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Parmaki S, Tsipa A, Vasquez MI, Gonçalves JMJ, Hadjiadamou I, Ferreira FC, Afonso CAM, Drouza C, Koutinas M. Resolution of alkaloid racemate: a novel microbial approach for the production of enantiopure lupanine via industrial wastewater valorization. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:67. [PMID: 32169079 PMCID: PMC7071741 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupanine is a plant toxin contained in the wastewater of lupine bean processing industries, which could be used for semi-synthesis of various novel high added-value compounds. This paper introduces an environmental friendly process for microbial production of enantiopure lupanine. RESULTS Previously isolated P. putida LPK411, R. rhodochrous LPK211 and Rhodococcus sp. LPK311, holding the capacity to utilize lupanine as single carbon source, were employed as biocatalysts for resolution of racemic lupanine. All strains achieved high enantiomeric excess (ee) of L-(-)-lupanine (> 95%), while with the use of LPK411 53% of the initial racemate content was not removed. LPK411 fed with lupanine enantiomers as single substrates achieved 92% of D-(+)-lupanine biodegradation, whereas L-(-)-lupanine was not metabolized. Monitoring the transcriptional kinetics of the luh gene in cultures supplemented with the racemate as well as each of the enantiomers supported the enantioselectivity of LPK411 for D-(+)-lupanine biotransformation, while (trans)-6-oxooctahydro-1H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid was detected as final biodegradation product from D-(+)-lupanine use. Ecotoxicological assessment demonstrated that lupanine enantiomers were less toxic to A. fischeri compared to the racemate exhibiting synergistic interaction. CONCLUSIONS The biological chiral separation process of lupanine presented here constitutes an eco-friendly and low-cost alternative to widely used chemical methods for chiral separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Parmaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Argyro Tsipa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - João M J Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ioanna Hadjiadamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Frederico C Ferreira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A M Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chrysoulla Drouza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Michalis Koutinas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
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2
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Detheridge AP, Griffith GW, Hopper DJ. Genome Sequence Analysis of Two Pseudomonas putida Strains to Identify a 17-Hydroxylase Putatively Involved in Sparteine Degradation. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:1649-1654. [PMID: 30267141 PMCID: PMC6208669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of Pseudomonas putida, Psp-LUP and Psp-SPAR, capable of growth on the quinolizidine alkaloids, lupanine and sparteine respectively, were studied here. We report the isolation of Psp-SPAR and the complete genome sequencing of both bacteria. Both were confirmed to belong to P. putida, Psp-LUP close to the type isolate of the species (NBRC14164T) and Psp-SPAR close to strains KT2440 and F1. Psp-SPAR did not grow on lupanine but did contain a gene encoding a putative quinolizidine-17-hydroxylase peptide which exhibited high similarity (76%identity) to the lupanine-17-hydroxylase characterised from Psp-LUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Detheridge
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth W Griffith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK.
| | - David J Hopper
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
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3
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Parmaki S, Vyrides I, Vasquez MI, Hartman V, Zacharia I, Hadjiadamou I, Barbeitos CBM, Ferreira FC, Afonso CAM, Drouza C, Koutinas M. Bioconversion of alkaloids to high-value chemicals: Comparative analysis of newly isolated lupanine degrading strains. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:50-59. [PMID: 29126065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the potential for development of a lupanine valorization process evaluating different isolated microorganisms for their capacity to metabolize the alkaloid. Ecotoxicological assessment demonstrated that lupanine is toxic for Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna exhibiting EC50 values of 89 mg L-1 and 47 mg L-1 respectively, while acting both as growth inhibitor for a monocotyledonous and as promoter for a dicotyledonous plant. Among the eight aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated and identified Rhodococcus rhodochrous LPK211 achieved 81% removal for 1.5 g L-1 lupanine, while no end-products were detected by NMR constituting a promising microorganism for lupanine biodegradation. Moreover, Rhodococcus ruber LPK111 and Rhodococcus sp. LPK311 exhibited 66% and 71% of removal respectively, including potential formation of lupanine N-oxide. Pseudomonas putida LPK411 reached 80% of lupanine removal and generated three fermentation products potentially comprising 17-oxolupanine and lupanine derivatives with open ring structures enabling the development of alkaloid valorization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Parmaki
