1
|
Ho YC, Ku CS, Tsai SS, Shiu JL, Jiang YZ, Miriam HE, Zhang HW, Chen YT, Chiu WT, Chang SB, Shen CH, Myung K, Chi P, Liaw H. PARP1 recruits DNA translocases to restrain DNA replication and facilitate DNA repair. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010545. [PMID: 36512630 PMCID: PMC9794062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication fork reversal which restrains DNA replication progression is an important protective mechanism in response to replication stress. PARP1 is recruited to stalled forks to restrain DNA replication. However, PARP1 has no helicase activity, and the mechanism through which PARP1 participates in DNA replication restraint remains unclear. Here, we found novel protein-protein interactions between PARP1 and DNA translocases, including HLTF, SHPRH, ZRANB3, and SMARCAL1, with HLTF showing the strongest interaction among these DNA translocases. Although HLTF and SHPRH share structural and functional similarity, it remains unclear whether SHPRH contains DNA translocase activity. We further identified the ability of SHPRH to restrain DNA replication upon replication stress, indicating that SHPRH itself could be a DNA translocase or a helper to facilitate DNA translocation. Although hydroxyurea (HU) and MMS induce different types of replication stress, they both induce common DNA replication restraint mechanisms independent of intra-S phase activation. Our results suggest that the PARP1 facilitates DNA translocase recruitment to damaged forks, preventing fork collapse and facilitating DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chih Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Syun Ku
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Sheng Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Shiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Jiang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hui Emmanuela Miriam
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Chen
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Shen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- IBS Center for Genomic Integrity, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Chi
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hungjiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alemasova EE, Lavrik OI. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1: reaction mechanism and regulatory proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3811-3827. [PMID: 30799503 PMCID: PMC6486540 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is posttranslational modification of proteins by linear or branched chains of ADP-ribose units, originating from NAD+. The central enzyme for PAR production in cells and the main target of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during DNA damage is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). PARP1 ability to function as a catalytic and acceptor protein simultaneously made a considerable contribution to accumulation of contradictory data. This topic is directly related to other questions, such as the stoichiometry of PARP1 molecules in auto-modification reaction, direction of the chain growth during PAR elongation and functional coupling of PARP1 with PARylation targets. Besides DNA damage necessary for the folding of catalytically active PARP1, other mechanisms appear to be required for the relevant intensity and specificity of PARylation reaction. Indeed, in recent years, PARP research has been enriched by the discovery of novel PARP1 interaction partners modulating its enzymatic activity. Understanding the details of PARP1 catalytic mechanism and its regulation is especially important in light of PARP-targeted therapy and may significantly aid to PARP inhibitors drug design. In this review we summarize old and up-to-date literature to clarify several points concerning PARylation mechanism and discuss different ways for regulation of PAR synthesis by accessory proteins reported thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta E Alemasova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thorsell AG, Ekblad T, Karlberg T, Löw M, Pinto AF, Trésaugues L, Moche M, Cohen MS, Schüler H. Structural Basis for Potency and Promiscuity in Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) and Tankyrase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:1262-1271. [PMID: 28001384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors could help unveil the mechanisms by which inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) elicits clinical benefits in cancer therapy. We profiled 10 clinical PARP inhibitors and commonly used research tools for their inhibition of multiple PARP enzymes. We also determined crystal structures of these compounds bound to PARP1 or PARP2. Veliparib and niraparib are selective inhibitors of PARP1 and PARP2; olaparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib are more potent inhibitors of PARP1 but are less selective. PJ34 and UPF1069 are broad PARP inhibitors; PJ34 inserts a flexible moiety into hydrophobic subpockets in various ADP-ribosyltransferases. XAV939 is a promiscuous tankyrase inhibitor and a potent inhibitor of PARP1 in vitro and in cells, whereas IWR1 and AZ-6102 are tankyrase selective. Our biochemical and structural analysis of PARP inhibitor potencies establishes a molecular basis for either selectivity or promiscuity and provides a benchmark for experimental design in assessment of PARP inhibitor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael S Cohen
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97210, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Westcott NP, Hang HC. Chemical reporters for exploring ADP-ribosylation and AMPylation at the host-pathogen interface. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 23:56-62. [PMID: 25461386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens secrete protein toxins and effectors that hijack metabolites to covalently modify host proteins and interfere with their function during infection. Adenosine metabolites, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), have in particular been coopted by these secreted virulence factors to reprogram host pathways. While some host targets for secreted virulence factors have been identified, other toxin and effector substrates have been elusive, which require new methods for their characterization. In this review, we focus on chemical reporters based on NAD and ATP that should facilitate the discovery and characterization of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation and adenylylation/AMPylation in bacterial pathogenesis and cell biology.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cohen-Armon M, Visochek L, Priel E, Ishay JS. A Fatal Effect of Hornet Venom on Rat-Brain Cortical Neurons. Chem Biodivers 2006; 3:535-43. [PMID: 17193289 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was shown that the hornet venom or, more specifically, its venom sac extract (VSE) possesses deoxyribonuclease activity that exerts an effect both on insects as well as on mammals. We have now examined the effect of hornet VSE on primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Judging on the basis of our results, VSE induces a rapid cell death by a) permeabilizing the cell membrane, b) inducing DNA breaks, and c) cleaving the nuclear protein poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP-1), thereby preventing DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malka Cohen-Armon
