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Ali U, Lu S, Fadlalla T, Iqbal S, Yue H, Yang B, Hong Y, Wang X, Guo L. The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101158. [PMID: 35134459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases hydrolyze membrane lipids to generate various cellular mediators. These phospholipase-derived products, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, inositol phosphates, lysophopsholipids, and free fatty acids, act as second messengers, playing vital roles in signal transduction during plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review focuses on the structure, substrate specificities, reaction requirements, and acting mechanism of several phospholipase families. It will discuss their functional significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In addition, it will highlight some critical knowledge gaps in the action mechanism, metabolic and signaling roles of these phospholipases and their products in the context of plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hong Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Sagar S, Singh A. Emerging role of phospholipase C mediated lipid signaling in abiotic stress tolerance and development in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2123-2133. [PMID: 34003316 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane. Stimuli perception leads to membrane disintegration and generation of molecules which trigger lipid signaling. In plants, lipid signaling regulates important biological functions however, the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Phospholipases C (PLCs) are important lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. In animals, PLCs by hydrolyzing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol- 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, in plants their phosphorylated variants i.e., phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are proposed to mediate lipid signaling. Specific substrate preferences divide PLCs into phosphatidylinositol-PLC (PI-PLC) and non-specific PLCs (NPC). PLC activity is regulated by various cellular factors including, calcium (Ca2+) concentration, phospholipid substrate, and post-translational modifications. Both PI-PLCs and NPCs are implicated in plants' response to stresses and development. Emerging evidences show that PLCs regulate structural and developmental features, like stomata movement, microtubule organization, membrane remodelling and root development under abiotic stresses. Thus, crucial insights are provided into PLC mediated regulatory mechanism of abiotic stress responses in plants. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of plant PLCs. In addition, cellular and physiological roles of PLCs in abiotic stresses, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, pollen tube growth, and root development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Sagar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Chen ZF, Ru JN, Sun GZ, Du Y, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Zhang XH. Genomic-Wide Analysis of the PLC Family and Detection of GmPI-PLC7 Responses to Drought and Salt Stresses in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631470. [PMID: 33763092 PMCID: PMC7982816 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) performs significant functions in a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development. The PLC family of enzymes principally catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids in organisms. This exhaustive exploration of soybean GmPLC members using genome databases resulted in the identification of 15 phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (GmPI-PLC) and 9 phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing PLC (GmNPC) genes. Chromosomal location analysis indicated that GmPLC genes mapped to 10 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that GmPLC genes distributed into two groups in soybean, the PI-PLC and NPC groups. The expression patterns and tissue expression analysis showed that GmPLCs were differentially expressed in response to abiotic stresses. GmPI-PLC7 was selected to further explore the role of PLC in soybean response to drought and salt stresses by a series of experiments. Compared with the transgenic empty vector (EV) control lines, over-expression of GmPI-PLC7 (OE) conferred higher drought and salt tolerance in soybean, while the GmPI-PLC7-RNAi (RNAi) lines exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Plant tissue staining and physiological parameters observed from drought- and salt-stressed plants showed that stress increased the contents of chlorophyll, oxygen free radical (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and NADH oxidase (NOX) to amounts higher than those observed in non-stressed plants. This study provides new insights in the functional analysis of GmPLC genes in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Na Ru