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Vyrides
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Viki Hartman
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Irene Zacharia
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Hadjiadamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Catarina B M Barbeitos
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Ferreira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A M Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed. ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chrysoulla Drouza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Michalis Koutinas
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str., 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
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4
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Ortega-David E, Rodríguez-Stouvenel A. Degradation of quinolizidine alkaloids of lupin by Rhizopus oligosporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4799-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Stampolidis P, Kaderbhai NN, Kaderbhai MA. Presence and role of a second disulphide bond in recombinant lupanine hydroxylase using site-directed mutagenesis with 143Cys→Ser and 124,143Cys→Ser mutations in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 334:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Stampolidis
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried; Germany
| | - Naheed N. Kaderbhai
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences; Aberystwyth University; Aberystwyth; UK
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Stampolidis P, Kaderbhai NN, Kaderbhai MA. Periplasmically-exported lupanine hydroxylase undergoes transition from soluble to functional inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:8-15. [PMID: 19467626 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas lupanine hydroxylase is a periplasmic-localised, two domain quinocytochrome c enzyme. It requires numerous post-translocation modifications involving signal peptide processing, disulphide bridge formation and, heme linkage in the carboxy-terminal cytochrome c domain to eventually generate a Ca(2+)-bound quino-c hemoprotein that hydroxylates the plant alkaloid, lupanine. An exported, functional recombinant enzyme was generated in Escherichia coli by co-expression with cytochrome c maturation factors. Increased growth temperatures ranging from 18 to 30 degrees C gradually raised the enzyme production to a peak together with its concomitant aggregation as red solid particles, readily activatable in a fully functional form by mild chaotropic treatment. Here, we demonstrate that the exported lupanine hydroxylase undergoes a cascade transition from a soluble to "non-classical" inclusion body form when build-up in the periplasm exceeded a basal threshold concentration. These periplasmic aggregates were distinct from the non-secreted, signal-sequenceless counterpart that occurred as misfolded, non-functional concatamers in the form of classical inclusion bodies. We discuss our findings in the light of current models of how aggregation of lupanine hydroxylase arises in the periplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Stampolidis
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cledwyn Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, United Kingdom
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7
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New quinolizidine and diaza-adamantane alkaloids from Acosmium dasycarpum (Vog.) Yakovlev—Fabaceae. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Kaderbhai MA, Hopper DJ, Akhtar KM, Abbas SK, Kaderbhai NN. A cytochrome c from a lupanine-transforming Pseudomonas putida strain is expressed in Escherichia coli during aerobic cultivation and efficiently exported and assembled in the periplasm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4727-31. [PMID: 12902264 PMCID: PMC169100 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4727-4731.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned, sequenced, and heterologously expressed a periplasmic cytochrome c from a lupanine-utilizing Pseudomonas putida strain. Aerobic batch cultivation of Escherichia coli TB1 harboring the cytochrome c gene placed downstream of the lac promoter in pUC9 vector resulted in significant production of the holo-cytochrome c in the periplasm ( approximately 4 mg of hemoprotein/liter of culture). The recombinant cytochrome c was purified to homogeneity and was found to be functional in accepting electrons from lupanine hydroxylase while catalyzing hydroxylation of lupanine. Comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the isolated cytochrome c with that deduced from the DNA sequence indicated that the signal sequence was processed at the bond position predicted by the SigPep program. The molecular size of the cytochrome c determined by electrospray mass spectrometry (9,595) was in precise agreement with that predicted from the nucleotide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustak A Kaderbhai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DD, Wales, United Kingdom.
