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A novel RNA-binding protein, Ossa/C9orf10, regulates activity of Src kinases to protect cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:402-13. [PMID: 19015244 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01035-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of tumor progression and clinical treatments, tumor cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Tumor cells are frequently resistant to such stress by producing antiapoptotic signaling, including activation of Src family kinases (SFKs), although the molecular mechanism is not clear. In an attempt to identify the SFK-binding proteins selectively phosphorylated in gastric scirrhous carcinoma, we identified an uncharacterized protein, C9orf10. Here we report that C9orf10 (designated Ossa for oxidative stress-associated Src activator) is a novel RNA-binding protein that guards cancer cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by activation of SFKs. Exposure to oxidative stress such as UV irradiation induces the association of Ossa/C9orf10 with regulatory domains of SFKs, which activates these kinases and causes marked tyrosine phosphorylation of C9orf10 in turn. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Ossa recruits p85 subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and behaves as a scaffolding protein for PI3-kinase and SFKs, which activates the Akt-mediated antiapoptotic pathway. On the other hand, the carboxyl terminus of Ossa has a distinct function that directly binds RNAs such as insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA and promotes the extracellular secretion of IGF-II. Our findings indicate that Ossa is a dual-functional protein and might be a novel therapeutic target which modulates the sensitivity of tumors to oxidative stress.
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Kim EJ, Holthuizen PE, Kim J, Park JHY. Overexpression of mature insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II leads to growth arrest in Caco-2 human colon cancer cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2005; 15:64-71. [PMID: 15701574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells produce both mature 7500 M(r) and higher M(r) forms of IGF-II (pro IGF-II - pIGF-II) and pIGF-II production is much higher than that of mature IGF-II (mIGF-II). The present study was performed to determine whether overexpression of mIGF-II or pIGF-II stimulates Caco-2 cell growth. A pIGF-II cDNA construct that expresses IGF-II including the E-domain was prepared by cloning a 1250 bp BamH I-Apa I human prepro IGF-II cDNA fragment downstream of the CMV promoter in pcDNA3. To create a mIGF-II cDNA construct which does not express the E-domain, two stop codons were inserted right after the glutamine residue of the D-peptide by site directed mutagenesis utilizing the pIGF-II cDNA expression construct as the template. Caco-2 cells were stably transfected with the mIGF-II or pIGF-II construct. Secretion of the mature and higher M(r) forms of IGF-II into serum-free medium was higher in clones transfected with the mIGF-II or pIGF-II expression constructs compared to vector controls. Both IGF-II clonal cell lines grew faster than the control Caco-2 cells until six days of culture. However, at day 12 the final cell density of the pIGF-II expressing cells was higher than that of the mature IGF-II clones. Western blot analysis of cell lysates at day 8 through day 12 with anti-IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) beta subunit antibody revealed that the mature IGF-IR levels were lower in both IGF-II overexpressing cell lines compared to the vector control clone. Furthermore, it was shown that at day 12 the IGF-IR levels were significantly lower in mIGF-II clones than in pIGF-II clones. These results indicate that mIGF-II is more effective in down-regulating the IGF-IR than pIGF-II. We propose that overexpression of mIGF-II causes down-regulation of the IGF-IR, leading to growth arrest of Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Hallym University, 1 Okchon Dong, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Denys H, Jadidizadeh A, Amini Nik S, Van Dam K, Aerts S, Alman BA, Cassiman JJ, Tejpar S. Identification of IGFBP-6 as a significantly downregulated gene by beta-catenin in desmoid tumors. Oncogene 2004; 23:654-64. [PMID: 14737101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Desmoid tumors (aggressive fibromatosis) are locally invasive soft tissue tumors in which beta-catenin-mediated TCF-3-dependent transcription is activated. To provide more insight into the pathophysiology of these tumors, expression profiles were generated using oligonucleotide arrays (Affymetrix). In total, 69 differentially expressed genes were identified in desmoids compared to normal fibroblasts (fascia) from the same patients. The differential expression of a selection of genes was confirmed using RT-PCR and Northern blotting. We further evaluated the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6), a gene that was consistently downregulated in all desmoids tested. Promotor studies and electromobility shift assays revealed two functional beta-catenin/TCF-responsive elements in the human IGFBP-6 promoter. These findings suggest that IGFBP-6 is directly downregulated by the beta-catenin/TCF complex in desmoid tumors, and imply a role for the IGF axis in the proliferation of desmoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Denys