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Shiba Hospital, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pellicciari R, Camaioni E, Costantino G. 3. Life or death decisions: the cast of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) as a therapeutic target for brain ischaemia. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005; 42:125-69. [PMID: 15003720 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karras GI, Kustatscher G, Buhecha HR, Allen MD, Pugieux C, Sait F, Bycroft M, Ladurner AG. The macro domain is an ADP-ribose binding module. EMBO J 2005; 24:1911-20. [PMID: 15902274 PMCID: PMC1142602 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation of proteins is an important post-translational modification that occurs in a variety of biological processes, including DNA repair, transcription, chromatin biology and long-term memory formation. Yet no protein modules are known that specifically recognize the ADP-ribose nucleotide. We provide biochemical and structural evidence that macro domains are high-affinity ADP-ribose binding modules. Our structural analysis reveals a conserved ligand binding pocket among the macro domain fold. Consistently, distinct human macro domains retain their ability to bind ADP-ribose. In addition, some macro domain proteins also recognize poly-ADP-ribose as a ligand. Our data suggest an important role for proteins containing macro domains in the biology of ADP-ribose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Karras
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Kustatscher
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heeran R Buhecha
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark D Allen
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Céline Pugieux
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Sait
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Bycroft
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Centre for Protein Engineering and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK. Tel.: +44 1223 402133; Fax: +44 1223 402140; E-mail:
| | - Andreas G Ladurner
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gene Expression Programme and Structural & Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel.: +49 6221 387 8156; Fax: +49 6221 387 8442; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu M, Schreek S, Cerni C, Schamberger C, Lesniewicz K, Poreba E, Vervoorts J, Walsemann G, Grötzinger J, Kremmer E, Mehraein Y, Mertsching J, Kraft R, Austen M, Lüscher-Firzlaff J, Lüscher B. PARP-10, a novel Myc-interacting protein with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, inhibits transformation. Oncogene 2005; 24:1982-93. [PMID: 15674325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncoprotein c-Myc functions as a transcriptional regulator that controls different aspects of cell behavior, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition, Myc proteins have the potential to transform cells and are deregulated in the majority of human cancers. Several Myc-interacting factors have been described that mediate part of Myc's functions in the control of cell behavior. Here, we describe the isolation of a novel 150 kDa protein, designated PARP-10, that interacts with Myc. PARP-10 possesses domains with homology to RNA recognition motifs and to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP). Molecular modeling and biochemical analysis define a PARP domain that is capable of ADP-ribosylating PARP-10 itself and core histones, but neither Myc nor Max. PARP-10 is localized to the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments that is controlled at least in part by a Leu-rich nuclear export sequence (NES). Functionally, PARP-10 inhibits c-Myc- and E1A-mediated cotransformation of rat embryo fibroblasts, a function that is independent of PARP activity but that depends on a functional NES. Together, our findings define a novel PARP enzyme involved in the control of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Abteilung Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Institut für Biochemie, Klinikum der RWTH, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS, Luo R, Samara R, Espinoza LA, Hassa PO, Hottiger MO, Smulson ME. PARP-1 binds E2F-1 independently of its DNA binding and catalytic domains, and acts as a novel coactivator of E2F-1-mediated transcription during re-entry of quiescent cells into S phase. Oncogene 2003; 22:8460-71. [PMID: 14627987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F-1 is implicated in the activation of S-phase genes as well as induction of apoptosis, and is regulated by interactions with Rb and by cell cycle-dependent alterations in E2F-1 abundance. We earlier demonstrated a pivotal role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the regulation of E2F-1 expression and promoter activity during S-phase re-entry when quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle. We now investigate the putative mechanism(s) by which PARP-1 may upregulate E2F-1 promoter activity during S-phase re-entry. DNase-1 footprint assays with purified PARP-1 showed that PARP-1 did not directly bind the E2F-1 promoter in a sequence-specific manner. In contrast to p53, a positive acceptor in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions, E2F-1 was not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by wild-type PARP-1 in vitro, indicating that PARP-1 does not exert a dual effect on E2F-1 transcriptional activation. Protein-binding reactions and coimmunoprecipitation experiments with purified