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Abu-Rmailah N, Moscovici L, Riegraf C, Atias H, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Belkin S. Enhanced Detection of Estrogen-like Compounds by Genetically Engineered Yeast Sensor Strains. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:193. [PMID: 38667186 PMCID: PMC11048378 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The release of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) to the environment poses a health hazard to both humans and wildlife. EDCs can activate or inhibit endogenous endocrine functions by binding hormone receptors, leading to potentially adverse effects. Conventional analytical methods can detect EDCs at a high sensitivity and precision, but are blind to the biological activity of the detected compounds. To overcome this limitation, yeast-based bioassays have previously been developed as a pre-screening method, providing an effect-based overview of hormonal-disruptive activity within the sample prior to the application of analytical methods. These yeast biosensors express human endocrine-specific receptors, co-transfected with the relevant response element fused to the specific fluorescent protein reporter gene. We describe several molecular manipulations of the sensor/reporter circuit in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioreporter strain that have yielded an enhanced detection of estrogenic-like compounds. Improved responses were displayed both in liquid culture (96-well plate format) as well as in conjunction with sample separation using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The latter approach allows for an assessment of the biological effect of individual sample components without the need for their chemical identification at the screening stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidaa Abu-Rmailah
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (N.A.-R.); (L.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Liat Moscovici
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (N.A.-R.); (L.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Carolin Riegraf
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; (C.R.); (S.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Hadas Atias
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (N.A.-R.); (L.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; (C.R.); (S.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; (C.R.); (S.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (N.A.-R.); (L.M.); (H.A.)
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Remines M, Schoonover MG, Knox Z, Kenwright K, Hoffert KM, Coric A, Mead J, Ampfer J, Seye S, Strome ED. Profiling the compendium of changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to mutations that alter availability of the main methyl donor S-Adenosylmethionine. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae002. [PMID: 38184845 PMCID: PMC10989883 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The SAM1 and SAM2 genes encode for S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) synthetase enzymes, with AdoMet serving as the main cellular methyl donor. We have previously shown that independent deletion of these genes alters chromosome stability and AdoMet concentrations in opposite ways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To characterize other changes occurring in these mutants, we grew wildtype, sam1Δ/sam1Δ, and sam2Δ/sam2Δ strains in 15 different Phenotypic Microarray plates with different components and measured growth variations. RNA-Sequencing was also carried out on these strains and differential gene expression determined for each mutant. We explored how the phenotypic growth differences are linked to the altered gene expression, and hypothesize mechanisms by which loss of the SAM genes and subsequent AdoMet level changes, impact pathways and processes. We present 6 stories, discussing changes in sensitivity or resistance to azoles, cisplatin, oxidative stress, arginine biosynthesis perturbations, DNA synthesis inhibitors, and tamoxifen, to demonstrate the power of this novel methodology to broadly profile changes due to gene mutations. The large number of conditions that result in altered growth, as well as the large number of differentially expressed genes with wide-ranging functionality, speaks to the broad array of impacts that altering methyl donor abundance can impart. Our findings demonstrate that some cellular changes are directly related to AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases and AdoMet availability, some are directly linked to the methyl cycle and its role in production of several important cellular components, and others reveal impacts of SAM gene mutations on previously unconnected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKayla Remines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Makailyn G Schoonover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Zoey Knox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Kailee Kenwright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Kellyn M Hoffert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Amila Coric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - James Mead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Joseph Ampfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Serigne Seye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Erin D Strome
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
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Cong H, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ma D, Li L, Jiang J. The Mechanism of Transcription Factor Swi6 in Regulating Growth and Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata: Insights from Non-Targeted Metabolomics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2666. [PMID: 38004677 PMCID: PMC10673406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceratocystis fimbriata (C. fimbriata) is a notorious pathogenic fungus that causes sweet potato black rot disease. The APSES transcription factor Swi6 in fungi is located downstream of the cell wall integrity (CWI)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and has been identified to be involved in cell wall integrity and virulence in several filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific mechanisms by which Swi6 regulates the growth and pathogenicity of plant pathogenic fungi remain elusive. In this study, the SWI6 deletion mutants and complemented strains of C. fimbriata were generated. Deletion of Swi6 in C. fimbriata resulted in aberrant growth patterns. Pathogenicity assays on sweet potato storage roots revealed a significant decrease in virulence in the mutant. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis using LC-MS identified a total of 692 potential differentially accumulated metabolites (PDAMs) in the ∆Cfswi6 mutant compared to the wild type, and the results of KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment of PDAMs within various metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, GPI-anchored protein synthesis, and ABC transporter metabolism. These metabolic pathways were believed to play a crucial role in mediating the growth and pathogenicity of C. fimbriata through the regulation of CWI. Firstly, the deletion of the SWI6 gene led to abnormal amino acid and lipid metabolism, potentially exacerbating energy storage imbalance. Secondly, significant enrichment of metabolites related to GPI-anchored protein biosynthesis implied compromised cell wall integrity. Lastly, disruption of ABC transport protein metabolism may hinder intracellular transmembrane transport. Importantly, this study represents the first investigation into the potential regulatory mechanisms of SWI6 in plant filamentous pathogenic fungi from a metabolic perspective. The findings provide novel insights into the role of SWI6 in the growth and virulence of C. fimbriata, highlighting its potential as a target for controlling this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Changgen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Daifu Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sweet Potato Research Institute, Xuzhou 221131, China;
