes exhibit an (vs. SHE) at a pH of 7.0. Their values (−213 and −230 mV for EcGrx1 and HsGrx1, respectively) are slightly less negative than that () of the redox buffer GSSG/2GSH. Both and vary with log [GSH], but the former more sensitively by a factor of 2. This confers dual catalytic functions to a Grx enzyme as either an oxidase at low [GSH] or as a reductase at high [GSH]. Consequently, these enzymes can participate efficiently in either glutathionylation or deglutathionylation. The catalysis is demonstrated to proceed via a monothiol ping-pong mechanism relying on a single Cys residue only in the dithiol active site.
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10
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Lou M, Liu Q, Ren G, Zeng J, Xiang X, Ding Y, Lin Q, Zhong T, Liu X, Zhu L, Qi H, Shen J, Li H, Shao J. Physical interaction between human ribonucleotide reductase large subunit and thioredoxin increases colorectal cancer malignancy. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9136-9149. [PMID: 28411237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis, catalyzing the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. During each enzymatic turnover, reduction of the active site disulfide in the catalytic large subunit is performed by a pair of shuttle cysteine residues in its C-terminal tail. Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) are ubiquitous redox proteins, catalyzing thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Here, immunohistochemical examination of clinical colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens revealed that human thioredoxin1 (hTrx1), but not human glutaredoxin1 (hGrx1), was up-regulated along with human RR large subunit (RRM1) in cancer tissues, and the expression levels of both proteins were correlated with cancer malignancy stage. Ectopically expressed hTrx1 significantly increased RR activity, DNA synthesis, and cell proliferation and migration. Importantly, inhibition of both hTrx1 and RRM1 produced a synergistic anticancer effect in CRC cells and xenograft mice. Furthermore, hTrx1 rather than hGrx1 was the efficient reductase for RRM1 regeneration. We also observed a direct protein-protein interaction between RRM1 and hTrx1 in CRC cells. Interestingly, besides the known two conserved cysteines, a third cysteine (Cys779) in the RRM1 C terminus was essential for RRM1 regeneration and binding to hTrx1, whereas both Cys32 and Cys35 in hTrx1 played a counterpart role. Our findings suggest that the up-regulated RRM1 and hTrx1 in CRC directly interact with each other and promote RR activity, resulting in enhanced DNA synthesis and cancer malignancy. We propose that the RRM1-hTrx1 interaction might be a novel potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lou
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Liu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | - Xueping Xiang
- the Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China, and
| | | | - Qinghui Lin
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingting Zhong
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Liu
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Shen
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jimin Shao
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China,
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11
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Hatori Y, Inouye S, Akagi R. Thiol-based copper handling by the copper chaperone Atox1. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:246-254. [PMID: 28294521 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) plays a crucial role in cellular copper homeostasis. Atox1 captures cytosolic copper for subsequent transfer to copper pumps in trans Golgi network, thereby facilitating copper supply to various copper-dependent oxidereductases matured within the secretory vesicles. Atox1 and other copper chaperones handle cytosolic copper using Cys thiols which are ideal ligands for coordinating Cu(I). Recent studies demonstrated reversible oxidation of these Cys residues in copper chaperones, linking cellular redox state to copper homeostasis. Highlighted in this review are unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones. Also, summarized are the redox nodes in the cytosol which potentially play dominant roles in the redox regulation of copper chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):246-254, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hatori
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sachiye Inouye
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reiko Akagi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Scian M, Guttman M, Bouldin SD, Outten CE, Atkins WM. The Myeloablative Drug Busulfan Converts Cysteine to Dehydroalanine and Lanthionine in Redoxins. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4720-30. [PMID: 27490699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The myeloablative agent busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate) is an old drug that is used routinely to eliminate cancerous bone marrow prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The myeloablative activity and systemic toxicity of busulfan have been ascribed to its ability to cross-link DNA. In contrast, here we demonstrate that incubation of busulfan with the thiol redox proteins glutaredoxin or thioredoxin at pH 7.4 and 37 °C results in the formation of putative S-tetrahydrothiophenium adducts at their catalytic Cys residues, followed by β-elimination to yield dehydroalanine. Both proteins contain a second Cys, in their catalytic C-X-X-C motif, which reacts with the dehydroalanine, the initial Cys adduct with busulfan, or the S-tetrahydrothiophenium, to form novel intramolecular cross-links. The reactivity of the dehydroalanine (DHA) formed is further demonstrated by adduction with glutathione to yield a lanthionine and by a novel reaction with the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), which yields a phosphine adduct via Michael addition to the DHA. Formation of a second quaternary organophosphonium salt via nucleophilic substitution with TCEP on the initial busulfan-protein adduct or on the THT(+)-Redoxin species is also observed. These results reveal a rich potential for reactions of busulfan with proteins in vitro, and likely in vivo. It is striking that several of the chemically altered protein products retain none of the atoms of busulfan, in contrast to typical drug-protein adducts or traditional protein modification reagents. In particular, the ability of a clinically used drug to convert Cys to dehydrolanine in intact proteins, and its subsequent reaction with biological thiols, is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
| | - Samantha D Bouldin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Caryn E Outten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, United States
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13
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The Role of Copper Chaperone Atox1 in Coupling Redox Homeostasis to Intracellular Copper Distribution. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5030025. [PMID: 27472369 PMCID: PMC5039574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) is a small cytosolic protein with an essential role in copper homeostasis. Atox1 functions as a copper carrier facilitating copper transfer to the secretory pathway. This process is required for activation of copper dependent enzymes involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis, iron efflux, neovascularization, wound healing, and regulation of blood pressure. Recently, new cellular roles for Atox1 have emerged. Changing levels of Atox1 were shown to modulate response to cancer therapies, contribute to inflammatory response, and protect cells against various oxidative stresses. It has also become apparent that the activity of Atox1 is tightly linked to the cellular redox status. In this review, we summarize biochemical information related to a dual role of Atox1 as a copper chaperone and an antioxidant. We discuss how these two activities could be linked and contribute to establishing the intracellular copper balance and functional identity of cells during differentiation.