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang F, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Dong J, Chen H, Dong Y, Wang N, Li X, Li H. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of the Phospholipase C Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138467. [PMID: 26421918 PMCID: PMC4589352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. It plays an important role in plant development and abiotic stress responses. However, systematic analysis and expression profiling of the phospholipase C (PLC) gene family in soybean have not been reported. In this study, 12 putative PLC genes were identified in the soybean genome. Soybean PLCs were found on chromosomes 2, 11, 14 and 18 and encoded 58.8-70.06 kD proteins. Expression pattern analysis by RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of the GmPLCs was induced by PEG, NaCl and saline-alkali treatments in roots and leaves. GmPLC transcripts accumulated specifically in roots after ABA treatment. Furthermore, GmPLC transcripts were analyzed in various tissues. The results showed that GmPLC7 was highly expressed in most tissues, whereas GmPLC12 was expressed in early pods specifically. In addition, subcellular localization analysis was carried out and confirmed that GmPLC10 was localized in the plasma membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our genomic analysis of the soybean PLC family provides an insight into the regulation of abiotic stress responses and development. It also provides a solid foundation for the functional characterization of the soybean PLC gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinye Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Muñoz-Sanchez JA. Determination of phospholipase C activity in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1009:187-92. [PMID: 23681534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-401-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of phospholipase C (PLC) activity in vitro is a valuable biochemistry technique easily applicable in samples from different organisms. It quantifies the enzymatic activity of a key protein involved in critical developmental functions in organisms such as plants, animals, and bacteria. A protocol is described which assays the formation of two main products of the PLC hydrolysis reaction on radioactively labeled phospholipid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Huang CH, Crain RC. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in oat roots: association with the actin cytoskeleton. PLANTA 2009; 230:925-33. [PMID: 19672622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activities are involved in mediating plant cell responses to environmental stimuli. Two variants of PI-PLC have been partially purified from the roots of oat seedlings; one cytosolic and one particulate. Although the cytosolic enzyme was significantly purified, the activity still co-migrated with a number of other proteins on heparin HPLC and also on size-exclusion chromatography. The partially purified PI-PLC was tested by Western blotting, and we found that actin and actin-binding proteins, profilin and tropomyosin, co-purified with cytosolic phospholipase C. After a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100) treatment, PI-PLC activities still remained with the actin cytoskeleton. The effects of phalloidin and F-buffer confirmed this association; these conditions, which favor actin polymerization, decreased the release of PI-PLC from the cytoskeleton. The treatments of latrunculin and G-buffer, the conditions that favor actin depolymerization, increased the release of PI-PLC from the cytoskeleton. These results suggest that oat PI-PLC associates with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Pei-tun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
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De Los Santos-Briones C, Cárdenas L, Estrada-Navarrete G, Santana O, Minero-García Y, Quinto C, Sánchez F, Nissen P. GTPgammaS antagonizes the mastoparan-induced in vitro activity of PIP-phospholipase C from symbiotic root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 135:237-245. [PMID: 19140892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) has been suggested to have a role in signal perception by Nod factors (NFs) in legume root hair cells. For instance, mastoparan, a well-described agonist of heterotrimeric G protein, induces nodulin expression after NFs treatment or Rhizobium inoculation. Furthermore, it has been recently demonstrated that mastoparan also mimics calcium oscillations induced by NFs, suggesting that PLC could play a key role during the nodulation process. In this study, we elucidate a biochemical relationship between PLC and heterotrimeric G proteins during NFs signaling in legumes. In particular, the effect of NFs on in vitro PLC activity from nodule membrane fractions in the presence of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTPgammaS) and mastoparan was assayed. Our results indicate that for phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP(2))-PLC, there is a specific activity of 20-27 nmol mg(-1) min(-1) in membrane fractions of nodules 18-20 days after inoculation with Rhizobium tropici. Interestingly, in the presence of 5 microM mastoparan, PIP(2)-PLC activity was almost double the basal level. In contrast, PIP(2)-PLC activity was downregulated by 1-10 microM GTPgammaS. Also, PLC activity was decreased by up to 64% in the presence of increasing concentrations of NFs (10(-8) to 10(-5) M). NFs are critical signaling molecules in rhizobia/legume symbiosis that can activate many of the plant's early responses during nodule development. Calcium spiking, kinases, PLC activity and possibly G proteins appear to be components downstream of the NFs perception pathway. Our results suggest the occurrence of a dual signaling pathway that could involve both G proteins and PLC in Phaseolus vulgaris during the development of root nodules.