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (H.C.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
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Remines M, Schoonover M, Knox Z, Kenwright K, Hoffert KM, Coric A, Mead J, Ampfer J, Seye S, Strome ED. Profiling The Compendium Of Changes In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Due To Mutations That Alter Availability Of The Main Methyl Donor S-Adenosylmethionine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.09.544294. [PMID: 37333147 PMCID: PMC10274911 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.09.544294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The SAM1 and SAM2 genes encode for S-AdenosylMethionine (AdoMet) synthetase enzymes, with AdoMet serving as the main methyl donor. We have previously shown that independent deletion of these genes alters chromosome stability and AdoMet concentrations in opposite ways in S. cerevisiae. To characterize other changes occurring in these mutants, we grew wildtype, sam1∆/sam1∆, and sam2∆/sam2∆ strains in 15 different Phenotypic Microarray plates with different components, equal to 1440 wells, and measured for growth variations. RNA-Sequencing was also carried out on these strains and differential gene expression determined for each mutant. In this study, we explore how the phenotypic growth differences are linked to the altered gene expression, and thereby predict the mechanisms by which loss of the SAM genes and subsequent AdoMet level changes, impact S. cerevisiae pathways and processes. We present six stories, discussing changes in sensitivity or resistance to azoles, cisplatin, oxidative stress, arginine biosynthesis perturbations, DNA synthesis inhibitors, and tamoxifen, to demonstrate the power of this novel methodology to broadly profile changes due to gene mutations. The large number of conditions that result in altered growth, as well as the large number of differentially expressed genes with wide-ranging functionality, speaks to the broad array of impacts that altering methyl donor abundance can impart, even when the conditions tested were not specifically selected as targeting known methyl involving pathways. Our findings demonstrate that some cellular changes are directly related to AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases and AdoMet availability, some are directly linked to the methyl cycle and its role is production of several important cellular components, and others reveal impacts of SAM gene mutations on previously unconnected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKayla Remines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Makailyn Schoonover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Zoey Knox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Kailee Kenwright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Kellyn M. Hoffert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Amila Coric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - James Mead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Joseph Ampfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Serigne Seye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
| | - Erin D. Strome
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
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The AbcCl1 transporter of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum acts as a virulence factor involved in fungal detoxification during common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) infection. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1121-1132. [PMID: 35821347 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is a disease affecting the common bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris. To establish infection, the phytopathogen must survive the toxic compounds (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins) that are produced by the plant as a defense mechanism. To study the detoxification and efflux mechanisms in C. lindemuthianum, the abcCl1 gene, which encodes an ABC transporter, was analyzed. The abcCl1 gene (4558 pb) was predicted to encode a 1450-amino acid protein. Structural analysis of 11 genome sequences from Colletotrichum spp. showed that the number of ABC transporters varied from 34 to 64. AbcCl1 was classified in the ABC-G family of transporters, and it appears to be orthologs to ABC1 from Magnaporthe grisea and FcABC1 from Fusarium culmorum, which are involved in pleiotropic drug resistance. A abcT3 (ΔabcCl1) strain showed reduction on aggressivity when inoculated on bean leaves that presented diminishing anthracnose symptoms, which suggests the important role of AbcCl1 as a virulence factor and in fungal resistance to host compounds. The expression of abcCl1 increased in response to different toxic compounds, such as eugenol, hygromycin, and pisatin phytoalexin. Together, these results suggest that AbcCl1 is involved in fungal resistance to the toxic compounds produced by plants or antagonistic microorganisms.
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The bZip Transcription Factor VdMRTF1 is a Negative Regulator of Melanin Biosynthesis and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0258121. [PMID: 35404080 PMCID: PMC9045294 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02581-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae infects over 400 plant species and causes serious losses of economically important crops, such as cotton and tomato, and also of woody plants, such as smoke tree, maple, and olive. Melanized long-term survival structures known as microsclerotia play crucial roles in the disease cycle of V. dahliae, enabling this soilborne fungus to survive for years in the soil in the absence of a host. Previously, we identified VdMRTF1 (microsclerotia-related transcription factor) encoding a bZip transcription factor which is downregulated during microsclerotial development in V. dahliae. In the present study, we showed that VdMRTF1 negatively controls melanin production and virulence by genetic, biological, and transcriptomic analyses. The mutant strain lacking VdMRTF1 (ΔVdMRTF1) exhibited increased melanin biosynthesis and the defect also promoted microsclerotial development and sensitivity to Ca2+. In comparison with the wild-type strain, the ΔVdMRTF1 strain showed a significant enhancement in virulence and displayed an increased capacity to eliminate reactive oxygen species in planta. Furthermore, analyses of transcriptomic profiles between the ΔVdMRTF1 and wild-type strains indicated that VdMRTF1 regulates the differential expression of genes associated with melanin biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, hydrogen peroxide catabolic processes, and oxidoreductase activity in V. dahliae. Taken together, these data show that VdMRTF1 is a negative transcriptional regulator of melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotia formation, and virulence in V. dahliae. IMPORTANCE Verticillium wilt is difficult to manage because the pathogen colonizes the plant xylem tissue and produces melanized microsclerotia which survive for more than 10 years in soil without a host. The molecular mechanisms underlying microsclerotia formation are of great importance to control the disease. Here, we provide evidence that a bZip transcription factor, VdMRTF1, plays important roles in melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotial development, resistance to elevated Ca2+ levels, and fungal virulence of V. dahliae. The findings extend and deepen our understanding of the complexities of melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotia formation, and virulence that are regulated by bZip transcription factors in V. dahliae.