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14
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Evidence for a role for the putative Drosophila hGRX1 orthologue in copper homeostasis. Biometals 2016; 29:705-13. [PMID: 27379771 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are a family of small molecular weight proteins that have a central role in cellular redox regulation. Human GRX1 (hGRX1) has also been shown to play an integral role in copper homeostasis by regulating the redox activity of the metalated sites of copper chaperones such as ATOX1 and SOD1, and the copper efflux proteins ATP7A and ATP7B. To further elucidate the role of hGRX1 in copper homeostasis, we examined the impact of RNA interference-mediated knockdown of CG6852, a putative Drosophila orthologue of hGRX1. CG6852 shares ~41 % amino acid identity with hGRX1 and key functional domains including the metal-binding CXXC motif are conserved between the two proteins. Knockdown of CG6852 in the adult midline caused a thoracic cleft and reduced scutellum, phenotypes that were exacerbated by additional knockdown of copper uptake transporters Ctr1A and Ctr1B. Knockdown of CG6852 in the adult eye enhanced a copper-deficiency phenotype caused by Ctr1A knockdown while ubiquitous knockdown of CG6852 resulted a mild systemic copper deficiency. Therefore we conclude that CG6852 is a putative orthologue of hGRX1 and may play an important role in Drosophila copper homeostasis.
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15
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Wright GSA, Antonyuk SV, Hasnain SS. A faulty interaction between SOD1 and hCCS in neurodegenerative disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27691. [PMID: 27282955 PMCID: PMC4901319 DOI: 10.1038/srep27691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A proportion of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases result from impaired mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) maturation. The copper chaperone for SOD1 (hCCS) forms a transient complex with SOD1 and catalyses the final stages of its maturation. We find that a neurodegenerative disease-associated hCCS mutation abrogates the interaction with SOD1 by inhibiting hCCS zinc binding. Analogously, SOD1 zinc loss has a detrimental effect on the formation, structure and disassociation of the hCCS-SOD1 heterodimer. This suggests that hCCS functionality is impaired by ALS mutations that reduce SOD1 zinc affinity. Furthermore, stabilization of wild-type SOD1 by chemical modification including cisplatination, inhibits complex formation. We hypothesize that drug molecules designed to stabilize ALS SOD1 mutants that also target the wild-type form will lead to characteristics common in SOD1 knock-outs. Our work demonstrates the applicability of chromatographic SAXS when studying biomolecules predisposed to aggregation or dissociation; attributes frequently reported for complexes involved in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S. A. Wright
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - S. Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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16
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Álvarez-Zaldiernas C, Lu J, Zheng Y, Yang H, Blasi J, Solsona C, Holmgren A. Cellular Redox Systems Impact the Aggregation of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Linked to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17197-208. [PMID: 27261461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, where mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) account for about 20% of the inherited mutations. Human SOD1 (hSOD1) contains four cysteines, including Cys(57) and Cys(146), which have been linked to protein stability and folding via forming a disulfide bond, and Cys(6) and Cys(111) as free thiols. But the roles of the cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) environment in SOD1 folding and aggregation are not well understood. Here we explore the effects of cellular redox systems on the aggregation of hSOD1 proteins. We found that the known hSOD1 mutations G93A and A4V increased the capability of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems to reduce hSOD1 compared with wild-type hSOD1. Treatment with inhibitors of these redox systems resulted in an increase of hSOD1 aggregates in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with mutants but not in cells transfected with wild-type hSOD1 or those containing a secondary C111G mutation. This aggregation may be coupled to changes in the redox state of the G93A and A4V mutants upon mild oxidative stress. These results strongly suggest that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are the key regulators for hSOD1 aggregation and may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Álvarez-Zaldiernas
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Lu
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Yujuan Zheng
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongqian Yang
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Blasi
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Solsona
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain, and the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arne Holmgren
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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17