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Piacentini MP, Piatti E, Fraternale D, Ricci D, Albertini MC, Accorsi A. Phospholipase C-dependent phosphoinositide breakdown induced by ELF-EMF in Peganum harmala calli. Biochimie 2004; 86:343-9. [PMID: 15194239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of examining the response of plant cells to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), we investigated the behaviour of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PtdIns 4,5-P(2)) molecule (the precursor of the phosphoinositide signal transduction cascade) by exposing callus cells from Peganum harmala to 50 Hz, 1 gauss EMF for 10 min and by examining the level and the fatty acid composition of PtdIns 4,5-P(2) after the exposure. Our results evidenced a statistically significant decrease in PtdIns 4,5-P(2) concentrations and a different involvement of the constituting fatty acids in the induced breakdown. The manipulation of the lipid-based signalling pathway by phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) inhibitors (i.e., neomycin, U-73122 and ET-18-OCH(3)) seems to support the hypothesis that, as in animals, also in plants, the cell membrane is the primary impact site of ELF electromagnetic stimulus and that this interaction could probably involve the activation of PI signal transduction pathway including a heterotrimeric G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Piera Piacentini
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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10
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Hernandez-Sotomayor SM, Munoz-Sanchez JA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Kinetic analysis of phospholipase C from catharanthus roseus transformed roots using different assays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:1075-82. [PMID: 10444091 PMCID: PMC59341 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.4.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1999] [Accepted: 05/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The properties of phospholipase C (PLC) partially purified from Catharanthus roseus transformed roots were analyzed using substrate lipids dispersed in phospholipid vesicles, phospholipid-detergent mixed micelles, and phospholipid monolayers spread at an air-water interface. Using [(33)P]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) of high specific radioactivity, PLC activity was monitored directly by measuring the loss of radioactivity from monolayers as a result of the release of inositol phosphate and its subsequent dissolution on quenching in the subphase. PLC activity was markedly affected by the surface pressure of the monolayer, with reduced activity at extremes of initial pressure. The optimum surface pressure for PIP(2) hydrolysis was 20 mN/m. Depletion of PLC from solution by incubation with sucrose-loaded PIP(2) vesicles followed by ultracentrifugation demonstrated stable attachment of PLC to the vesicles. A mixed micellar system was established to assay PLC activity using deoxycholate. Kinetic analyses were performed to determine whether PLC activity was dependent on both bulk PIP(2) and PIP(2) surface concentrations in the micelles. The interfacial Michaelis constant was calculated to be 0.0518 mol fraction, and the equilibrium dissociation constant of PLC for the lipid was 45.5 &mgr;M. These findings will add to our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of plant PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Hernandez-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, Apartado Postal 87 Cordemex 97310, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Munnik T, Irvine RF, Musgrave A. Phospholipid signalling in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1389:222-72. [PMID: 9512651 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Munnik
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Biswas S, Biswas BB. Metabolism of myo-inositol phosphates and the alternative pathway in generation of myo-inositol trisphosphate involved in calcium mobilization in plants. Subcell Biochem 1996; 26:287-316. [PMID: 8744269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0343-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
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13
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Sopory SK, Chandok MR. Light-induced signal transduction pathway involving inositol phosphates. Subcell Biochem 1996; 26:345-70. [PMID: 8744271 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0343-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S K Sopory
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bruzik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Mukherjee
- Federal Centre for Cereal, Potato and Lipid Research, H. P. Kaufmann-Institute, Münster, Germany
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16
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Cho MH, Shears SB, Boss WF. Changes in phosphatidylinositol metabolism in response to hyperosmotic stress in Daucus carota L. cells grown in suspension culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 103:637-47. [PMID: 8029337 PMCID: PMC159025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.2.