1
|
Gonzalez-Viedma A, Van Dyck R, De Beule J, Ghesquière B, Jochmans I. Unraveling metabolism during kidney perfusion using tracer studies, a systematic review. Artif Organs 2022; 46:2118-2134. [PMID: 35848397 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding kidney metabolism during perfusion is vital to further develop the technology as a preservation, viability assessment, and resuscitation platform. We reviewed the evidence on the use of labeled metabolites (tracers) to understand "on-pump" kidney behavior. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for studies evaluating metabolism of (non)radioactively labeled endogenous compounds during kidney perfusion. RESULTS Of 5899 articles, 30 were included. All were animal studies [rat (70%), dog (13%), pig (10%), rabbit (7%)] perfusing but not transplanting kidneys. Perfusion took place at hypothermic (4-12°C) (20%), normothermic (35-40°C) (77%), or undefined temperatures (3%). Hypothermic perfusion used albumin or a clinical kidney preservation solution, mostly in the presence of oxygen. Normothermic perfusion was mostly performed with oxygenated crystalloids often containing glucose and amino acids with unclear partial oxygen tensions. Active metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acid, lipids, and large molecules was shown in hypothermic and normothermic perfusion. Production of macromolecules, such as prostaglandin, thromboxane, and vitamin D, takes place during normothermic perfusion. No experiments compared differences in metabolic activity between hypothermic and normothermic perfusion. One conference abstract showed increased anaerobic metabolism in kidneys donated after circulatory death by adding labeled glucose to hypothermically perfused human kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Tracer studies during kidney perfusion contribute to unraveling kidney metabolic behavior in pre-clinical models. Whether findings are truly translational needs further investigation in large animal models of human kidneys. Furthermore, it is essential to better understand how ischemia changes this metabolic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Gonzalez-Viedma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Van Dyck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie De Beule
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ina Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Transplantation Research Group, Lab of Abdominal Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng YC, Zhao XH, Zeng CF, Xu JX, Qi LN, Li LQ. Integrated omics analysis: the relationship between significantly increased Klebsiella post-hepatectomy and decreased hub-metabolite 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is associated with induced liver failure. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:326-343. [PMID: 35284109 PMCID: PMC8899754 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to evaluate the association between intestinal Klebsiella and post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (B-HCC), and identify the inner relationship. METHODS Patients with B-HCC were divided into Groups A and B based on the presence or absence of PHLF. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid surveys were used to identify gut microbiome alterations. PICRUST2 was used to examine the metagenomic data in PHLF patients. Fecal and serum samples were processed by chromatography-mass spectrometry based non-targeted metabonomics, then comprehensively analyzed to obtain hub metabolites. A Spearman correlation analysis was then conducted to find any associations between fecal differential metabolites and the relative abundance of differential microbes. RESULTS Hepatectomies were significantly associated with a gut microbial imbalance in B-HCC patients, and a significant elevation of Klebsiella abundance was observed in PHLF patients. Klebsiella appears to act on 13 amino acid-related pathways, especially significantly observed in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathways. Additionally, Klebsiella was found to be highly correlated with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid shared by feces and serum in the BCAA metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Hepatectomy can lead to an imbalance of intestinal microflora in B-HCC patients. Due to its potential connections with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid in the BCAA pathway, significantly increased Klebsiella has the potential to be an evaluation indicator of PHLF in B-HCC patients. Moreover, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid has research value in PHLF-targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Chuan-Fa Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schadewaldt P, Wendel U, Hammen HW. Human branched-chain L-amino acid aminotransferase: Activity and subcellular localization in cultured skin fibroblasts. Amino Acids 2013; 9:147-60. [PMID: 24178815 DOI: 10.1007/bf00805836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1994] [Accepted: 12/12/1994] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Assay conditions for measurement of human skin fibroblast branched-chain L-amino acid aminotransferase activity were established and applied to studies on subcellular distribution and kinetic properties of the enzyme. Digitonin fractionation of cultured cells revealed that the aminotransferase activity was mainly (at least about 95%) associated with mitochondrial citrate synthase activity. As tested with L-leucine, activity of the enzyme against amino group acceptors (forward reaction) was in the order 2-oxoglutarate [Symbol: see text] branched-chain > straight-chain 2-oxo acids (C3-C8). With 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, activity against amino group donors (reverse reaction) was in the order L-glutamate [Symbol: see text] branched-chain > straight-chain (C2-C6) and other L-amino acids. The data suggest that, in human fibroblasts, isoenzyme type I resides within the mitochondrial space. Possible implications for the metabolism of branched-chain compounds are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Schadewaldt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eisenstein RS, Miller RH, Hoganson G, Harper AE. Phylogenetic comparisons of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 97:719-26. [PMID: 2085956 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Antibodies against the E1b and E2b components of bovine branched-chain alpha-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex completely inhibited BCKA oxidation in mammalian and avian mitochondria. BCKA oxidation by salmonid mitochondria was less affected and the enzyme from Pseudomonas putida was unaffected. 