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Tian Z, Du Y, Yang F, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhang D, Long CA. Chromosome Genome Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptome-Based Analyses of Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 Unveil the Potential Biocontrol Mechanisms Against Citrus Green Mold. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752529. [PMID: 34858366 PMCID: PMC8631199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is an environmentally friendly, safe, and replaceable strategy for disease management. Genome sequences of a certain biocontrol agent could lay a solid foundation for the research of molecular biology, and the more refined the reference genome, the more information it provides. In the present study, a higher resolution genome of Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was assembled using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. A total of 8.07 M sequences of K. apiculata 34-9 genome was anchored onto 7 pesudochromosomes, which accounting for about 99.51% of the whole assembled sequences, and 4,014 protein-coding genes were annotated. Meanwhile, the detailed gene expression changes of K. apiculata 34-9 were obtained under low temperature and co-incubation with Penicillium digitatum treatments, respectively. Totally 254 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected with low temperature treatment, of which 184 and 70 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Some candidate genes were significantly enriched in ribosome biosynthesis in eukaryotes and ABC transporters. The expression of gene Kap003732 and Kap001595 remained upregulated and downregulated through the entire time-points, respectively, indicating that they might be core genes for positive and negative response to low temperature stress. When co-incubation with P. digitatum, a total of 2,364 DEGs were found, and there were 1,247 upregulated and 1,117 downregulated genes, respectively. Biosynthesis of lysine and arginine, and phenylalanine metabolism were the highest enrichment of the cluster and KEGG analyses of the co-DEGs, the results showed that they might be involved in the positive regulation of K. apiculata 34-9 response to P. digitatum. The completeness of K. apiculata 34-9 genome and the transcriptome data presented here are essential for providing a high-quality genomic resource and it might serve as valuable molecular properties for further studies on yeast genome, expression pattern of biocontrol system, and postharvest citrus storage and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-An Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Aspergillus sp. A31 and Curvularia geniculata P1 mitigate mercury toxicity to Oryza sativa L. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5345-5361. [PMID: 34387704 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus sp. A31 and Curvularia geniculata P1 are endophytes that colonize the roots of Aeschynomene fluminensis Vell. and Polygonum acuminatum Kunth. in humid environments contaminated with mercury. The two strains mitigated mercury toxicity and promoted Oryza sativa L growth. C. geniculata P1 stood out for increasing the host biomass by fourfold and reducing the negative effects of the metal on photosynthesis. Assembling and annotation of Aspergillus sp. A31 and C. geniculata P1 genomes resulted in 28.60 Mb (CG% 53.1; 10,312 coding DNA sequences) and 32.92 Mb (CG% 50.72; 8,692 coding DNA sequences), respectively. Twelve and 27 genomes of Curvularia/Bipolaris and Aspergillus were selected for phylogenomic analyzes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis inferred the separation of species from the genus Curvularia and Bipolaris into different clades, and the separation of species from the genus Aspergillus into three clades; the species were distinguished by occupied niche. The genomes had essential gene clusters for the adaptation of microorganisms to high metal concentrations, such as proteins of the phytoquelatin-metal complex (GO: 0090423), metal ion binders (GO: 0046872), ABC transporters (GO: 0042626), ATPase transporters (GO: 0016887), and genes related to response to reactive oxygen species (GO: 0000302) and oxidative stress (GO: 0006979). The results reported here help to understand the unique regulatory mechanisms of mercury tolerance and plant development.
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Toxicity and action mechanisms of silver nanoparticles against the mycotoxin-producing fungus Fusarium graminearum. J Adv Res 2021; 38:1-12. [PMID: 35572400 PMCID: PMC9091762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AgNPs possess high activity towards fungicide-resistant strains. AgNPs exert great activity against mycotoxin-producing fungus F. graminearum. AgNPs induce the expression of two azole resistance-related ABC genes. AgNPs lead to accumulation of toxisome and notorious mycotoxin DON by provoking ROS. AgNPs combined with DON-reducing fungicides are recommended for FHB control.