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells plasmolyzed within 30 s after adding sorbitol to increase the osmotic strength of the medium from 0.2 to 0.4 or 0.6 osmolal. However, there was no significant change in the polyphosphorylated inositol phospholipids or inositol phosphates or in inositol phospholipid metabolism within 30 s of imposing the hyperosmotic stress. Maximum changes in phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) metabolism were detected at 5 min, at which time the cells appeared to adjust to the change in osmoticum. There was a 30% decrease in [3H]inositol-labeled PIP. The specific activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of the inositol phospholipids also changed. The plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase decreased 50% and PIP-phospholipase C (PIP-PLC) increased 60% compared with the control values after 5 min of hyperosmotic stress. The PIP-PLC activity recovered to control levels by 10 min; however, the PI kinase activity remained below the control value, suggesting that the cells had reached a new steady state with regard to PIP biosynthesis. If cells were pretreated with okadaic acid, the protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor, the differences in enzyme activity resulting from the hyperosmotic stress were no longer evident, suggesting that an okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatase was activated in response to hyperosmotic stress. Our work suggests that, in this system, PIP is not involved in the initial response to hyperosmotic stress but may be involved in the recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cho
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7612
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17
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Partial purification and characterization of a (glycosyl) inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C from peanut. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Morre DJ, Brightman AO, Barr R, Davidson M, Crane FL. NADH Oxidase Activity of Plasma Membranes of Soybean Hypocotyls Is Activated by Guanine Nucleotides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 102:595-602. [PMID: 12231849 PMCID: PMC158817 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.2.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The activity of an auxin-stimulated NADH oxidase of the plasma membrane of hypocotyls of etiolated soybean (Glycine max Merr.) seedlings responded to guanine and other nucleotides, but in a manner that differed from that of enzymes coupled to the classic trimeric and low molecular weight monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). In the presence and absence of either auxin or divalent ions, both GTP and GDP as well as guanosine-5[prime]-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-[gamma]-S) and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates stimulated the oxidase activity over the range 10 [mu]M to 1 mM. GTP and GTP-[gamma]-S stimulated the activity at 10 nM in the absence of added magnesium and at 1 nM in the presence of added magnesium ions. Other nucleotides stimulated at 100 nM and above. The NADH oxidase was stimulated by 10 [mu]M mastoparan and by 40 [mu]M aluminum fluoride. Neither cholera nor pertussis toxins, tested at a concentration sufficient to block mammalian G protein function, inhibited the activity. Guanosine 5[prime]-O-(2-thiodi-phosphate) (GDP-[beta]-S) did not stimulate activity, suggesting that the stimulation in response to GDP may be mediated by a plasma membrane nucleoside diphosphate kinase through conversion of GDP to GTP. Auxin stimulation of the NADH oxidase was unaffected by nucleotides at either high or low nucleotide concentrations in the absence of added divalent ions. However, pretreatment of plasma membranes with auxin increased the apparent affinity for nucleotide binding. This increased affinity, however, appeared not to be the mechanism of auxin stimulation of the oxidase, since auxin stimulation was similar with or without low concentrations of guanine nucleotides. The stimulation by nucleotides was observed after incubating the membranes with 0.1% Triton X-100 prior to assay. The results suggest a role of guanine (and other) nucleotides in the regulation of plasma membrane NADH oxidase that differs from the interactions with G proteins commonly described for animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Morre
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry (D.J.M., A.O.B., M.D.) and Department of Biological Sciences (R.B., F.L.C.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Yotsushima K, Mitsui T, Takaoka T, Hayakawa T, Igaue I. Purification and Characterization of Membrane-Bound Inositol Phospholipid-Specific Phospholipase C from Suspension-Cultured Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cells (Identification of a Regulatory Factor). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 102:165-172. [PMID: 12231806 PMCID: PMC158759 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A membrane-bound inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C was solubilized from rice (Oryza sativa L.) microsomal membranes and purified to apparent homogeneity using a series of chromatographic separations. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 42,000 D, and the isoelectric point was 5.1. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was approximately 6.5, and the enzyme was activated by both Ca2+ and Sr2+. The chemical and catalytic properties of the purified membrane-bound phospholipase C differed from those of the soluble enzyme reported previously (K. Yotsushima, K. Nakamura, T. Mitsui, I. Igaue [1992] Biosci Biotech Biochem 56: 1247-1251). In addition, we found a regulatory factor for the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolyzing activity of phospholipase C from rice cells. The regulatory factor was dissociated from the catalytic subunit of phospholipase C during the purification. The regulatory factor was necessary to induce PIP2-hydrolyzing activity of both membrane-bound and -soluble phospholipase C; these purified enzymes had no activity alone. Because the plasma membranes isolated from rice cells could also act as a regulatory factor, the regulatory factor seems to be localized in the plasma membranes. Regulation of inositol phospholipid turnover in rice cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Yotsushima
- Department of Biosystem Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology (K.Y.), and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture (T.M., T.T., T.H., I.I.), Niigata University, 2-Ikarashi, Niigata 950-21, Japan
