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Negrellos A, Rice AM, Dos Santos PC, King SB. Sulfinamide Formation from the Reaction of Bacillithiol and Nitroxyl. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2524-2534. [PMID: 38012810 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacillithiol (BSH) replaces glutathione (GSH) as the most prominent low-molecular-weight thiol in many low G + C gram-positive bacteria. BSH plays roles in metal binding, protein/enzyme regulation, detoxification, redox buffering, and bacterial virulence. Given the small amounts of BSH isolated from natural sources and relatively lengthy chemical syntheses, the reactions of BSH with pertinent reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species remain largely unexplored. We prepared BSH and exposed it to nitroxyl (HNO), a reactive nitrogen species that influences bacterial sulfur metabolism. The profile of this reaction was distinct from HNO oxidation of GSH, which yielded mixtures of disulfide and sulfinamide. The reaction of BSH and HNO (generated from Angeli's salt) gives only sulfinamide products, including a newly proposed cyclic sulfinamide. Treatment of a glucosamine-cysteine conjugate, which lacks the malic acid group, with HNO forms disulfide, implicating the malic acid group in sulfinamide formation. This finding supports a mechanism involving the formation of an N-hydroxysulfenamide intermediate that dehydrates to a sulfenium ion that can be trapped by water or internally trapped by an amide nitrogen to give the cyclic sulfinamide. The biological relevance of BSH reactivity toward HNO is provided through in vivo experiments demonstrating that Bacillus subtilis exposed to HNO shows a growth phenotype, and a strain unable to produce BSH shows hypersensitivity toward HNO in minimal medium cultures. Thiol analysis of HNO-exposed cultures shows an overall decrease in reduced BSH levels, which is not accompanied by increased levels of BSSB, supporting a model involving the formation of an oxidized sulfinamide derivative, identified in vivo by high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Collectively, these findings reveal the unique chemistry and biology of HNO with BSH in bacteria that produce this biothiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Negrellos
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27107, United States
| | - Allison M Rice
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27107, United States
| | - Patricia C Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27107, United States
| | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27107, United States
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2
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Woodward RL, Castleman MM, Meloche CE, Karpen ME, Carlson CG, Yobi WH, Jepsen JC, Lewis BW, Zarnosky BN, Cook PD. X-ray crystallographic structure of BshB, the zinc-dependent deacetylase involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis. Protein Sci 2019; 29:1035-1039. [PMID: 31867856 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many gram-positive bacteria produce bacillithiol to aid in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and degradation of toxic compounds, including the antibiotic fosfomycin. Bacillithiol is produced via a three-enzyme pathway that includes the action of the zinc-dependent deacetylase BshB. Previous studies identified conserved aspartate and histidine residues within the active site that are involved in metal binding and catalysis, but the enzymatic mechanism is not fully understood. Here we report two X-ray crystallographic structures of BshB from Bacillus subtilis that provide insight into the BshB catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Woodward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio
| | | | - Chelsea E Meloche
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - Mary E Karpen
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - Clare G Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - William H Yobi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline C Jepsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio
| | - Benjamin W Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio
| | - Brooke N Zarnosky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio
| | - Paul D Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
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3
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Since the discovery and structural characterization of bacillithiol (BSH), the biochemical functions of BSH-biosynthesis enzymes (BshA/B/C) and BSH-dependent detoxification enzymes (FosB, Bst, GlxA/B) have been explored in Bacillus and Staphylococcus species. It was shown that BSH plays an important role in detoxification of reactive oxygen and electrophilic species, alkylating agents, toxins, and antibiotics. Recent Advances: More recently, new functions of BSH were discovered in metal homeostasis (Zn buffering, Fe-sulfur cluster, and copper homeostasis) and virulence control in Staphylococcus aureus. Unexpectedly, strains of the S. aureus NCTC8325 lineage were identified as natural BSH-deficient mutants. Modern mass spectrometry-based approaches have revealed the global reach of protein S-bacillithiolation in Firmicutes as an important regulatory redox modification under hypochlorite stress. S-bacillithiolation of OhrR, MetE, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap) functions, analogous to S-glutathionylation, as both a redox-regulatory device and in thiol protection under oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the functions of the bacilliredoxin (Brx) pathways in the reversal of S-bacillithiolations have been recently addressed, significantly more work is needed to establish the complete Brx reduction pathway, including the major enzyme(s), for reduction of oxidized BSH (BSSB) and the targets of Brx action in vivo. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the large number of identified S-bacillithiolated proteins, the physiological relevance of this redox modification was shown for only selected targets and should be a subject of future studies. In addition, many more BSH-dependent detoxification enzymes are evident from previous studies, although their roles and biochemical mechanisms require further study. This review of BSH research also pin-points these missing gaps for future research. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 445-462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Chandrangsu
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Vu Van Loi