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9
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Rathbone DA, Lister DL, Bruce NC. Biotransformation of alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2003; 58:1-82. [PMID: 12534248 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(02)58002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformations of alkaloids over the last decade have continued to encompass a wide variety of substrates and enzymes. The elucidation of novel alkaloid biosynthetic and catabolic pathways will continue to furnish new biocatalysts for the synthetic organic chemist. Furthermore, an improved understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of metabolic pathways will also permit the engineering of pathways in plants and other heterologous hosts for the production of therapeutically important alkaloids. The combination of increasing commercial interest and advances in molecular biology will facilitate the availability of robust biocatalysts which are a prerequsite to achieve economically feasible processes for the production of alkaloid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Rathbone
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, United Kingdom
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10
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Hopper DJ, Kaderbhai MA. The quinohaemoprotein lupanine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1647:110-5. [PMID: 12686118 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lupanine hydroxylase catalyses the first reaction in the catabolism of the alkaloid lupanine by Pseudomonas putida. It dehydrogenates the substrate, which can then be hydrated. It is a monomeric protein of M(r) 72,000 and contains a covalently bound haem and a molecule of PQQ. The gene for this enzyme has been cloned and sequenced and the derived protein sequence has a 26 amino acid signal sequence at the N-terminal for translocation of the protein to the periplasm. Many of the features seen in the sequence of lupanine hydroxylase are common with other quinoproteins including the W-motifs that are characteristic of the eight-bladed propeller structure of methanol dehydrogenase. However, the unusual disulfide bridge between adjacent cysteines that is present in some PQQ-containing enzymes is absent in lupanine hydroxylase. The C-terminal domain contains characteristics of a cytochrome c and overall the sequence shows similarities with that of the quinohaemoprotein, alcohol dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni. The gene coding for lupanine hydroxylase has been successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and a procedure has been developed to renature and reactivate the enzyme, which was found to be associated with the inclusion bodies. Reactivation required addition of PQQ and was dependent on calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hopper
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, UK.
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11
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Hopper DJ, Kaderbhai MA, Marriott SA, Young M, Rogozinski J. Cloning, sequencing and heterologous expression of the gene for lupanine hydroxylase, a quinocytochrome c from a Pseudomonas sp. Biochem J 2002; 367:483-9. [PMID: 12119046 PMCID: PMC1222901 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2002] [Revised: 07/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the enzyme lupanine hydroxylase was isolated by PCR using chromosomal DNA from a lupanine-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. as template and primers based on the sequences of the N- and C-termini of the purified protein. The derived sequence for the mature gene product gave a protein with an M (r) of 72256, in good agreement with the value found by SDS/PAGE of the pure enzyme, and contained the sequences of several peptides obtained after endoproteinase Lys-C digestion of the pure enzyme. The gene, under the transcriptional control of a phoA promotor and with the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase signal sequence, was expressed in E. coli containing a plasmid expressing the genes for cytochrome c maturation proteins constitutively. Haem-containing inactive protein in inclusion bodies was renatured and reactivated with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and Ca(2+) to give active enzyme. The lupanine hydroxylase (luh) gene coded for a protein with a cleavable 26-residue signal sequence at its N-terminus, required for the transport of the enzyme to its periplasmic location. Analysis of the protein sequence showed that it contains two domains, a large PQQ-binding N-terminal domain and a smaller cytochrome c C-terminal domain. Comparison of the derived sequence with those of other proteins showed considerable similarity with other quino(haemo)proteins, including alcohol dehydrogenases from a variety of bacteria. The PQQ-binding domain sequence contains W motifs, characteristic of the eight-bladed "propeller" structure of methanol dehydrogenase, but lacks the unusual disulphide ring structure formed from two adjacent cysteines seen in this enzyme. The C-terminus shares some similarity with bacterial cytochrome c and includes the haem-binding consensus sequence CXXCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hopper
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, Wales, U.K.