PARP-1 and E2F-1, however, revealed that PARP-1 binds to E2F-1 in vitro. More significantly, physical association of PARP-1 and E2F-1 in vivo also occurred in wild-type fibroblasts 5 h after re-entry into S phase, coincident with the increase in E2F-1 promoter activity and expression of E2F-1-responsive S-phase genes cyclin A and c-Myc. Mapping of the interaction domains revealed that full-length PARP-1 as well as PARP-1 mutants lacking either the catalytic active site or the DNA-binding domain equally bind E2F-1, whereas a PARP-1 mutant lacking the automodification domain does not, suggesting that the protein interaction site is located in this central domain. Finally, gel shift analysis with end-blocked E2F-1 promoter sequence probes verified that the binding of PARP-1 to E2F-1 enhances binding to the E2F-1 promoter, indicating that PARP-1 acts as a positive cofactor of E2F-1-mediated transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS, Luo RB, Samara R, Jung M, Dritschilo A, Spoonde A, Smulson ME. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 in vitro and in vivo modulates binding to its DNA consensus sequence. Neoplasia 2001; 3:179-88. [PMID: 11494111 PMCID: PMC1505598 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2001] [Accepted: 03/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor p53 undergoes extensive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation early during apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells, and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) attached to p53 coincides with poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1, (PARP-1) cleavage, and expression of p53 target genes. The mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may regulate p53 function has now been investigated. Purified wild-type PARP-1 catalyzed the poly(ADP-ribosyl) of full-length p53 in vitro. In gel supershift assays, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation suppressed p53 binding to its DNA consensus sequence; however, when p53 remained unmodified in the presence of inactive mutant PARP-1, it retained sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 by PARP-1 during early apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells also inhibited p53 interaction with its DNA consensus sequence; thus, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may represent a novel means for regulating transcriptional activation by p53 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Homburg S, Visochek L, Moran N, Dantzer F, Priel E, Asculai E, Schwartz D, Rotter V, Dekel N, Cohen-Armon M. A fast signal-induced activation of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: a novel downstream target of phospholipase c. J Cell Biol 2000; 150:293-307. [PMID: 10908573 PMCID: PMC2180227 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.150.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2000] [Accepted: 06/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first evidence for a fast activation of the nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by signals evoked in the cell membrane, constituting a novel mode of signaling to the cell nucleus. PARP, an abundant, highly conserved, chromatin-bound protein found only in eukaryotes, exclusively catalyzes polyADP-ribosylation of DNA-binding proteins, thereby modulating their activity. Activation of PARP, reportedly induced by formation of DNA breaks, is involved in DNA transcription, replication, and repair. Our findings demonstrate an alternative mechanism: a fast activation of PARP, evoked by inositol 1,4,5,-trisphosphate-Ca(2+) mobilization, that does not involve DNA breaks. These findings identify PARP as a novel downstream target of phospholipase C, and unveil a novel fast signal-induced modification of DNA-binding proteins by polyADP-ribosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Homburg
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - L. Visochek
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - N. Moran
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - F. Dantzer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, F-67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - E. Priel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - E. Asculai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - D. Schwartz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - V. Rotter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - N. Dekel
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - M. Cohen-Armon
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins. During this process, molecules of ADP-ribose are added successively on to acceptor proteins to form branched polymers. This modification is transient but very extensive in vivo, as polymer chains can reach more than 200 units on protein acceptors. The existence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer was first reported nearly 40 years ago. Since then, the importance of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been established in many cellular processes. However, a clear and unified picture of the physiological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation still remains to be established. The total dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on DNA strand breaks strongly suggests that this post-translational modification is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids. This view is also supported by the identification of direct protein-protein interactions involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (113 kDa PARP), an enzyme catalysing the formation of poly(ADP-ribose), and key effectors of DNA repair, replication and transcription reactions. The presence of PARP in these multiprotein complexes, in addition to the actual poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of some components of these complexes, clearly supports an important role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in DNA transactions. Accordingly, inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by any of several approaches and the analysis of PARP-deficient cells has revealed that the absence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation strongly affects DNA metabolism, most notably DNA repair. The recent identification of new poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzymes with distinct (non-standard) structures in eukaryotes and archaea has revealed a novel level of complexity in the regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.