- 2 Institute for Biology-Microbiology , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 2 Institute for Biology-Microbiology , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John D Helmann
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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4
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Perera VR, Lapek JD, Newton GL, Gonzalez DJ, Pogliano K. Identification of the S-transferase like superfamily bacillithiol transferases encoded by Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192977. [PMID: 29451913 PMCID: PMC5815605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillithiol is a low molecular weight thiol found in Firmicutes that is analogous to glutathione, which is absent in these bacteria. Bacillithiol transferases catalyze the transfer of bacillithiol to various substrates. The S-transferase-like (STL) superfamily contains over 30,000 putative members, including bacillithiol transferases. Proteins in this family are extremely divergent and are related by structural rather than sequence similarity, leaving it unclear if all share the same biochemical activity. Bacillus subtilis encodes eight predicted STL superfamily members, only one of which has been shown to be a bacillithiol transferase. Here we find that the seven remaining proteins show varying levels of metal dependent bacillithiol transferase activity. We have renamed the eight enzymes BstA-H. Mass spectrometry and gene expression studies revealed that all of the enzymes are produced to varying levels during growth and sporulation, with BstB and BstE being the most abundant and BstF and BstH being the least abundant. Interestingly, several bacillithiol transferases are induced in the mother cell during sporulation. A strain lacking all eight bacillithiol transferases showed normal growth in the presence of stressors that adversely affect growth of bacillithiol-deficient strains, such as paraquat and CdCl2. Thus, the STL bacillithiol transferases represent a new group of proteins that play currently unknown, but potentially significant roles in bacillithiol-dependent reactions. We conclude that these enzymes are highly divergent, perhaps to cope with an equally diverse array of endogenous or exogenous toxic metabolites and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R. Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John D. Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerald L. Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Melvin RL, Godwin RC, Xiao J, Thompson WG, Berenhaut KS, Salsbury FR. Uncovering Large-Scale Conformational Change in Molecular Dynamics without Prior Knowledge. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:6130-6146. [PMID: 27802394 PMCID: PMC5719493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the length of molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories grows with increasing computational power, so does the importance of clustering methods for partitioning trajectories into conformational bins. Of the methods available, the vast majority require users to either have some a priori knowledge about the system to be clustered or to tune clustering parameters through trial and error. Here we present non-parametric uses of two modern clustering techniques suitable for first-pass investigation of an MD trajectory. Being non-parametric, these methods require neither prior knowledge nor parameter tuning. The first method, HDBSCAN, is fast-relative to other popular clustering methods-and is able to group unstructured or intrinsically disordered systems (such as intrinsically disordered proteins, or IDPs) into bins that represent global conformational shifts. HDBSCAN is also useful for determining the overall stability of a system-as it tends to group stable systems into one or two bins-and identifying transition events between metastable states. The second method, iMWK-Means, with explicit rescaling followed by K-Means, while slower than HDBSCAN, performs well with stable, structured systems such as folded proteins and is able to identify higher resolution details such as changes in relative position of secondary structural elements. Used in conjunction, these clustering methods allow a user to discern quickly and without prior knowledge the stability of a simulated system and identify both local and global conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Melvin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Ryan C. Godwin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Jiajie Xiao
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - William G. Thompson
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Berenhaut
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Freddie R. Salsbury
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
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6
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Duport C, Jobin M, Schmitt P. Adaptation in Bacillus cereus: From Stress to Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1550. [PMID: 27757102 PMCID: PMC5047918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans. After ingestion, B. cereus experiences in the human gastro-intestinal tract abiotic physical variables encountered in food, such as acidic pH in the stomach and changing oxygen conditions in the human intestine. B. cereus responds to environmental changing conditions (stress) by reversibly adjusting its physiology to maximize resource utilization while maintaining structural and genetic integrity by repairing and minimizing damage to cellular infrastructure. As reviewed in this article, B. cereus adapts to acidic pH and changing oxygen conditions through diverse regulatory mechanisms and then exploits its metabolic flexibility to grow and produce enterotoxins. We then focus on the intricate link between metabolism, redox homeostasis, and enterotoxins, which are recognized as important contributors of food-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
| | - Michel Jobin
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
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7