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12
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Rathbone DA, Lister DL, Bruce NC. Biotransformation of alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2002; 57:1-74. [PMID: 11705120 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(01)57002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformations of alkaloids over the last decade have continued to encompass a wide variety of substrates and enzymes. The elucidation of novel alkaloid biosynthetic and catabolic pathways will continue to furnish new biocatalysts for the synthetic organic chemist. Furthermore, an improved understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of metabolic pathways will also permit the engineering of pathways in plants and other heterologous hosts for the production of therapeutically important alkaloids. The combination of increasing commercial interest and advances in molecular biology will facilitate the availability of robust biocatalysts which are a prerequsite to achieve economically feasible processes for the production of alkaloid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rathbone
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, United Kingdom
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Vangnai AS, Arp DJ. An inducible 1-butanol dehydrogenase, a quinohaemoprotein, is involved in the oxidation of butane by "Pseudomonas butanovora". MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:745-756. [PMID: 11238982 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-3-745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Butane-grown "Pseudomonas butanovora" expressed two soluble alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), an NAD(+)-dependent secondary ADH and an NAD(+)-independent primary ADH. Two additional NAD(+)-dependent secondary ADHs could be detected when cells were grown on 2-butanol and lactate. The inducible NAD(+)-independent 1-butanol dehydrogenase (BDH) of butane-grown cells was primarily responsible for 1-butanol oxidation in the butane metabolism pathway. BDH was purified to near homogeneity and identified as a quinohaemoprotein, containing, per mol enzyme, 1.0 mol pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and 0.25 mol haem c as prosthetic groups. BDH was synthesized as a monomer of approximately 66 kDa. It has a broad substrate range, including primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, aldehydes, C(4) diols and aromatic alcohols. It exhibited the lowest K:(m) (7+/-1 microM) and highest k(cat)/K:(m) (72x10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) value towards 1-butanol. BDH exhibited ferricyanide-dependent ADH activity. Calcium ions (up to 10 mM) increased BDH activity substantially. Two BDH internal amino acid sequences showed 73 and 62% identity and 83 and 66% similarity, respectively, when compared with an amino acid sequence of ethanol dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni. The presence of the inducible BDH and secondary ADH may indicate that the terminal and subterminal oxidation pathways are involved in butane degradation of butane-grown "P. butanovora".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S Vangnai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Nitrogen Fixation Research1, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology2, Oregon State University, Cordley 2082, Corvallis, 97331-2902 OR, USA
| | - Daniel J Arp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory for Nitrogen Fixation Research1, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology2, Oregon State University, Cordley 2082, Corvallis, 97331-2902 OR, USA
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Abstract
Pyrrolo-quinoline quinone (PQQ) is the non-covalently bound prosthetic group of many quinoproteins catalysing reactions in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. Most of these involve the oxidation of alcohols or aldose sugars. PQQ is formed by fusion of glutamate and tyrosine, but details of the biosynthetic pathway are not known; a polypeptide precursor in the cytoplasm is probably involved, the completed PQQ being transported into the periplasm. In addition to the soluble methanol dehydrogenase of methylotrophs, there are three classes of alcohol dehydrogenases; type I is similar to methanol dehydrogenase; type II is a soluble quinohaemoprotein, having a C-terminal extension containing haem C; type III is similar but it has two additional subunits (one of which is a multihaem cytochrome c), bound in an unusual way to the periplasmic membrane. There are two types of glucose dehydrogenase; one is an atypical soluble quinoprotein which is probably not involved in energy transduction. The more widely distributed glucose dehydrogenases are integral membrane proteins, bound to the membrane by transmembrane helices at the N-terminus. The structures of the catalytic domains of type III alcohol dehydrogenase and membrane glucose dehydrogenase have been modelled successfully on the methanol dehydrogenase structure (determined by X-ray crystallography). Their mechanisms are likely to be similar in many ways and probably always involve a calcium ion (or other divalent cation) at the active site. The electron transport chains involving the soluble alcohol dehydrogenases usually consist only of soluble c-type cytochromes and the appropriate terminal oxidases. The membrane-bound quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases pass electrons to membrane ubiquinone which is then oxidized directly by ubiquinol oxidases. The electron acceptor for membrane glucose dehydrogenase is ubiquinone which is subsequently oxidized directly by ubiquinol oxidases or by electron transfer chains involving cytochrome bc1, cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidases. The function of most of these systems is to produce energy for growth on alcohol or aldose substrates, but there is some debate about the function of glucose dehydrogenases in those bacteria which contain one or more alternative pathways for glucose utilization. Synthesis of the quinoprotein respiratory systems requires production of PQQ, haem and the dehydrogenase subunits, transport of these into the periplasm, and incorporation together with divalent cations, into active quinoproteins and quinohaemoproteins. Six genes required for regulation of synthesis of methanol dehydrogenase have been identified in Methylobacterium, and there is evidence that two, two-component regulatory systems are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Goodwin