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Schwarzländer M, Dick TP, Meyer AJ, Morgan B. Dissecting Redox Biology Using Fluorescent Protein Sensors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:680-712. [PMID: 25867539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescent protein sensors have revitalized the field of redox biology by revolutionizing the study of redox processes in living cells and organisms. RECENT ADVANCES Within one decade, a set of fundamental new insights has been gained, driven by the rapid technical development of in vivo redox sensing. Redox-sensitive yellow and green fluorescent protein variants (rxYFP and roGFPs) have been the central players. CRITICAL ISSUES Although widely used as an established standard tool, important questions remain surrounding their meaningful use in vivo. We review the growing range of thiol redox sensor variants and their application in different cells, tissues, and organisms. We highlight five key findings where in vivo sensing has been instrumental in changing our understanding of redox biology, critically assess the interpretation of in vivo redox data, and discuss technical and biological limitations of current redox sensors and sensing approaches. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore how novel sensor variants may further add to the current momentum toward a novel mechanistic and integrated understanding of redox biology in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 680-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- 1 Plant Energy Biology Lab, Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- 3 Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,4 Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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18
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Direct structural evidence of protein redox regulation obtained by in-cell NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:198-204. [PMID: 26589182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox properties of cellular environments are critical to many functional processes, and are strictly controlled in all living organisms. The glutathione-glutathione disulfide (GSH-GSSG) couple is the most abundant intracellular redox couple. A GSH redox potential can be calculated for each cellular compartment, which reflects the redox properties of that environment. This redox potential is often used to predict the redox state of a disulfide-containing protein, based on thermodynamic considerations. However, thiol-disulfide exchange reactions are often catalyzed by specific partners, and the distribution of the redox states of a protein may not correspond to the thermodynamic equilibrium with the GSH pool. Ideally, the protein redox state should be measured directly, bypassing the need to extrapolate from the GSH. Here, by in-cell NMR, we directly observe the redox state of three human proteins, Cox17, Mia40 and SOD1, in the cytoplasm of human and bacterial cells. We compare the observed distributions of redox states with those predicted by the GSH redox potential, and our results partially agree with the predictions. Discrepancies likely arise from the fact that the redox state of SOD1 is controlled by a specific partner, its copper chaperone (CCS), in a pathway which is not linked to the GSH redox potential. In principle, in-cell NMR allows determining whether redox proteins are at the equilibrium with GSH, or they are kinetically regulated. Such approach does not need assumptions on the redox potential of the environment, and provides a way to characterize each redox-regulating pathway separately.
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19
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Scian M, Atkins WM. The busulfan metabolite EdAG irreversibly glutathionylates glutaredoxins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 583:96-104. [PMID: 26278353 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The DNA alkylating agent busulfan is used to 'precondition' patients with leukemia, lymphomas and other hematological disorders prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Busulfan is metabolized via conjugation with glutathione (GSH) followed by intramolecular rearrangement to the GSH analog γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl -glycine (EdAG). EdAG contains the electrophilic dehydroalanine, which is expected to react with protein nucleophiles, particularly proteins with GSH binding sites such as glutaredoxins (Grx's). Incubation of EdAG with human Grx-1 or Grx-2 results in facile adduction of cys-23 and cys-77, respectively, as determined by ESI-MS/MS. The resulting modified proteins are catalytically inactive. In contrast, the glutathione transferase A1-1 includes a GSH binding site with a potentially reactive tyrosinate (Tyr-9) but it does not react with EdAG. Similarly, Cys-112 of GSTA1-1, which lies outside the active site and is known to form disulfides with GSH, does not react with EdAG. The results provide the first demonstration of the reactivity of any busulfan metabolites with intact proteins, and they suggest that GSH-binding sites containing thiolates are most susceptible. The adduction of Grx's by EdAG suggests the possible alteration of proteins that are normally regulated via Grx-dependent reversible glutathionylation or deglutathionylation. Dysregulation of Grx-dependent processes could contribute to cellular toxicity of busulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scian
- The Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Box 357610, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - William M Atkins
- The Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Box 357610, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA.