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Melvin RL, Salsbury FR. Visualizing ensembles in structural biology. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 67:44-53. [PMID: 27179343 PMCID: PMC5954827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Displaying a single representative conformation of a biopolymer rather than an ensemble of states mistakenly conveys a static nature rather than the actual dynamic personality of biopolymers. However, there are few apparent options due to the fixed nature of print media. Here we suggest a standardized methodology for visually indicating the distribution width, standard deviation and uncertainty of ensembles of states with little loss of the visual simplicity of displaying a single representative conformation. Of particular note is that the visualization method employed clearly distinguishes between isotropic and anisotropic motion of polymer subunits. We also apply this method to ligand binding, suggesting a way to indicate the expected error in many high throughput docking programs when visualizing the structural spread of the output. We provide several examples in the context of nucleic acids and proteins with particular insights gained via this method. Such examples include investigating a therapeutic polymer of FdUMP (5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-5-O-monophosphate) - a topoisomerase-1 (Top1), apoptosis-inducing poison - and nucleotide-binding proteins responsible for ATP hydrolysis from Bacillus subtilis. We also discuss how these methods can be extended to any macromolecular data set with an underlying distribution, including experimental data such as NMR structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Melvin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, NC, United States
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8
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Mazurkewich S, Brott AS, Kimber MS, Seah SYK. Structural and Kinetic Characterization of the 4-Carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate Hydratase from the Gallate and Protocatechuate 4,5-Cleavage Pathways of Pseudomonas putida KT2440. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7669-86. [PMID: 26867578 PMCID: PMC4817193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial catabolism of lignin and its breakdown products is of interest for applications in industrial processing of ligno-biomass. The gallate degradation pathway ofPseudomonas putidaKT2440 requires a 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate (CHM) hydratase (GalB), which has a 12% sequence identity to a previously identified CHM hydratase (LigJ) fromSphingomonassp. SYK-6. The structure of GalB was determined and found to be a member of the PIG-LN-acetylglucosamine deacetylase family; GalB is structurally distinct from the amidohydrolase fold of LigJ. LigJ has the same stereospecificity as GalB, providing an example of convergent evolution for catalytic conversion of a common metabolite in bacterial aromatic degradation pathways. Purified GalB contains a bound Zn(2+)cofactor; however the enzyme is capable of using Fe(2+)and Co(2+)with similar efficiency. The general base aspartate in the PIG-L deacetylases is an alanine in GalB; replacement of the alanine with aspartate decreased the GalB catalytic efficiency for CHM by 9.5 × 10(4)-fold, and the variant enzyme did not have any detectable hydrolase activity. Kinetic analyses and pH dependence studies of the wild type and variant enzymes suggested roles for Glu-48 and His-164 in the catalytic mechanism. A comparison with the PIG-L deacetylases led to a proposed mechanism for GalB wherein Glu-48 positions and activates the metal-ligated water for the hydration reaction and His-164 acts as a catalytic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mazurkewich
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ashley S Brott
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen Y K Seah
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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9
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Tereshina EV, Laskavy VN, Ivanenko SI. Four components of the conjugated redox system in organisms: Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1186-200. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915090096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Perera VR, Newton GL, Pogliano K. Bacillithiol: a key protective thiol in Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1089-107. [PMID: 26184907 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1064309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillithiol is a low-molecular-weight thiol analogous to glutathione and is found in several Firmicutes, including Staphylococcus aureus. Since its discovery in 2009, bacillithiol has been a topic of interest because it has been found to contribute to resistance during oxidative stress and detoxification of electrophiles, such as the antibiotic fosfomycin, in S. aureus. The rapid increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to available therapeutic agents is a great health concern, and many research efforts are focused on identifying new drugs and targets to combat this organism. This review describes the discovery of bacillithiol, studies that have elucidated the physiological roles of this molecule in S. aureus and other Bacilli, and the contribution of bacillithiol to S. aureus fitness during pathogenesis. Additionally, the bacillithiol biosynthesis pathway is evaluated as a novel drug target that can be utilized in combination with existing therapies to treat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 4113, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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11
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Fang Z, Dos Santos PC. Protective role of bacillithiol in superoxide stress and Fe-S metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:616-31. [PMID: 25988368 PMCID: PMC4554457 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) serves as the prime thiol in most organisms as its depletion increases antibiotic and metal toxicity, impairs oxidative stress responses, and affects Fe and Fe–S cluster metabolism. Many gram-positive bacteria lack GSH, but instead produce other structurally unrelated yet functionally equivalent thiols. Among those, bacillithiol (BSH) has been recently identified in several low G+C gram-positive bacteria. In this work, we have explored the link between BSH and Fe–S metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. We have identified that B. subtilis lacking BSH is more sensitive to oxidative stress (paraquat), and metal toxicity (Cu(I) and Cd(II)), but not H2O2. Furthermore, a slow growth phenotype of BSH null strain in minimal medium was observed, which could be recovered upon the addition of selected amino acids (Leu/Ile and Glu/Gln), supplementation of iron, or chemical complementation with BSH disulfide (BSSB) to the growth medium. Interestingly, Fe–S cluster containing isopropylmalate isomerase (LeuCD) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) showed decreased activities in BSH null strain. Deficiency of BSH also resulted in decreased levels of intracellular Fe accompanied by increased levels of manganese and altered expression levels of Fe–S cluster biosynthetic SUF components. Together, this study is the first to establish a link between BSH and Fe–S metabolism in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27016