Introduction Fusarium graminearum is a most destructive fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in cereal crops, resulting in severe yield loss and mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are extensively applied in multiple fields due to their strong antimicrobial activity and are considered alternatives to fungicides. However, the antifungal mechanisms and the effects of AgNPs on mycotoxin production have not been well characterized. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and mechanisms of AgNPs against both fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive F. graminearum strains, determine their effects on mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and evaluate the potential of AgNPs for FHB management in the field. Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescence microscopy were used to examine the fungal morphological changes caused by AgNPs. In addition, RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, and western blotting were conducted to detect gene transcription and DON levels. Results AgNPs with a diameter of 2 nm exhibited effective antifungal activity against both fungicide-sensitive and fungicide-resistant strains of F. graminearum. Further studies showed that AgNP application could impair the development, cell structure, cellular energy utilization, and metabolism pathways of this fungus. RNA-Seq analysis and sensitivity determination revealed that AgNP treatment significantly induced the expression of azole-related ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters without compromising the control efficacy of azoles in F. graminearum. AgNP treatment stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), subsequently induced transcription of DON biosynthesis genes, toxisome formation, and mycotoxin production. Conclusion This study revealed the underlying mechanisms of AgNPs against F. graminearum, determined their effects on DON production, and evaluated the potential of AgNPs for controlling fungicide-resistant F. graminearum strains. Together, our findings suggest that combinations of AgNPs with DON-reducing fungicides could be used for the management of FHB in the future.
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Khunweeraphong N, Kuchler K. Multidrug Resistance in Mammals and Fungi-From MDR to PDR: A Rocky Road from Atomic Structures to Transport Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4806. [PMID: 33946618 PMCID: PMC8124828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be a serious complication for the treatment of cancer as well as for microbial and parasitic infections. Dysregulated overexpression of several members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter families have been intimately linked to MDR phenomena. Three paradigm ABC transporter members, ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCC1 (MRP1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) appear to act as brothers in arms in promoting or causing MDR in a variety of therapeutic cancer settings. However, their molecular mechanisms of action, the basis for their broad and overlapping substrate selectivity, remains ill-posed. The rapidly increasing numbers of high-resolution atomic structures from X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM of mammalian ABC multidrug transporters initiated a new era towards a better understanding of structure-function relationships, and for the dynamics and mechanisms driving their transport cycles. In addition, the atomic structures offered new evolutionary perspectives in cases where transport systems have been structurally conserved from bacteria to humans, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family in fungal pathogens for which high resolution structures are as yet unavailable. In this review, we will focus the discussion on comparative mechanisms of mammalian ABCG and fungal PDR transporters, owing to their close evolutionary relationships. In fact, the atomic structures of ABCG2 offer excellent models for a better understanding of fungal PDR transporters. Based on comparative structural models of ABCG transporters and fungal PDRs, we propose closely related or even conserved catalytic cycles, thus offering new therapeutic perspectives for preventing MDR in infectious disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
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Khunweeraphong N, Kuchler K. The first intracellular loop is essential for the catalytic cycle of the human ABCG2 multidrug resistance transporter. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4059-4075. [PMID: 33169382 PMCID: PMC7756363 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human multidrug transporter ABCG2 is required for physiological detoxification and mediates anticancer drug resistance. Here, we identify pivotal residues in the first intracellular loop (ICL1), constituting an intrinsic part of the transmission interface. The architecture includes a triple helical bundle formed by the hot spot helix of the nucleotide‐binding domain, the elbow helix, and ICL1. We show here that the highly conserved ICL1 residues G462, Y463, and Y464 are essential for the proper cross talk of the closed nucleotide‐binding domain dimer with the transmembrane domains. Hence, ICL1 acts as a molecular spring, triggering the conformational switch of ABCG2 before substrate extrusion. These data suggest that the ABCG2 transmission interface may offer therapeutic options for the treatment of drug‐resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute-CCRI, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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12
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Khunweeraphong N, Mitchell-White J, Szöllősi D, Hussein T, Kuchler K, Kerr ID, Stockner T, Lee JY. Picky ABCG5/G8 and promiscuous ABCG2 - a tale of fatty diets and drug toxicity. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4035-4058. [PMID: 32978801 PMCID: PMC7756502 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural data on ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 reveal a unique molecular architecture for subfamily G ATP‐binding cassette (ABCG) transporters and disclose putative substrate‐binding sites. ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 appear to use several unique structural motifs to execute transport, including the triple helical bundles, the membrane‐embedded polar relay, the re‐entry helices, and a hydrophobic valve. Interestingly, ABCG2 shows extreme substrate promiscuity, whereas ABCG5/G8 transports only sterol molecules. ABCG2 structures suggest a large internal cavity, serving as a binding region for substrates and inhibitors, while mutational and pharmacological analyses support the notion of multiple binding sites. By contrast, ABCG5/G8 shows a collapsed cavity of insufficient size to hold substrates. Indeed, mutational analyses indicate a sterol‐binding site at the hydrophobic interface between the transporter and the lipid bilayer. In this review, we highlight key differences and similarities between ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 structures. We further discuss the relevance of distinct and shared structural features in the context of their physiological functions. Finally, we elaborate on how ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 could pave the way for studies on other ABCG transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Mitchell-White