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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15
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Hopper DJ, Rogozinski J. Redox potential of the haem c group in the quinocytochrome, lupanine hydroxylase, an enzyme located in the periplasm of a Pseudomonas sp. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1383:160-4. [PMID: 9546057 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quinocytochrome c, lupanine hydroxylase, was shown to be located in the periplasm of a Pseudomonas sp. The midpoint redox potential of the haem in the purified enzyme was measured by potentiometric titration and shown to be +193 mV. PQQ was removed from the enzyme by isoelectric focusing to give inactive apoenzyme. This resulted in a shift in the midpoint redox potential of the haem to +98 mV. Full activity was recovered by the addition of PQQ to apoenzyme that also restored the original potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hopper
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
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Zarnt G, Schräder T, Andreesen JR. Degradation of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol by Ralstonia eutropha is initiated by an inducible pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4891-8. [PMID: 9406410 PMCID: PMC168817 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.12.4891-4898.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An organism tentatively identified as Ralstonia eutropha was isolated from enrichment cultures containing tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) as the sole source of carbon and energy. The strain was able to tolerate up to 200 mM THFA in mineral salt medium. The degradation was initiated by an inducible ferricyanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which was detected in the soluble fraction of cell extracts. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of THFA to the corresponding tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid. Studies with n-pentanol as the substrate revealed that the corresponding aldehyde was released as a free intermediate. The enzyme was purified 211-fold to apparent homogeneity and could be identified as a quinohemoprotein containing one pyrroloquinoline quinone and one covalently bound heme c per monomer. It was a monomer of 73 kDa and had an isoelectric point of 9.1. A broad substrate spectrum was obtained for the enzyme, which converted different primary alcohols, starting from C2 compounds, secondary alcohols, diols, polyethylene glycol 6000, and aldehydes, including formaldehyde. A sequence identity of 65% with a quinohemoprotein ADH from Comamonas testosteroni was found by comparing 36 N-terminal amino acids. The ferricyanide-dependent ADH activity was induced during growth on different alcohols except ethanol. In addition to this activity, an NAD-dependent ADH was present depending on the alcohol used as the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zarnt
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartmann
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Molecular Biology Division (151-S), San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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18
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Yasuda M, Cherepanov A, Duine JA. Polyethylene glycol dehydrogenase activity ofRhodopseudomonas acidophiladerives from a type I quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Toyama H, Fujii A, Matsushita K, Shinagawa E, Ameyama M, Adachi O. Three distinct quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases are expressed when Pseudomonas putida is grown on different alcohols. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:2442-50. [PMID: 7730276 PMCID: PMC176903 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.9.2442-2450.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain that can utilize several kinds of alcohols as its sole carbon and energy sources was isolated from soil and tentatively identified as Pseudomonas putida HK5. Three distinct dye-linked alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), each of which contained the prosthetic group pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), were formed in the soluble fractions of this strain grown on different alcohols. ADH I was formed most abundantly in the cells grown on ethanol and was similar to the quinoprotein ADH reported for P. putida (H. Görisch and M. Rupp, Antonie Leeuwenhoek 56:35-45, 1989) except for its isoelectric point. The other two ADHs, ADH IIB and ADH IIG, were formed separately in the cells grown on 1-butanol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. Both of these enzymes contained heme c in addition to PQQ and functioned as quinohemoprotein dehydrogenases. Potassium ferricyanide was an available electron acceptor for ADHs IIB and IIG but not for ADH I. The molecular weights were estimated to be 69,000 for ADH IIB and 72,000 for ADH IIG, and both enzymes were shown to be monomers. Antibodies raised against each of the purified ADHs could distinguish the ADHs from one another. Immunoblot analysis showed that ADH I was detected in cells grown on each alcohol tested, but ethanol was the most effective inducer. ADH IIB was formed in the cells grown on alcohols of medium chain length and also on 1,3-butanediol. Induction of ADH IIG was restricted to 1,2-propanediol or glycerol, of which the former alcohol was more effective. These results from immunoblot analysis correlated well with the substrate specificities of the respective enzymes. Thus, three distinct quinoprotein ADHs were shown to be synthesized by a single bacterium under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Anthony C, Ghosh M, Blake CC. The structure and function of methanol dehydrogenase and related quinoproteins containing pyrrolo-quinoline quinone. Biochem J 1994; 304 ( Pt 3):665-74. [PMID: 7818466 PMCID: PMC1137385 DOI: 10.1042/bj3040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton, U.K
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