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20
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McBean GJ, Aslan M, Griffiths HR, Torrão RC. Thiol redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Redox Biol 2015; 5:186-194. [PMID: 25974624 PMCID: PMC4434181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the biochemistry of thiol redox couples and the significance of thiol redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. The discussion is centred on cysteine/cystine redox balance, the significance of the xc− cystine–glutamate exchanger and the association between protein thiol redox balance and neurodegeneration, with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. The role of thiol disulphide oxidoreductases in providing neuroprotection is also discussed. An overview of the biochemistry of thiol redox couples. The significance of thiol redox homoeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. The association between the xc− cystine–glutamate exchanger and glutamate-mediated toxicity. The role of thiol disulphide oxidoreductases in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethin J McBean
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rita C Torrão
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Solsona C, Kahn TB, Badilla CL, Álvarez-Zaldiernas C, Blasi J, Fernandez JM, Alegre-Cebollada J. Altered thiol chemistry in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutants of superoxide dismutase 1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26722-26732. [PMID: 25096579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases share a common characteristic, the presence of intracellular or extracellular deposits of protein aggregates in nervous tissues. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a severe and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which affects preferentially motoneurons. Changes in the redox state of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are associated with the onset and development of familial forms of ALS. In human SOD1 (hSOD1), a conserved disulfide bond and two free cysteine residues can engage in anomalous thiol/disulfide exchange resulting in non-native disulfides, a hallmark of ALS that is related to protein misfolding and aggregation. Because of the many competing reaction pathways, traditional bulk techniques fall short at quantifying individual thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. Here, we adapt recently developed single-bond chemistry techniques to study individual disulfide isomerization reactions in hSOD1. Mechanical unfolding of hSOD1 leads to the formation of a polypeptide loop held by the disulfide. This loop behaves as a molecular jump rope that brings reactive Cys-111 close to the disulfide. Using force-clamp spectroscopy, we monitor nucleophilic attack of Cys-111 at either sulfur of the disulfide and determine the selectivity of the reaction. Disease-causing mutations G93A and A4V show greatly altered reactivity patterns, which may contribute to the progression of familial ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Solsona
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain,.
| | - Thomas B Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032,; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Carmen L Badilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Cristina Álvarez-Zaldiernas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Blasi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine-Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n. Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain,; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio M Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and
| | - Jorge Alegre-Cebollada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and; Vascular Biology and Inflammation Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Cl. Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Cater MA, Materia S, Xiao Z, Wolyniec K, Ackland SM, Yap YW, Cheung NS, La Fontaine S. Glutaredoxin1 protects neuronal cells from copper-induced toxicity. Biometals 2014; 27:661-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Sheng Y, Abreu IA, Cabelli DE, Maroney MJ, Miller AF, Teixeira M, Valentine JS. Superoxide dismutases and superoxide reductases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3854-918. [PMID: 24684599 PMCID: PMC4317059 DOI: 10.1021/cr4005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Isabel A. Abreu
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Av. da República,
Qta. do Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional,
Edificio IBET/ITQB, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diane E. Cabelli
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Michael J. Maroney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joan Selverstone Valentine
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioinspired Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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24
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Hitchler MJ, Domann FE. Regulation of CuZnSOD and its redox signaling potential: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1590-8. [PMID: 23795822 PMCID: PMC3960847 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Molecular oxygen is a Janus-faced electron acceptor for biological systems, serving as a reductant for respiration, or as the genesis for oxygen-derived free radicals that damage macromolecules. Superoxide is well known to perturb nonheme iron proteins, including Fe/S proteins such as aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase, as well as other enzymes containing labile iron such as the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing family of enzymes; whereas hydrogen peroxide is more specific for two-electron reactions with thiols on glutathione, glutaredoxin, thioredoxin, and the peroxiredoxins. RECENT ADVANCES Over the past two decades, familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been shown to have an association with commonly altered superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity, expression, and protein structure. This has led to speculation that an altered redox balance may have a role in creating the ALS phenotype. CRITICAL ISSUES While SOD1 alterations in familial ALS are manifold, they generally create perturbations in the flux of electrons. The nexus of SOD1 between one- and two-electron signaling processes places it at a key signaling regulatory checkpoint for governing cellular responses to physiological and environmental cues. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The manner in which ALS-associated mutations adjust SOD1's role in controlling the flow of electrons between one- and two-electron signaling processes remains obscure. Here, we discuss the ways in which SOD1 mutations influence the form and function of copper zinc SOD, the consequences of these alterations on free radical biology, and how these alterations might influence cell signaling during the onset of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hitchler
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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25
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Allen S, Dennison C. The importance of Zn(ii) binding by the human copper metallochaperone for Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn(ii) removal converts dimeric human CCS to a monomer that weakens its interaction with Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and may be disease causing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Medical School
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Dennison
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Medical School
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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