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dániel Szöllősi
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toka Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Sturm L, Geißel B, Martin R, Wagener J. Differentially Regulated Transcription Factors and ABC Transporters in a Mitochondrial Dynamics Mutant Can Alter Azole Susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1017. [PMID: 32528443 PMCID: PMC7264269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole resistance of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is an emerging problem. To identify novel mechanisms that could mediate azole resistance in A. fumigatus, we analyzed the transcriptome of a mitochondrial fission/fusion mutant that exhibits increased azole tolerance. Approximately 12% of the annotated genes are differentially regulated in this strain. This comprises upregulation of Cyp51A, the azole target structure, upregulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and differential regulation of transcription factors. To study their impact on azole tolerance, conditional mutants were constructed of seven ABC transporters and 17 transcription factors. Under repressed conditions, growth rates and azole susceptibility of the mutants were similar to wild type. Under induced conditions, several transcription factor mutants showed growth phenotypes. In addition, four ABC transporter mutants and seven transcription factor mutants exhibited altered azole susceptibility. However, deletion of individual identified ABC transporters and transcription factors did not affect the increased azole tolerance of the fission/fusion mutant. Our results revealed the ability of multiple ABC transporters and transcription factors to modulate the azole susceptibility of A. fumigatus and support a model where mitochondrial dysfunctions trigger a drug resistance network that mediates azole tolerance of this mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sturm
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernadette Geißel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany.,Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Jena, Germany
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14
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Zaini F, Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Siddig E, Farahyar S, Kouhsari E, Saffari M. Voriconazole resistance genes in Aspergillus flavus clinical isolates. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100953. [PMID: 32362445 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to discover novel biomarkers involved in voriconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus flavus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two voriconazole non-wild-type and two voriconazole-wild-type A. flavus clinical isolates were selected to evaluate possible molecular mechanism involved in A. flavus resistance to voriconazole using the mutation assessment, Quantitative real- time PCR of cyp51A and cyp51C genes and complementary DNA- amplified fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS No mutations were seen in the cyp51A and cyp51C genes in voriconazole non-wild-type isolates compared to wild- type and reference strains. Regarding to mRNA expression results, no changes were observed in expression fold of cyp51A and cyp51C mRNA expression level in first non- wild- type isolate compared to wild-type isolate. For second isolate cyp51C mRNA expression level was down regulated (5.6 fold). The set of genes including ABC fatty acid transporter XM- 002375835 and aldehydereductase XM- 002376518 and three unknown functional genes were identified. Based on results, the over-expression of AKR1 and ABC fatty acid transporter in the voriconazole non- wild- type isolates suggests these genes could represent a novel molecular marker linked to the voriconazole resistance in A. flavus. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study showed a novel finding as the authors identified AKR1 and ABC fatty acid transporter genes as possible voriconazole target genes in Iranian clinical isolates of A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zaini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - E Siddig
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - S Farahyar
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center(MBIRC), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Kouhsari
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - M Saffari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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The ABCG2 multidrug transporter is a pump gated by a valve and an extracellular lid. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5433. [PMID: 31780715 PMCID: PMC6883074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 is a key to anticancer resistance and physiological detoxification. However, the molecular mechanism of substrate transport remains enigmatic. A hydrophobic di-leucine motif in the ABCG2 core separates a large intracellular cavity from a smaller upper cavity. We show that the di-leucine motif acts as a valve that controls drug extrusion. Moreover, the extracellular structure engages the re-entry helix and all extracellular loops to form a roof architecture on top of the upper cavity. Disulfide bridges and a salt bridge limit roof flexibility, but provide a lid-like function to control drug release. We propose that drug translocation from the central to the upper cavities through the valve is driven by a squeezing motion, suggesting that ABCG2 operates similar to a peristaltic pump. Finally, the roof contains essential residues, offering therapeutic options to block ABCG2 by either targeting the valve or essential residues in the roof. The human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 plays critical roles in anticancer resistance but the molecular mechanism of ABCG2-mediated substrate transport remains enigmatic. Here authors use extensive mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal a mechanistic basis for the function of the di-leucine valve and the roof organization in the transport cycle.
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16
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Wang Z, Ma T, Huang Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Kistler HC, Ma Z, Yin Y. A fungal ABC transporter FgAtm1 regulates iron homeostasis via the transcription factor cascade FgAreA-HapX. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007791. [PMID: 31545842 PMCID: PMC6788720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is important for growth, reproduction and other metabolic processes in all eukaryotes. However, the functions of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in iron homeostasis are largely unknown. Here, we found that one ABC transporter (named FgAtm1) is involved in regulating iron homeostasis, by screening sensitivity to iron stress for 60 ABC transporter mutants of Fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of small grain cereal crops worldwide. The lack of FgAtm1 reduces the activity of cytosolic Fe-S proteins nitrite reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase, which causes high expression of FgHapX via activating transcription factor FgAreA. FgHapX represses transcription of genes for iron-consuming proteins directly but activates genes for iron acquisition proteins by suppressing another iron regulator FgSreA. In addition, the transcriptional activity of FgHapX is regulated by the monothiol glutaredoxin FgGrx4. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of FgHapX, mediated by the Ser/Thr kinase FgYak1, is required for its functions in iron homeostasis. Taken together, this study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism of iron homeostasis mediated by an ABC transporter in an important pathogenic fungus. Essential element iron plays important roles in many cellular processes in all organisms. The function of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Atm1 in iron homeostasis has been characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our study found that FgAtm1 regulates iron homeostasis via the transcription factor cascade FgAreA-HapX in F. graminearum and the function of FgHapX is dependent on its interaction with FgGrx4 and phosphorylation by the Ser/Thr kinase FgYak1. This study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of iron homeostasis in an important plant pathogenic fungus, and advances our understanding in iron homeostasis and functions of ABC transporters in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZM); (YY)
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZM); (YY)
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17
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Yin Y, Wang Z, Cheng D, Chen X, Chen Y, Ma Z. The ATP-binding protein FgArb1 is essential for penetration, infectious and normal growth of Fusarium graminearum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1447-1466. [PMID: 29932228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters act mainly to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are important for diverse biological processes. However, their roles in pathogenesis have not been well-characterized in Fusarium graminearum. Sixty F. graminearum ABC protein genes were functionally characterized. Among them, FgArb1 regulates normal growth and importantly is essential for pathogenicity. Thus, the regulatory mechanisms of FgArb1 in pathogenicity were analyzed in this study. FgArb1 interacts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) FgSte7, and partially modulates plant penetration by regulating the phosphorylation of FgGpmk1 (the downstream kinase of FgSte7). The FgArb1 mutant exhibited dramatically reduced infective growth within wounded host tissues, likely resulting from its increased sensitivity to oxidative stresses, defective cell wall integrity and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) production. FgArb1 also is important for the production of sexual and asexual spores that are important propagules for plant infection. In addition, FgArb1 is involved in the regulation of protein biosynthesis through impeding nuclear export of small ribosomal subunit. Finally, acetylation modification at sites K28, K65, K341 and K525 in FgArb1 is required for its biological functions. Taken together, results of this study provide a novel insight into functions of the ABC transporter in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Danni Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Kumari S, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Kumari P, Varma M, Vishwakarma P, Shahi G, Sharma S, Lynn AM, Prasad R, Gaur NA. ABC transportome inventory of human pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata: Phylogenetic and expression analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202993. [PMID: 30153284 PMCID: PMC6112666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) is one of the two major superfamilies of transporters present across the evolutionary scale. ABC superfamily members came to prominence due to their ability to extrude broad spectrum of substrates and to confer multi drug resistance (MDR). Overexpression of some ABC transporters in clinical isolates of Candida species was attributed to the development of MDR phenotypes. Among Candida species, Candida glabrata is an emerging drug resistant species in human fungal infections. A comprehensive analysis of such proteins in C. glabrata is required to untangle their role not only in MDR but also in other biological processes. Bioinformatic analysis of proteins encoded by genome of human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata identified 25 putative ABC protein coding genes. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, domain organization and nomenclature adopted by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) scheme, these proteins were categorized into six subfamilies such as Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR)/ABCG, Multi Drug Resistance (MDR)/ABCB, Multi Drug Resistance associated Protein (MRP)/ABCC, Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDp)/ABCD, RNase L Inhibitor (RLI)/ABCE and Elongation Factor 3 (EF3)/ABCF. Among these, only 18 ABC proteins contained transmembrane domains (TMDs) and were grouped as membrane proteins, predominantly belonging to PDR, MDR, MRP, and ALDp subfamilies. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of these ABC proteins with other yeast species revealed their orthologous relationship and pointed towards their conserved functions. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of putative membrane localized ABC protein encoding genes of C. glabrata confirmed their basal expression and showed variable transcriptional response towards antimycotic drugs. This study presents first comprehensive overview of ABC superfamily proteins of a human fungal pathogen C. glabrata, which is expected to provide an important platform for in depth analysis of their physiological relevance in cellular processes and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahendra Varma
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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19
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The fungus that came in from the cold: dry rot's pre-adapted ability to invade buildings. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:791-801. [PMID: 29305577 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms benefit from being pre-adapted to niches shaped by human activity, and have successfully invaded man-made habitats. One such species is the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, which has a wide distribution in buildings in temperate and boreal regions, where it decomposes coniferous construction wood. Comparative genomic analyses and growth experiments using this species and its wild relatives revealed that S. lacrymans evolved a very effective brown rot decay compared to its wild relatives, enabling an extremely rapid decay in buildings under suitable conditions. Adaptations in intracellular transport machineries promoting hyphal growth, and nutrient and water transport may explain why it is has become a successful invader of timber in houses. Further, we demonstrate that S. lacrymans has poor combative ability in our experimental setup, compared to other brown rot fungi. In sheltered indoor conditions, the dry rot fungus may have limited encounters with other wood decay fungi compared to its wild relatives. Overall, our analyses indicate that the dry rot fungus is an ecological specialist with poor combative ability against other fungi.