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20
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Walton TJ, Cooke CJ, Newton RP, Smith CJ. Evidence that generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate are rapid responses following addition of fungal elicitor which induces phytoalexin synthesis in lucerne (Medicago sativa) suspension culture cells. Cell Signal 1993; 5:345-56. [PMID: 8394100 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(93)90026-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of lucerne suspension culture cells with glycoprotein elicitor from the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium albo-atrum R & B triggers Ca(2+)-mediated induction of antimicrobial secondary metabolites termed phytoalexins. The present study investigated the possible role of polyphosphoinositide signal transduction in phytoalexin elicitation. Within 1 min of addition of elicitor to lucerne suspension culture cells we found a 100-160% (15-25 pmol/g fresh wt) increase in the level of compound with chromatographic and electrophoretic properties expected for an inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) and which was strongly bound by an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3)-specific binding protein; after 3 min the level of this compound had fallen below that observed prior to elicitor challenge. In 32P-prelabelled cells, the relative proportion of radioactivity which cochromatographed with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) was found to have decreased by 48% 1 min after elicitor addition and that rapid depletion of membrane lipid radioactivity was specific to this lipid fraction. The rapid, transient increase in level of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and concomitant fall in PtdIns(4,5)P2 suggests that Ins(1,4,5)P3 generated by hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 may provide a Ca(2+)-mobilizing signal in phytoalexin elicitation in lucerne.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Walton
- Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Wales, U.K
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21
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Bullock TL, Ryan M, Kim SL, Remington SJ, Griffith OH. Crystallization of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Biophys J 1993; 64:784-91. [PMID: 8386017 PMCID: PMC1262392 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) cleaves phosphoinositides into two parts, lipid-soluble diacylglycerol and the water-soluble phosphorylated inositol. Two crystal forms of Bacillus cereus PI-PLC have been obtained by the vapor diffusion technique. Hexagonal crystals were grown from solutions containing polyethylene glycol (PEG; 4,000 to 8,000 D). The space group of these hexagonal crystals is P6(1)22 (or the enantiomorphic space group P6(5)22), with cell constants a = b = 133 A, and c = 231 A. The crystals diffract to 2.8 A. The second crystalline form was grown from a two-phase PEG (600 D)-sodium citrate solution. The phase diagram and PI-PLC distribution between phases has been determined. The enzyme crystallizes from the PEG-rich phase. The crystals are orthorhombic with space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 45 A, b = 46 A, c = 160 A), and contain one PI-PLC monomer per asymmetric unit. The orthorhombic crystals diffract to 2.5 A. Both the hexagonal and orthorhombic forms are suitable for crystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Bullock
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Drøbak
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Norwich, U.K
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23
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Einspahr KJ. Inositol phospholipids in plant cell signalling. Trends Genet 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-9525(92)90379-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Gross W, Yang W, Boss WF. Release of carrot plasma membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase by phospholipase A2 and activation by a 70 kDa protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1134:73-80. [PMID: 1311960 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90029-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes were isolated from carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells grown in suspension culture and treated with phospholipase A2 from snake or bee venom for 10 min. As a result of this treatment, phosphatidylinositol kinase activity was recovered in the soluble fraction. There was no detectable diacylglycerol kinase or phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinase activity released from the membranes after the phospholipase A2 treatment. Treating the plasma membranes with phospholipase C or D did not release PI kinase activity. The phospholipase A2-released PI kinase was activated over 2-fold by a heat stable, soluble 70 kDa protein. The partially purified 70 kDa activator increases the Vmax but does not affect the Km of the phospholipase A2-released PI kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gross
- Botany Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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25
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Melin PM, Pical C, Jergil B, Sommarin M. Polyphosphoinositide phospholipase C in wheat root plasma membranes. Partial purification and characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1123:163-9. [PMID: 1310875 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various detergents on polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity in highly purified wheat root plasma membrane vesicles was examined. The plasma membrane-bound enzyme was solubilized in octylglucoside and purified 25-fold by hydroxylapatite and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) with specific activities of 5 and 10 mumol/min per mg protein, respectively. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) was not a substrate. Optimum activity was between pH 6-7 (PIP) and pH 6-6.5 (PIP2). The enzyme was dependent on micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ for activity, and millimolar Mg2+ further increased the activity. Other divalent cations (4 mM Ca2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) inhibited (PIP2 as substrate) or enhanced (PIP as substrate) phospholipase C activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Melin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hetherington
