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Pfeffer T, Lignelli E, Inoue H, Mižíková I, Surate Solaligue DE, Steenbock H, Myti D, Vadász I, Herold S, Seeger W, Brinckmann J, Morty RE. Minoxidil Cannot Be Used To Target Lysyl Hydroxylases during Postnatal Mouse Lung Development: A Cautionary Note. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:478-487. [PMID: 33020194 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl hydroxylases (procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) PLOD1, PLOD2, and PLOD3 have been proposed as pathogenic mediators of stunted lung development in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common complication of preterm birth. In affected infants, pulmonary oxygen toxicity stunts lung development. Mice lacking Plod1 exhibit 15% mortality, and mice lacking Plod2 or Plod3 exhibit embryonic lethality. Therefore, to address any pathogenic role of lysyl hydroxylases in stunted lung development associated with BPD, minoxidil was administered to newborn mice in an oxygen toxicity-based BPD animal model. Minoxidil, which has attracted much interest in the management of systemic hypertension and androgenetic alopecia, can also be used to reduce lysyl hydroxylase activity in cultured cells. An in vivo pilot dosing study established 50 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1 as the maximum possible minoxidil dose for intraperitoneal administration in newborn mouse pups. When administered at 50 mg⋅kg-1⋅day-1 to newborn mouse pups, minoxidil was detected in the lungs but did not impact lysine hydroxylation, collagen crosslinking, or lysyl hydroxylase expression in the lungs. Consistent with no impact on mouse lung extracellular matrix structures, minoxidil administration did not alter the course of normal or stunted lung development in newborn mice. At doses of up to 50 mg⋅kg⋅day-1, pharmacologically active concentrations of minoxidil were not achieved in neonatal mouse lung tissue; thus, minoxidil cannot be used to attenuate lysyl hydroxylase expression or activity during mouse lung development. These data also highlight the need for new and specific lysyl hydroxylase inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extracellular matrix crosslinking is mediated by lysyl hydroxylases, which generate hydroxylated lysyl residues in procollagen peptides. Deregulated collagen crosslinking is a pathogenic component of a spectrum of diseases, and thus, there is interest in validating lysyl hydroxylases as pathogenic mediators of disease and potential "druggable" targets. Minoxidil, administered at the maximum possible dose, did not inhibit lysyl hydroxylation in newborn mouse lungs, suggesting that minoxidil was unlikely to be of use in studies that pharmacologically target lysyl hydroxylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Pfeffer
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ettore Lignelli
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Despoina Myti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., W.S., R.E.M.); Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (T.P., E.L., I.M., D.E.S.S., D.M., I.V., S.H., W.S., R.E.M.); Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (H.I.); and Institute of Virology and Cell Biology (H.S., J.B.) and Department of Dermatology (J.B.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany,
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