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Gingras AC, Raught B, Sonenberg N. Control of translation by the target of rapamycin proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 27:143-74. [PMID: 11575159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-09889-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Gingras
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, 3655 Dummond Street, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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de Moor CH, Richter JD. Translational control in vertebrate development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 203:567-608. [PMID: 11131527 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)03017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Translational control plays a large role in vertebrate oocyte maturation and contributes to the induction of the germ layers. Translational regulation is also observed in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The features of an mRNA that mediate translational control are found both in the 5' and in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). In the 5' UTR, secondary structure, the binding of proteins, and the presence of upstream open reading frames can interfere with the association of initiation factors with the cap, or with scanning of the initiation complex. The 3' UTR can mediate translational activation by directing cytoplasmic polyadenylation and can confer translational repression by interference with the assembly of initiation complexes. Besides mRNA-specific translational control elements, the nonspecific RNA-binding proteins contribute to the modulation of translation in development. This review discusses examples of translational control and their relevance for developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H de Moor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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Sizova DV, Shatsky IN. Internal ribosome entry sites of viral and cellular RNAs. Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02759634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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de Moor CH, Richter JD. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements mediate masking and unmasking of cyclin B1 mRNA. EMBO J 1999; 18:2294-303. [PMID: 10205182 PMCID: PMC1171312 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During oocyte maturation, cyclin B1 mRNA is translationally activated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation. This process is dependent on cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. To determine whether a titratable factor might be involved in the initial translational repression (masking) of this mRNA, high levels of cyclin B1 3' UTR were injected into oocytes. While this treatment had no effect on the poly(A) tail length of endogenous cyclin B1 mRNA, it induced cyclin B1 synthesis. A mutational analysis revealed that the most efficient unmasking element in the cyclin 3' UTR was the CPE. However, other U-rich sequences that resemble the CPE in structure, but which do not bind the CPE-binding polyadenylation factor CPEB, failed to induce unmasking. When fused to the chloramphenical acetyl transferase (CAT) coding region, the cyclin B1 3' UTR inhibited CAT translation in injected oocytes. In addition, a synthetic 3' UTR containing multiple copies of the CPE also inhibited translation, and did so in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, efficient CPE-mediated masking required cap-dependent translation. During the normal course of progesterone-induced maturation, cytoplasmic polyadenylation was necessary for mRNA unmasking. A model to explain how cyclin B1 mRNA masking and unmasking could be regulated by the CPE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H de Moor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Nielsen J, Christiansen J, Lykke-Andersen J, Johnsen AH, Wewer UM, Nielsen FC. A family of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding proteins represses translation in late development. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:1262-70. [PMID: 9891060 PMCID: PMC116055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.2.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a major fetal growth factor. The IGF-II gene generates multiple mRNAs with different 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) that are translated in a differential manner during development. We have identified a human family of three IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) that exhibit multiple attachments to the 5' UTR from the translationally regulated IGF-II leader 3 mRNA but are unable to bind to the 5' UTR from the constitutively translated IGF-II leader 4 mRNA. IMPs contain the unique combination of two RNA recognition motifs and four hnRNP K homology domains and are homologous to the Xenopus Vera and chicken zipcode-binding proteins. IMP localizes to subcytoplasmic domains in a growth-dependent and cell-specific manner and causes a dose-dependent translational repression of IGF-II leader 3 -luciferase mRNA. Mouse IMPs are produced in a burst at embryonic day 12.5 followed by a decline towards birth, and, similar to IGF-II, IMPs are especially expressed in developing epithelia, muscle, and placenta in both mouse and human embryos. The results imply that cytoplasmic 5' UTR-binding proteins control IGF-II biosynthesis during late mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nielsen