- Division of Biological Sciences, IEBS, Lancaster University, U.K
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27
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28
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Kamada Y, Muto S. Ca2+ regulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in the plasma membrane of tobacco suspension culture cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1093:72-9. [PMID: 1646649 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90140-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical properties of the enzymes involved in phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in higher plants were investigated using the plasma membrane isolated from tobacco suspension culture cells by aqueous two-phase partitioning. Submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ inhibited PI kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) kinase and stimulated phospholipase C. Diacylglycerol (DG) kinase was inhibited by Ca2+, but required a higher concentration than the physiological level. From the above results we postulate the following scheme: signal coupled activation of phospholipase C produces IP3 which induces Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ compartment, the increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ in turn activates phospholipase C and causes a further increase of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level. This inhibits PI kinase and PIP kinase and brings about a limited supply of PIP2, the substrate of phospholipase C. Consequently, IP3 production decreases and Ca2+ mobilization ceases. Then cytosolic Ca2+ returns to the stationary level by the Ca2+ pump at the plasma membrane and at the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane and at the tonoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kamada
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Drøbak BK, Watkins PA, Chattaway JA, Roberts K, Dawson AP. Metabolism of Inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate by a Soluble Enzyme Fraction from Pea (Pisum sativum) Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 95:412-9. [PMID: 16667999 PMCID: PMC1077546 DOI: 10.1104/pp.95.2.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of the putative messenger molecule d-myo-inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P(3)] in plant cells has been studied using a soluble fraction from pea (Pisum sativum) roots as enzyme source and [5-(32)P]Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and [2-(3)H]Ins(1,4,5)P(3) as tracers. Ins(1,4,5)P(3) was rapidly converted into both lower and higher inositol phosphates. The major dephosphorylation product was inositol(4,5)bisphosphate [Ins(4,5)P(2)] whereas inositol(1,4)bisphosphate [Ins(1,4)P(2)] was only present in very small quantities throughout a 15 minute incubation period. In addition to these compounds, small amounts of nine other metabolites were produced including inositol and inositol(1,4,5,X)P(4). Dephosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P(3) to Ins(4,5)P(2) was dependent on Ins(1,4,5)P(3) concentration and was partially inhibited by the phosphohydrolase inhibitors 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, glucose 6-phosphate, and p-nitrophenylphosphate. Conversion of Ins(1,4,5)P(3) to Ins(4,5)P(2) and Ins(1,4,5,X)P(4) was inhibited by 55 micromolar Ca(2+). This study demonstrates that enzymes are present in plant tissues which are capable of rapidly converting Ins(1,4,5)P(3) and that pathways of inositol phosphate metabolism exist which may prove to be unique to the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Drøbak
- Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Great Britain
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30
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Einspahr KJ, Thompson GA. Transmembrane Signaling via Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Hydrolysis in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 93:361-6. [PMID: 16667474 PMCID: PMC1062519 DOI: 10.1104/pp.93.2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have confirmed the presence of the polyphosphoinositides, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)), as well as inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C in higher plant and microalgal cells. In addition, it has been shown that stimulation of some photosynthetic cell types by environmental or hormonal challenge is accompanied by degradation of the polyphosphoinositides. The products of phospholipase C-catalyzed PIP(2) hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, appear to be capable of releasing organelle-bound Ca(2+) and stimulating protein kinase C-like activity in vitro. However, a direct cause and effect relationship between stimulated PIP(2) breakdown and changes in intracellular calcium, protein phosphorylation, or cell function has not yet been unequivocally established. Despite a number of technical difficulties slowing progress in this field, it is likely that photosynthetic organisms will soon be shown to transmit physiologically significant extracellular signals across their plasma membranes by a PIP(2)-mediated transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Einspahr
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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31
