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Pang X, Dong N, Zheng Z. Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans in Skin Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1649. [PMID: 32063855 PMCID: PMC6997777 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing of cutaneous wounds is a complex and well-coordinated process requiring cooperation among multiple cells from different lineages and delicately orchestrated signaling transduction of a diversity of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) at the wound site. Most skin wound healing in adults is imperfect, characterized by scar formation which results in significant functional and psychological sequelae. Thus, the reconstruction of the damaged skin to its original state is of concern to doctors and scientists. Beyond the traditional treatments such as corticosteroid injection and radiation therapy, several growth factors or cytokines-based anti-scarring products are being or have been tested in clinical trials to optimize skin wound healing. Unfortunately, all have been unsatisfactory to date. Currently, accumulating evidence suggests that the ECM not only functions as the structural component of the tissue but also actively modulates signal transduction and regulates cellular behaviors, and thus, ECM should be considered as an alternative target for wound management pharmacotherapy. Of particular interest are small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), a group of the ECM, which exist in a wide range of connecting tissues, including the skin. This manuscript summarizes the most current knowledge of SLRPs regarding their spatial-temporal expression in the skin, as well as lessons learned from the genetically modified animal models simulating human skin pathologies. In this review, particular focus is given on the diverse roles of SLRP in skin wound healing, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, pro-migration, pro-contraction, and orchestrate transforming growth factor (TGF)β signal transduction, since cumulative investigations have indicated their therapeutic potential on reducing scar formation in cutaneous wounds. By conducting this review, we intend to gain insight into the potential application of SLRPs in cutaneous wound healing management which may pave the way for the development of a new generation of pharmaceuticals to benefit the patients suffering from skin wounds and their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nuo Dong
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Martin-Rojas T, Mourino-Alvarez L, Alonso-Orgaz S, Rosello-Lleti E, Calvo E, Lopez-Almodovar LF, Rivera M, Padial LR, Lopez JA, de la Cuesta F, Barderas MG. iTRAQ proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix remodeling in aortic valve disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17290. [PMID: 26620461 PMCID: PMC4664895 DOI: 10.1038/srep17290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common worldwide cause of valve replacement. The aortic valve is a thin, complex, layered connective tissue with compartmentalized extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by specialized cell types, which directs blood flow in one direction through the heart. There is evidence suggesting remodeling of such ECM during aortic stenosis development. Thus, a better characterization of the role of ECM proteins in this disease would increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Aortic valve samples were collected from 18 patients which underwent aortic valve replacement (50% males, mean age of 74 years) and 18 normal control valves were obtained from necropsies (40% males, mean age of 69 years). The proteome of the samples was analyzed by 2D-LC MS/MS iTRAQ methodology. The results showed an altered expression of 13 ECM proteins of which 3 (biglycan, periostin, prolargin) were validated by Western blotting and/or SRM analyses. These findings are substantiated by our previous results demonstrating differential ECM protein expression. The present study has demonstrated a differential ECM protein pattern in individuals with AS, therefore supporting previous evidence of a dynamic ECM remodeling in human aortic valves during AS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Martin-Rojas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Laura Mourino-Alvarez
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio Alonso-Orgaz
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Esther Rosello-Lleti
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Rivera
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis R Padial
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
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- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Maria G Barderas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Proteoglycans in Normal and Healing Skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:152-173. [PMID: 25785238 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Proteoglycans have a distinct spatial localization in normal skin and are essential for the correct structural development, organization, hydration, and functional properties of this tissue. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is no longer considered to be just an inert supportive material but is a source of directive, spatial and temporal, contextual information to the cells via components such as the proteoglycans. There is a pressing need to improve our understanding of how these important molecules functionally interact with other matrix structures, cells and cellular mediators in normal skin and during wound healing. Recent Advances: New antibodies to glycosaminoglycan side chain components of skin proteoglycans have facilitated the elucidation of detailed localization patterns within skin. Other studies have revealed important proliferative activities of proteinase-generated fragments of proteoglycans and other ECM components (matricryptins). Knockout mice have further established the functional importance of skin proteoglycans in the assembly and homeostasis of the normal skin ECM. Critical Issues: Our comprehension of the molecular and structural complexity of skin as a complex, dynamic, constantly renewing, layered connective tissue is incomplete. The impact of changes in proteoglycans on skin pathology and the wound healing process is recognized as an important area of pathobiology and is an area of intense investigation. Future Directions: Advanced technology is allowing the development of new artificial skins. Recent knowledge on skin proteoglycans can be used to incorporate these molecules into useful adjunct therapies for wound healing and for maintenance of optimal tissue homeostasis in aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mary Smith
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP) a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), binds type I collagen to basement membranes and type II collagen to cartilage. Evidence for lack of binding of collagen in basement membranes and cartilage of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (HGP) cases suggests PRELP involvement in that disease. PRELP deficiency is able to account for many symptoms of HGP. Moreover, PRELP also accounts for the fact that unlike many other collagen-related diseases, HGP symptoms are not congenital. The appearance of PRELP sometime after the third month of the birth, coincides with the appearance of HGP symptoms. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria has been diagnosed in twins with a chromosomal inversion at, or very near, the site of the PRELP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lewis
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78703, USA.
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Abstract
The cDNA sequence of the murine proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP) gene was cloned by PCR-based techniques. The gene encodes a protein of 378 amino acids, which is four amino acid residues shorter than its human counterpart. This difference resides mainly in the amino terminal region of the mature protein, which is five amino acids shorter in the mouse than the human and has a lower arginine content. The remainder of the protein, including the structure of the leucine-rich repeats, the potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, and the disulfide-bonded domains are well conserved between species. In common with humans, the murine gene possesses three exons, with the translation initiation codon residing in exon 2 and the termination codon in exon 3. Exons 1 and 2 are separated by an intron of approximately 6.7 kbp, whereas exons 2 and 3 are separated by an intron of approximately 1.7 kbp. Western blot analysis of mouse cartilage extracts indicates that PRELP exists as a glycoprotein of approximately 55 kDa, as in human cartilage. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis reveal that PRELP is expressed in cartilage throughout both fetal development and post-natal life, in contrast to the human where expression in cartilage is not apparent prior to birth. Northern blot analysis indicates that PRELP mRNA is also expressed in the developing embryo prior to skeletogenesis. The promoter region of the mouse PRELP gene possesses no TATA box in its proximal region, in common with humans, and shows differences in the conservation of elements known to be involved in regulating expression of the human PRELP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grover
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6
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Abstract
The human lumican gene was shown to possess one major transcription start site, resulting in exon 1 of the gene giving rise to the first 74 base pairs (bp) of the 5'-untranslated region. About 1.6 kilobase pairs of upstream promoter sequence were sequenced and analyzed to identify elements responsible for gene expression. No typical TATAA sequence was identified in the vacinity of the transcription start site, but an atypical TATCA sequence residing 41 bp upstream was shown to be necessary for transcription, although it was incapable of supporting transcription by itself. A GC box residing 74 bp upstream of the transcription start site also was essential for the initiation of transcription. Sp3 was identified as the transcriptional activator binding to the GC box. No additional elements that significantly modulated transcription were noted in the promoter sequence analyzed, when using human adult chondrocytes as the cell source for transfection in reporter assays. In contrast, reporter assays carried out in human fetal lung fibroblasts, where lumican expression is deplete, revealed the presence of a repressor element located between 384 and 598 bp upstream of the transcription start site. A GATA-binding site located between bp -386 and -391 was identified as being necessary for repression of transcription. The mouse lumican promoter does not possess an equivalent site, and this may explain why the lumican gene is expressed in fetal murine cartilage but not in fetal human cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grover
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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