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20
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Khunweeraphong N, Stockner T, Kuchler K. The structure of the human ABC transporter ABCG2 reveals a novel mechanism for drug extrusion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13767. [PMID: 29061978 PMCID: PMC5653816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ABC transporter ABCG2 (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein, BCRP) is implicated in anticancer resistance, in detoxification across barriers and linked to gout. Here, we generate a novel atomic model of ABCG2 using the crystal structure of ABCG5/G8. Extensive mutagenesis verifies the structure, disclosing hitherto unrecognized essential residues and domains in the homodimeric ABCG2 transporter. The elbow helix, the first intracellular loop (ICL1) and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) constitute pivotal elements of the architecture building the transmission interface that borders a central cavity which acts as a drug trap. The transmission interface is stabilized by salt-bridge interactions between the elbow helix and ICL1, as well as within ICL1, which is essential to control the conformational switch of ABCG2 to the outward-open drug-releasing conformation. Importantly, we propose that ICL1 operates like a molecular spring that holds the NBD dimer close to the membrane, thereby enabling efficient coupling of ATP hydrolysis during the catalytic cycle. These novel mechanistic data open new opportunities to therapeutically target ABCG2 in the context of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13A, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Garcia-Salcedo JA, Unciti-Broceta JD, Valverde-Pozo J, Soriano M. New Approaches to Overcome Transport Related Drug Resistance in Trypanosomatid Parasites. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:351. [PMID: 27733833 PMCID: PMC5039210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma are members of the Trypanosomatidae family that cause severe human infections such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite efforts to eradicate them, migrations are expanding these infections to developing countries. There are no vaccines available and current treatments depend only on chemotherapy. Drug resistance is a major obstacle for the treatment of these diseases given that existing drugs are old and limited, with some having severe side effects. Most resistance mechanisms developed by these parasites are related with a decreased uptake or increased efflux of the drug due to mutations or altered expression of membrane transporters. Different new approaches have been elaborated that can overcome these mechanisms of resistance including the use of inhibitors of efflux pumps and drug carriers for both active and passive targeting. Here we review new formulations that have been successfully applied to circumvent resistance related to drug transporters, opening alternative ways to solve drug resistance in protozoan parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Garcia-Salcedo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, GranadaSpain; Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain
| | - Juan D Unciti-Broceta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Javier Valverde-Pozo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, GranadaSpain; Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, AlmeríaSpain
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22
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Fontes ACL, Bretas Oliveira D, Santos JRA, Carneiro HCS, Ribeiro NDQ, Oliveira LVND, Barcellos VA, Paixão TA, Abrahão JS, Resende-Stoianoff MA, Vainstein MH, Santos DA. A subdose of fluconazole alters the virulence of Cryptococcus gattii during murine cryptococcosis and modulates type I interferon expression. Med Mycol 2016; 55:203-212. [PMID: 27486215 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive infection caused by yeast-like fungus of the genera Cryptococcus spp. The antifungal therapy for this disease provides some toxicity and the incidence of infections caused by resistant strains increased. Thus, we aimed to assess the consequences of fluconazole subdoses during the treatment of cryptococcosis in the murine inflammatory response and in the virulence factors of Cryptococcus gattii. Mice infected with Cryptococcus gattii were treated with subdoses of fluconazole. We determined the behavior of mice and type 1 interferon expression during the treatment; we also studied the virulence factors and susceptibility to fluconazole for the colonies recovered from the animals. A subdose of fluconazole prolonged the survival of mice, but the morbidity of cryptococcosis was higher in treated animals. These data were linked to the increase in: (i) fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration, (ii) capsule size and (iii) melanization of C. gattii, which probably led to the increased expression of type I interferons in the brains of mice but not in the lungs. In conclusion, a subdose of fluconazole altered fungal virulence factors and susceptibility to this azole, leading to an altered inflammatory host response and increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alide Caroline Lima Fontes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ribeiro Alves Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Hellem Cristina Silva Carneiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Noelly de Queiroz Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Vívien Neves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Abreu Barcellos
- Laboratório de Biologia de fungos de importância médica e biotecnológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Resende-Stoianoff
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Laboratório de Biologia de fungos de importância médica e biotecnológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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New examples of membrane protein expression and purification using the yeast based Pdr1-3 expression strategy. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Gupta RP, Kueppers P, Hanekop N, Schmitt L. Generating symmetry in the asymmetric ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Pdr5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15272-9. [PMID: 24733388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdr5 is a plasma membrane-bound ABC transporter from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is involved in the phenomenon of resistance against xenobiotics, which are clinically relevant in bacteria, fungi, and humans. Many fungal ABC transporters such as Pdr5 display an inherent asymmetry in their nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) unlike most of their human counterparts. This degeneracy of the NBSs is very intriguing and needs explanation in terms of structural and functional relevance. In this study, we mutated nonconsensus amino acid residues in the NBSs to its consensus counterpart and studied its effect on the function of the protein and effect on yeast cells. The completely "regenerated" Pdr5 protein was severely impaired in its function of ATP hydrolysis and of rhodamine 6G transport. Moreover, we observe alternative compensatory mechanisms to counteract drug toxicity in some of the mutants. In essence, we describe here the first attempts to restore complete symmetry in an asymmetric ABC transporter and to study its effects, which might be relevant to the entire class of asymmetric ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeshkumar P Gupta
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Kueppers
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Hanekop