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Signal Transduction at the Membrane Level of Plant Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2103-0_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Tate BF, Schaller GE, Sussman MR, Crain RC. Characterization of a Polyphosphoinositide Phospholipase C from the Plasma Membrane of Avena sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:1275-9. [PMID: 16667176 PMCID: PMC1062179 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.4.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity was identified in oat root (Avena sativa, cv Victory) plasma membranes purified by separation in an aqueous two-phase polymer system. The enzyme is highly active toward inositol phospholipids but only minimally active toward phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Activity approaches maximal levels at 200 micromolar phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and is highly dependent on calcium; it is inhibited by 1 millimolar EGTA and is activated by calcium with an apparent activation constant of 2 micromolar. At 10 micromolar calcium and 200 micromolar inositol phospholipid, the enzyme is specific for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) and PIP, which are hydrolyzed at 10 and 4 times, respectively, the rate of phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis. The principle water soluble products of hydrolysis, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography, are inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate from PIP(2), inositol 1,4-bisphosphate from PIP, and inositol phosphate from PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Tate
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology U-125 University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3125
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33
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Abstract
Studies on a variety of animal cell types have revealed a GTP-specific calcium-releasing mechanism in a non-mitochondrial, microsomal fraction. Here we report that GTP also induces rapid release of calcium from a zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) hypocotyl microsomal fraction. Maximal release occurs at 50 microM, and half-maximal release at 8 microM GTP. GTP is highly specific in its effect, and may not be replaced by UTP, ATP, CTP, TTP, GMP, or by non-hydrolysable analogues of GTP. Reuptake of calcium after release does not normally occur; however, this may be induced by non-hydrolysable GTP analogues. Calcium release is also blocked by prior treatment with these analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allan
- John Innes Institute, Norwich, England
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34
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Wissing J, Heim S, Wagner KG. Diacylglycerol kinase from suspension cultured plant cells : purification and properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:1546-51. [PMID: 16666963 PMCID: PMC1061923 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.4.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (ATP:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.107) from suspension-cultured Catharanthus roseus cells was extracted from a membrane fraction with 0.6% Triton X-100 and 150 millimolar NaCl and was purified about 900-fold by DEAE-cellulose, blue Sepharose, gel permeation, and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme is obviously membrane bound as activity in the cytosol could not be detected. In the presence of detergents such as Triton X-100 (3-[3-cholamidopropyl]dimethylamino)-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps), or deoxycholate, a molecular weight of about 250,000 was determined by gel filtration. In glycerol density gradients, the enzyme sedimented slightly more slowly than bovine serum albumin, indicating a molecular weight of less than 68,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis enzyme activity could be assigned to a protein of 51,000 daltons. As found previously for bacterial and animal diacylglycerol kinases, the purified enzyme was completely devoid of activity without the addition of phospholipids or deoxycholate. Cardiolipin was found to be most effective, whereas higher amounts of detergent were inhibitory. The enzyme needs divalent cations for activity, with Mg(2+) ions being the most effective. Apparent K(m) values for ATP and diacylglycerol were determined as 100 and 250 micromolar, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wissing
- Enzymologie, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
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35
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Coté GG, Depass AL, Quarmby LM, Tate BF, Morse MJ, Satter RL, Crain RC. Separation and Characterization of Inositol Phospholipids from the Pulvini of Samanea saman. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:1422-8. [PMID: 16666946 PMCID: PMC1061906 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.4.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To supplement current thin-layer chromatographic methods for separation and quantitation of plant phospholipids, an alternative method, high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The major inositol-containing lipids from the pulvini of Samanea saman Merr. were identified as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate based on comigration with authentic standards on high-performance liquid chromatography and on thin-layer chromatography. The patterns of incorporation of radioactivity into the putative phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol phosphate were consistent with these identifications when pulvini were labeled with [(3)H]glycerol, [(3)H]inositol, or [(32)P]orthophosphate. Analysis of the products of enzymic hydrolysis, of chemical deacylation, and of ;fingerprint' methanolysis of these phospholipids confirmed the identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Coté