- RNA Regulation Centre, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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van der Velden AW, Thomas AA. The role of the 5' untranslated region of an mRNA in translation regulation during development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31:87-106. [PMID: 10216946 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cap-dependent ribosomal scanning occurs on the majority of cellular 5' UTRs. This process is severely hampered on long 5' UTRs, containing AUGs and secondary structure. These characteristics are often found in mRNAs encoding regulatory proteins like proto-oncogenes, growth factors, their receptors, and homeodomain proteins. A number of these mRNAs use an alternative mechanism of translation initiation, involving an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Cellular mRNAs containing a complex 5' UTR or an IRES share an intriguing characteristic: their translational efficiency can be very specifically regulated by their 5' UTR, providing post-transcriptional regulation. During embryonic development, the 5' UTRs of Antp. Ubx RAR beta 2 c-mos and c-myc regulate protein expression in a spatio-temporal manner. Translation initiation on a number of growth factor RNAs (IGFII, PDGF2, TGF beta, FGF-2, and VEGF) is specifically regulated during differentiation, growth, and stress. Furthermore, 5' UTR activity, mutations in the 5' UTR, or the occurrence of alternative 5' UTRs have been implicated in the progression of various forms of cancer. The mechanisms involved in 5' UTR mediated control are not well understood. Binding of trans-acting factors could mediate translation stimulation or repression. Furthermore, the precise localization of upstream AUGs and the activity of the cap-binding initiation factor 4E are suggested to be important for translation regulation of these mRNAs. This review focuses on 5' UTRs whose activity is regulated, the processes during which this regulation occurs, and as far as known the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W van der Velden
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Singh P, Dai B, Given RL, Lu X, Holthuizen PE. Differential activation of IGF-II promoters P3 and P4 in Caco-2 cells during growth and differentiation. Gastroenterology 1998; 114:1221-9. [PMID: 9609759 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene is overexpressed in colon cancers. Transcriptional up-regulation may be the major mechanism contributing to its overexpression. IGF-II messenger RNA (mRNA) levels are up-regulated during proliferation followed by a significant decline during differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of the IGF-II gene promoters (P1-P4) have yet to be examined in colon cancers, which was the basis for this study. METHODS Ribonuclease protection assay was used to measure IGF-II mRNA derived from P1-P4. To determine if changes in the IGF-II transcripts reflected differences in promoter activity, transient transfection assays with the full-length P1-P4-luciferase expression vectors were performed. RESULTS Both P3- and P4-derived transcripts were significantly up-regulated during the proliferative phase of the cells (days 3-6 in culture) and declined rapidly in cells undergoing differentiation (days 7-10); conversely, P1- and P2-derived transcripts were not detected. Similarly, transcriptional activity of P3 and P4 promoters reached peak levels by days 4-6 and declined rapidly thereafter. P1 and P2 were relatively inactive on all days. CONCLUSIONS The activity of the P3 and P4 promoters may play a selective role in regulating IGF-II mRNA levels during growth and differentiation of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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Ladomery M. Multifunctional proteins suggest connections between transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Bioessays 1997; 19:903-9. [PMID: 9363684 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950191010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that substantial cross-talk may exist between transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Firstly, there are suggestions that specific promoters influence the post-transcriptional fate of transcripts, pointing to communication between protein complexes assembled on DNA and nascent pre-mRNA. Secondly, an increasing number of proteins appear to be multifunctional, participating in transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. The classic example is TFIIIA, required for both the transcription of 5S rRNA genes and the packaging of 5S rRNA. TFIIIA is now joined by the Y-box proteins, which bind DNA (transcription activation and repression) and RNA (mRNA packaging). Furthermore, the tumour suppressor WT1, at first thought to be a typical transcription factor, may also be involved in splicing; conversely, hnRNP K, a bona fide pre-mRNA-binding protein, appears to be a transcription factor. Other examples of multifunctional proteins are mentioned: notably PTB, Sxl, La and PU.1. It is now reasonable to assert that some proteins, which were first identified as transcription factors, could just as easily have been identified as splicing factors, hnRNP, mRNP proteins and vice versa. It is no longer appropriate to view gene expression as a series of compartmentalised processes; instead, multifunctional proteins are likely to co-ordinate different steps of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ladomery