Collapse
|
13
|
D'Amours D, Desnoyers S, D'Silva I, Poirier GG. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in the regulation of nuclear functions. Biochem J 1999; 342 ( Pt 2):249-68. [PMID: 10455009 PMCID: PMC1220459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins. During this process, molecules of ADP-ribose are added successively on to acceptor proteins to form branched polymers. This modification is transient but very extensive in vivo, as polymer chains can reach more than 200 units on protein acceptors. The existence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer was first reported nearly 40 years ago. Since then, the importance of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been established in many cellular processes. However, a clear and unified picture of the physiological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation still remains to be established. The total dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on DNA strand breaks strongly suggests that this post-translational modification is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids. This view is also supported by the identification of direct protein-protein interactions involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (113 kDa PARP), an enzyme catalysing the formation of poly(ADP-ribose), and key effectors of DNA repair, replication and transcription reactions. The presence of PARP in these multiprotein complexes, in addition to the actual poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of some components of these complexes, clearly supports an important role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in DNA transactions. Accordingly, inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by any of several approaches and the analysis of PARP-deficient cells has revealed that the absence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation strongly affects DNA metabolism, most notably DNA repair. The recent identification of new poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzymes with distinct (non-standard) structures in eukaryotes and archaea has revealed a novel level of complexity in the regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D'Amours
- Wellcome/CRC Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge CB2 1QR, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Trucco C, Rolli V, Oliver FJ, Flatter E, Masson M, Dantzer F, Niedergang C, Dutrillaux B, Ménissier-de Murcia J, de Murcia G. A dual approach in the study of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: in vitro random mutagenesis and generation of deficient mice. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 193:53-60. [PMID: 10331638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A dual approach to the study of poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in terms of its structure and function has been developed in our laboratory. Random mutagenesis of the DNA binding domain and catalytic domain of the human PARP, has allowed us to identify residues that are crucial for its enzymatic activity. In parallel PARP knock-out mice were generated by inactivation of both alleles by gene targeting. We showed that: (i) they are exquisitely sensitive to gamma-irradiation, (ii) they died rapidly from acute radiation toxicity to the small intestine, (iii) they displayed a high genomic instability to gamma-irradiation and MNU injection and, (iv) bone marrow cells rapidly underwent apoptosis following MNU treatment, demonstrating that PARP is a survival factor playing an essential and positive role during DNA damage recovery and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Trucco
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UPR 9003 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Cancérogénèse et Mutagénèse Moléculaire et Structurale, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Knorre DG, Godovikova TS. Photoaffinity labeling as an approach to study supramolecular nucleoprotein complexes. FEBS Lett 1998; 433:9-14. [PMID: 9738922 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The modern approaches for studying the detailed structure of nucleoprotein complexes involved in replication and transcription, based on the use of nucleic acids with photoreactive groups incorporated into definite positions of polynucleotide chain, are considered. Methods of preparation of photoreactive nucleic acids of this type are presented. Their use for positioning of RNA polymerase III and transcription factors as well as of the main participants of the replication machinery at the respective templates is described. A survey of the data concerning the amino acid residues modified in the course of photoaffinity labeling of proteins is also presented and some complications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Knorre
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Academika Lavrentyeva 8, Novosibirsk.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Is Required for Maintenance of Genomic Integrity During Base Excision Repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-48770-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|