2. In rodents, anti-E1b E2b IgG inhibited oxidation of all three BCKA in a similar dose-dependent manner: oxidation of alpha-ketobutyrate and alpha-keto-y-methiolbutyrate was also partially inhibited. 3. Except for the salmonid BCKAD, a similar Mr for the E2b and E1b alpha proteins was observed in these species. 4. After digestion with V-8 protease similar immunoreactive peptides were observed for the human and rodent complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Eisenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schadewaldt P, Radeck W, Hammen HW, Staib W. Transamination and oxidative decarboxylation of L-isoleucine, L-alloisoleucine and related 2-oxo acids in perfused rat hind limb muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 992:115-23. [PMID: 2568853 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of L-isoleucine, L-alloisoleucine and corresponding 2-oxo acids in rat hind limb muscle was comparatively studied under steady-state perfusion conditions. At 0.5 mM L-[1-14C]isoleucine, apparent transamination and 2-oxo acid decarboxylation rates amounted to about 17 and 4 nmol/min per g of muscle, respectively. With L-allo[1-14C]isoleucine, the corresponding rates were about 5- and 10-fold lower, respectively. After addition of dichloroacetate (1-5 mM), the portion of (S)- and (R)-methyl-2-oxopentanoate undergoing further oxidative decarboxylation within the tissue was similarly increased by over 40%. In perfusions with 0.5 mM (R,S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and tracer doses of 1-14C-labeled (S)- or (R)-enantiomer, the 14CO2 production was comparable (about 0.5 nmol/min per g of muscle). Dichloroacetate caused a several-fold increase in 14CO2 release from either enantiomer, apparent 2-oxo acid transamination rates remaining unaffected. Indications for a racemization of 2-oxo acid were not obtained in the experiments. The results are discussed with respect to the appearance/disappearance of L-alloisoleucine in vivo and to the fact that (R)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, but not L-alloisoleucine, can support growth of rats on a diet deficient in L-isoleucine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Schadewaldt
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie II, Universität Düsseldorf, F.R.G
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hokland BM, Bremer J. Formation and excretion of branched-chain acylcarnitines and branched-chain hydroxy acids in the perfused rat kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 961:30-7. [PMID: 3382691 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Keto[U-14C]isovalerate, alpha-keto[U-14C]isocaproate and alpha-keto[U-14C]beta-methylvalerate are metabolized in the perfused kidney. Labelled 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain acylcarnitines and lactate are formed. Hydroxy acids and acylcarnitines are excreted preferentially in the urine, whereas the branched-chain amino acids are preferentially excreted in the perfusate. There is no accumulation of (U-14C)-labelled alpha-keto acids or labelled metabolites in the kidney during perfusion. (-)-Carnitine accumulates rapidly in the kidney when it is added to the perfusate. A high kidney carnitine level enhances the excretion of carnitine esters in the urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Hokland
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller RH, Eisenstein RS, Harper AE. Effects of dietary protein intake on branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity of the rat. Immunochemical analysis of the enzyme complex. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Claris-Appiani A, Assael BM, Tirelli AS, Marra G, Cavanna G. Lack of glomerular hemodynamic stimulation after infusion of branched-chain amino acids. Kidney Int 1988; 33:91-4. [PMID: 3352163 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1988.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal hemodynamics (Inutest. CPAH) were studied in five adult volunteers infused on separate occasions with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), a mixture of nonessential and essential amino acids of the same volume, osmolality and nitrogen content, and 0.9% saline solution. BCAA infusion caused moderate renal vasoconstriction, a slight increase of GFR and a progressive rise of the filtration fraction (FF), whereas the amino acids mixture induced a significantly higher increase of GFR and a state of renal vasodilatation without altering the FF. The volume expansion with 0.9% saline did not cause any notable hemodynamic modification except for reduced FF. This study demonstrates that whereas a state of hyperfiltration and hyperemia is specifically induced by an amino acid mixture independently of volume expansion and osmolar load, the administration of BCAA provides nitrogen without renal hemodynamic stimulation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Crowell PL, Miller RH, Harper AE. Measurement of plasma and tissue levels of branched-chain alpha-keto acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol 1988; 166:39-46. [PMID: 3241567 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(88)66009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
10
|
Abstract
A method for determination of 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyrate and 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate in human urine has been devised, based on metoxime formation of the keto acid and a clean-up procedure using a strong anion-exchange resin AG 2 X 8 and ethyl acetate extraction. After alkylation, the compounds were quantified by GC, using a flame photometric sulfur-selective detector. A normal urinary excretion of 0.14 to 0.25 mmol/mol creatinine and 0.07 to 0.22 mmol/mol creatinine of the alpha-hydroxy and alpha-keto acid, respectively, was found, whereas a markedly elevated excretion of the hydroxy acid was noted in subjects with hypermethioninemia. The enzymatic reduction of 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid by lactate dehydrogenase: NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.17) was also studied. The Km and Kequil values for 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate were 1.41 mM and 0.92 X 10(8) M-1. The Vmax value of the enzyme at infinite concentrations of the two substrates was 7.2 mumol/s/mumol enzyme, which indicates low affinity and reduced catalytic activity compared to other known substrates of lactate dehydrogenase. The reaction product 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyrate was not inhibitory on the reaction. The M4 isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase (rabbit and pig muscle) possessed approximately 20% of the activity of the H4 isoenzyme (pig heart) for the substrate.
Collapse
|