| | - Patricia C Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27016
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12
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Loi VV, Rossius M, Antelmann H. Redox regulation by reversible protein S-thiolation in bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 25852656 PMCID: PMC4360819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols function as thiol-redox buffers to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm. The best studied LMW thiol is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) present in all eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria. Firmicutes bacteria, including Bacillus and Staphylococcus species utilize the redox buffer bacillithiol (BSH) while Actinomycetes produce the related redox buffer mycothiol (MSH). In eukaryotes, proteins are post-translationally modified to S-glutathionylated proteins under conditions of oxidative stress. S-glutathionylation has emerged as major redox-regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes and protects active site cysteine residues against overoxidation to sulfonic acids. First studies identified S-glutathionylated proteins also in Gram-negative bacteria. Advances in mass spectrometry have further facilitated the identification of protein S-bacillithiolations and S-mycothiolation as BSH- and MSH-mixed protein disulfides formed under oxidative stress in Firmicutes and Actinomycetes, respectively. In Bacillus subtilis, protein S-bacillithiolation controls the activities of the redox-sensing OhrR repressor and the methionine synthase MetE in vivo. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, protein S-mycothiolation was more widespread and affected the functions of the maltodextrin phosphorylase MalP and thiol peroxidase (Tpx). In addition, novel bacilliredoxins (Brx) and mycoredoxins (Mrx1) were shown to function similar to glutaredoxins in the reduction of BSH- and MSH-mixed protein disulfides. Here we review the current knowledge about the functions of the bacterial thiol-redox buffers glutathione, bacillithiol, and mycothiol and the role of protein S-thiolation in redox regulation and thiol protection in model and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Rossius
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Angelino D, Dosz EB, Sun J, Hoeflinger JL, Van Tassell ML, Chen P, Harnly JM, Miller MJ, Jeffery EH. Myrosinase-dependent and -independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:831. [PMID: 26500669 PMCID: PMC4593958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassicales contain a myrosinase enzyme that hydrolyzes glucosinolates to form toxic isothiocyanates (ITC), as a defense against bacteria, fungi, insects and herbivores including man. Low levels of ITC trigger a host defense system in mammals that protects them against chronic diseases. Because humans typically cook their brassica vegetables, destroying myrosinase, there is a great interest in determining how human microbiota can hydrolyze glucosinolates and release them, to provide the health benefits of ITC. ITC are highly reactive electrophiles, binding reversibly to thiols, but accumulating and causing damage when free thiols are not available. We found that addition of excess thiols released protein-thiol-bound ITC, but that the microbiome supports only poor hydrolysis unless exposed to dietary glucosinolates for a period of days. These findings explain why 3-5 servings a week of brassica vegetables may provide health effects, even if they are cooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Edward B. Dosz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hoeflinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maxwell L. Van Tassell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Jeffery, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,
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14
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Perera VR, Newton GL, Parnell JM, Komives EA, Pogliano K. Purification and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus bacillithiol transferase BstA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:2851-61. [PMID: 24821014 PMCID: PMC4802972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes synthesize the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol rather than glutathione or mycothiol. The bacillithiol transferase YfiT from Bacillus subtilis was identified as a new member of the recently discovered DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily. Based on structural similarity using the Superfamily program, we have determined 30 of 31 Staphylococcus aureus strains encode a single bacillithiol transferase from the DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily, while the remaining strain encodes two proteins. METHODS We have cloned, purified, and confirmed the activity of a recombinant bacillithiol transferase (henceforth called BstA) encoded by the S. aureus Newman ORF NWMN_2591. Moreover, we have studied the saturation kinetics and substrate specificity of this enzyme using in vitro biochemical assays. RESULTS BstA was found to be active with the co-substrate bacillithiol, but not with other low molecular weight thiols tested. BstA catalyzed bacillithiol conjugation to the model substrates monochlorobimane, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and the antibiotic cerulenin. Several other molecules, including the antibiotic rifamycin S, were found to react directly with bacillithiol, but the addition of BstA did not enhance the rate of reaction. Furthermore, cells growing in nutrient rich medium exhibited low BstA activity. CONCLUSIONS BstA is a bacillithiol transferase from S. aureus that catalyzes the detoxification of cerulenin. Additionally, we have determined that bacillithiol itself might be capable of directly detoxifying electrophilic molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE BstA is an active bacillithiol transferase from S. aureus Newman and is the first DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily member identified from this organism. Interestingly, BstA is highly divergent from B. subtilis YfiT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377
| | - Gerald L Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377
| | - Jonathan M Parnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378
| | - Elizabeth A Komives
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377.