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Baler R, Covington S, Klein DC. The rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene promoter. cAMP activation via a cAMP-responsive element-CCAAT complex. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6979-85. [PMID: 9054387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.11.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A 10-100-fold rhythm in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT; EC 2.3.1.87) controls the rhythm in melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland. In some mammals, including the rat, the high nocturnal level of AA-NAT activity is preceded by an approximately 100-fold increase in AA-NAT mRNA. The increase in AA-NAT mRNA is generated by norepinephrine acting through a cAMP mechanism. Indirect evidence has suggested that cAMP enhances AA-NAT gene expression by stimulating phosphorylation of a DNA-binding protein (cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein) bound to a CRE. The nature of the sites involved in cAMP activation was investigated in this report by analyzing the AA-NAT promoter. An approximately 3700-base pair fragment of the 5'-flanking region of the rat AA-NAT gene was isolated, and the major transcription start points were mapped. The results of deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis indicate that cAMP activation requires a CRE.CCAAT complex consisting of a near-perfect CRE and an inverted CCAAT box located within two helical turns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baler
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Chapter 4 Molecular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2566(97)80035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Jarrous N, Osman F, Kaempfer R. 2-Aminopurine selectively inhibits splicing of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:2814-22. [PMID: 8649390 PMCID: PMC231273 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Aminopurine (2-AP) inhibits specific kinases that phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2. One of these, PKR, is also involved in signal transduction. We show here that 2-AP selectively inhibits expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in primary human lymphoid cells. 2-AP does not inhibit transcription of the human TNF-alpha gene, nor does it affect mRNA stability. Instead, the flow of short-lived precursor transcripts into mature TNF-alpha mRNA is blocked. When 2-AP is present during induction, unspliced TNF-alpha precursor transcripts accumulate at the expense of mRNA. Using RNase protection analysis with genomic probes for different exon-intron junctions, we show that 2-AP blocks splicing of TNF-alpha mRNA. Neither the TNF-beta nor the interleukin-1 beta gene shows such regulation. 2-AP also inhibits splicing of precursor RNA transcribed from an exogenous human TNF-alpha gene. Sequences within this gene thus confer sensitivity to 2-AP. Yet, control is not exerted at a specific splice site. Our results reveal the involvement of a 2-AP-sensitive component, expressed in functional form before induction, in the splicing of TNF-alpha mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jarrous
- Department of Molecular Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that translational control plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Most of the known physiological effects on translation are exerted at the level of polypeptide chain initiation. Research on initiation of translation over the past five years has yielded much new information, which can be divided into three main areas: (a) structure and function of initiation factors (including identification by sequencing studies of consensus domains and motifs) and investigation of protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions during initiation; (b) physiological regulation of initiation factor activities and (c) identification of features in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of messenger RNA molecules that regulate the selection of these mRNAs for translation. This review aims to assess recent progress in these three areas and to explore their interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Pain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Nielsen FC, Ostergaard L, Nielsen J, Christiansen J. Growth-dependent translation of IGF-II mRNA by a rapamycin-sensitive pathway. Nature 1995; 377:358-62. [PMID: 7566093 DOI: 10.1038/377358a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is important for fetal growth and development. The human IGF-II gene generates multiple mature transcripts with different 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) but identical coding regions and 3'UTRs. We have previously shown that a minor 4.8-kilobase messenger RNA was engaged in the synthesis of preproIGF-II, and a major 6.0-kb mRNA was untranslated and stored in a 100S ribonucleoprotein particle. Here we demonstrate that the 6.0-kb mRNA is selectively mobilized and translated in dispersed exponentially growing cells. Translational activation is prevented by rapamycin and mimicked by anisomycin, which suggests that translation of the 6.0-kb mRNA is regulated by the p70S6k/85S6k kinase signalling pathway. Therefore, the minor 4.8-kb mRNA generates a constitutive production of prepro-IGF-II, whereas the major 6.0-kb mRNA provides a post-transcriptionally regulated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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