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology U-125, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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36
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Einspahr KJ, Peeler TC, Thompson GA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Phospholipase C and Phosphomonoesterase in Dunaliella salina Membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:1115-20. [PMID: 16666860 PMCID: PMC1061852 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.3.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with other cell organelles, the Dunaliella salina plasma membrane was found to be highly enriched in phospholipase C activity toward exogenous [(3)H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). Based on release of [(3)H]inositol phosphates, the plasma membrane exhibited a PIP(2)-phospholipase C activity nearly tenfold higher than the nonplasmalemmal, nonchloroplast ;bottom phase' (BP) membrane fraction and 47 times higher than the chloroplast membrane fraction. The majority of phospholipase activity was clearly of a phospholipase C nature since over 80% of [(3)H]inositol phosphates released were recovered as [(3)H]inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)). These results suggest a plausible mechanism for the rapid breakdown of PIP(2) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) following hypoosmotic shock. Quantitative analysis of major [(3)H]inositol phospholipids during these assays revealed that some of the [(3)H]-PIP(2) was converted to [(3)H]phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and to [(3)H]phosphatidyl-inositol (PI) in the BP fraction of membrane remaining after removal of plasmalemma and chloroplasts. This latter fraction is enriched more than fivefold in PIP(2)/PIP phosphomonoesterase activity when compared to the plasmalemma or chloroplast membrane fractions. We have also examined some of the in vitro characteristics of the plasma membrane phospholipase C activity and have found it to be calcium sensitive, reaching maximal activity at 10 micromolar free [Ca(2+)]. We also report here that 100 micromolar GTPgammaS stimulates phosphospholipase C activity over a range of free [Ca(2+)]. Together, these results provide evidence that the plasma membrane PIP(2)-phospholipase C of D. salina may be subject to Ca(2+) and G-protein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Einspahr
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713
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37
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Zbell BA, Walter-Back C, Bucher H. Evidence of an auxin-mediated phosphoinositide turnover and an inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate effect on isolated membranes of Daucus carota L. J Cell Biochem 1989; 40:331-40. [PMID: 2550489 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240400309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal membranes from carrot suspension cells were phosphorylated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP. In the presence of submicromolar concentrations of the natural auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA), a rapid, but transient decrease of the [32P] label could be detected in the phospholipid extracts of the membranes. The phytohormone effect was not the result of an inhibition of the lipid phosphorylation reactions, but was caused by a simultaneous release of water-soluble compounds, which, according to their chromatographic properties, were assumed to contain inositol polyphosphates. Although the [32P]-labeled lipids, as well as the inositol polyphosphates, were not identified unequivocally by chemical analysis, these findings point to an auxin-mediated control of a phosphoinositidase C-like reaction similar to the hormone-stimulated phosphoinositide response in animals. Exogenously applied inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate [(1,4,5)IP3] was found to release 45Ca2+ from preloaded membrane vesicles of carrot cells. Both the detection of the auxin-stimulated phosphoinositide response and the (1,4,5)IP3-mediated Ca2+ release on isolated cell membranes offer new experimental approaches for the identification of the putative auxin receptor and its signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Zbell
- Botanical Institute, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Irvine RF, Letcher AJ, Lander DJ, Drøbak BK, Dawson AP, Musgrave A. Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate and Phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate in Plant Tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 89:888-92. [PMID: 16666637 PMCID: PMC1055939 DOI: 10.1104/pp.89.3.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum) leaf discs or swimming suspensions of Chlamydomonas eugametos were radiolabeled with [(3)H]myo-inositol or [(32)P]Pi and the lipids were extracted, deacylated, and their glycerol moieties removed. The resulting inositol trisphosphate and bisphosphate fractions were examined by periodate degradation, reduction and dephosphorylation, or by incubation with human red cell membranes. Their likely structures were identified as d-myo-inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and d-myo-inositol(1,4,)-bisphosphate. It is concluded that plants contain phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate and phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate; no other polyphosphoinositides were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Irvine
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Physiology & Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom
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39
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Molecular Evolution of the Endocrine System. Mol Endocrinol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-111230-1.50018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shears
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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