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15
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Viars S, Valentine J, Hernick M. Structure and function of the LmbE-like superfamily. Biomolecules 2014; 4:527-45. [PMID: 24970229 PMCID: PMC4101496 DOI: 10.3390/biom4020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The LmbE-like superfamily is comprised of a series of enzymes that use a single catalytic metal ion to catalyze the hydrolysis of various substrates. These substrates are often key metabolites for eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which makes the LmbE-like enzymes important targets for drug development. Herein we review the structure and function of the LmbE-like proteins identified to date. While this is the newest superfamily of metallohydrolases, a growing number of functionally interesting proteins from this superfamily have been characterized. Available crystal structures of LmbE-like proteins reveal a Rossmann fold similar to lactate dehydrogenase, which represented a novel fold for (zinc) metallohydrolases at the time the initial structure was solved. The structural diversity of the N-acetylglucosamine containing substrates affords functional diversity for the LmbE-like enzyme superfamily. The majority of enzymes identified to date are metal-dependent deacetylases that catalyze the hydrolysis of a N-acetylglucosamine moiety on substrate using a combination of amino acid side chains and a single bound metal ion, predominantly zinc. The catalytic zinc is coordinated to proteins via His2-Asp-solvent binding site. Additionally, studies indicate that protein dynamics play important roles in regulating access to the active site and facilitating catalysis for at least two members of this protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Viars
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA 24631, USA.
| | - Jason Valentine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA 24631, USA.
| | - Marcy Hernick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA 24631, USA.
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16
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Chandrangsu P, Dusi R, Hamilton CJ, Helmann JD. Methylglyoxal resistance in Bacillus subtilis: contributions of bacillithiol-dependent and independent pathways. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:706-15. [PMID: 24330391 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic by-product of glycolysis that damages DNA and proteins ultimately leading to cell death. Protection from MG is often conferred by a glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway. However, glutathione is absent from the low-GC Gram-positive Firmicutes, such as Bacillus subtilis. The identification of bacillithiol (BSH) as the major low-molecular-weight thiol in the Firmicutes raises the possibility that BSH is involved in MG detoxification. Here, we demonstrate that MG can rapidly and specifically deplete BSH in cells, and we identify both BSH-dependent and BSH-independent MG resistance pathways. The BSH-dependent pathway utilizes glyoxalase I (GlxA, formerly YwbC) and glyoxalase II (GlxB, formerly YurT) to convert MG to d-lactate. The critical step in this pathway is the activation of the KhtSTU K(+) efflux pump by the S-lactoyl-BSH intermediate, which leads to cytoplasmic acidification. We show that cytoplasmic acidification is both necessary and sufficient for maximal protection from MG. Two additional MG detoxification pathways operate independent of BSH. The first involves three enzymes (YdeA, YraA and YfkM) which are predicted to be homologues of glyoxalase III that converts MG to d-lactate, and the second involves YhdN, previously shown to be a broad specificity aldo-keto reductase that converts MG to acetol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Chandrangsu
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-8101, USA
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Lessmeier L, Hoefener M, Wendisch VF. Formaldehyde degradation in Corynebacterium glutamicum involves acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:2651-2662. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.072413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Lessmeier
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Hoefener
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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