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Voth WP, Takahata S, Nishikawa JL, Metcalfe BM, Näär AM, Stillman DJ. A role for FACT in repopulation of nucleosomes at inducible genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84092. [PMID: 24392107 PMCID: PMC3879260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic drugs induce Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR) genes via the orthologous Pdr1/Pdr3 transcription activators. We previously identified the Mediator transcription co-activator complex as a key target of Pdr1 orthologs and demonstrated that Pdr1 interacts directly with the Gal11/Med15 subunit of the Mediator complex. Based on an interaction between Pdr1 and the FACT complex, we show that strains with spt16 or pob3 mutations are sensitive to xenobiotic drugs and display diminished PDR gene induction. Although FACT acts during the activation of some genes by assisting in the nucleosomes eviction at promoters, PDR promoters already contain nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) before induction. To determine the function of FACT at PDR genes, we examined the kinetics of RNA accumulation and changes in nucleosome occupancy following exposure to a xenobiotic drug in wild type and FACT mutant yeast strains. In the presence of normal FACT, PDR genes are transcribed within 5 minutes of xenobiotic stimulation and transcription returns to basal levels by 30–40 min. Nucleosomes are constitutively depleted in the promoter regions, are lost from the open reading frames during transcription, and the ORFs are wholly repopulated with nucleosomes as transcription ceases. While FACT mutations cause minor delays in activation of PDR genes, much more pronounced and significant defects in nucleosome repopulation in the ORFs are observed in FACT mutants upon transcription termination. FACT therefore has a major role in nucleosome redeposition following cessation of transcription at the PDR genes, the opposite of its better-known function in nucleosome disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren P. Voth
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Shinya Takahata
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joy L. Nishikawa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Metcalfe
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Anders M. Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Stillman
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mitochondria influence CDR1 efflux pump activity, Hog1-mediated oxidative stress pathway, iron homeostasis, and ergosterol levels in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5580-99. [PMID: 23979757 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Candida albicans is known to be associated with drug susceptibility, cell wall integrity, phospholipid homeostasis, and virulence. In this study, we deleted CaFZO1, a key component required during biogenesis of functional mitochondria. Cells with FZO1 deleted displayed fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial genome loss, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and were rendered sensitive to azoles and peroxide. In order to understand the cellular response to dysfunctional mitochondria, genome-wide expression profiling of fzo1Δ/Δ cells was performed. Our results show that the increased susceptibility to azoles was likely due to reduced efflux activity of CDR efflux pumps, caused by the missorting of Cdr1p into the vacuole. In addition, fzo1Δ/Δ cells showed upregulation of genes involved in iron assimilation, in iron-sufficient conditions, characteristic of iron-starved cells. One of the consequent effects was downregulation of genes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway with a commensurate decrease in cellular ergosterol levels. We therefore connect deregulated iron metabolism to ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in response to dysfunctional mitochondria. Impaired activation of the Hog1 pathway in the mutant was the basis for increased susceptibility to peroxide and increase in reactive oxygen species, indicating the importance of functional mitochondria in controlling Hog1-mediated oxidative stress response. Mitochondrial phospholipid levels were also altered as indicated by an increase in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and decrease in phosphatidylcholine in fzo1Δ/Δ cells. Collectively, these findings reinforce the connection between functional mitochondria and azole tolerance, oxidant-mediated stress, and iron homeostasis in C. albicans.
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27
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Functional analysis of an ATP-binding cassette transporter protein from Aspergillus fumigatus by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 57:85-91. [PMID: 23796749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the major filamentous fungal pathogen in humans. Although A. fumigatus can be treated with many of the available antifungal drugs, including azole compounds, drug resistant isolates are being recovered at an increasing rate. In other fungal pathogens such as the Candida species, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins play important roles in development of clinically-significant azole resistance phenotypes. Central among these ABC transporter proteins are homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pdr5 multidrug transporter. In this work, we test the two A. fumigatus genes encoding proteins sharing the highest degree of sequence similarity to S. cerevisiae Pdr5 for their ability to be function in a heterologous pdr5Δ strain of S. cerevisiae. Expression of full-length cDNAs for these two Afu proteins failed to suppress the drug sensitive phenotype of a pdr5Δ strain and no evidence could be obtained for their expression as green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions. To improve the expression of one of these Afu ABC transporters (XP_755847), we changed the sequence of the cDNA to use codons corresponding to the major tRNA species in S. cerevisiae. This codon-optimized (CO Afu abcA) cDNA was efficiently expressed in pdr5Δ cells and able to be detected as a GFP fusion protein. The CO Afu abcA did not correct the drug sensitivity of the pdr5Δ strain and exhibited a high degree of perinuclear fluorescence suggesting that this fusion protein was localized to the S. cerevisiae ER. Interestingly, when these experiments were repeated at 37 °C, the CO Afu abcA was able to complement the drug sensitive phenotype of pdr5Δ cells and exhibited less intracellular fluorescence. Additionally, we found that the CO Afu abcA was able to reduce resistance to drugs like phytosphingosine that act via causing mislocalization of amino acid permeases in fungi. These data suggest that the Afu abcA protein can carry out two different functions of Pdr5: drug transport and regulation of protein internalization from the plasma membrane.
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28
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Song TT, Zhao J, Ying SH, Feng MG. Differential contributions of five ABC transporters to mutidrug resistance, antioxidion and virulence of Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62179. [PMID: 23596534 PMCID: PMC3626590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) confers agrochemical compatibility to fungal cells-based mycoinsecticdes but mechanisms involved in MDR remain poorly understood for entomopathogenic fungi, which have been widely applied as biocontrol agents against arthropod pests. Here we characterized the functions of five ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which were classified to the subfamilies ABC-B (Mdr1), ABC-C (Mrp1) and ABC-G (Pdr1, Pdr2 and Pdr5) and selected from 54 full-size ABC proteins of Beauveria bassiana based on their main domain architecture, membrane topology and transcriptional responses to three antifungal inducers. Disruption of each transporter gene resulted in significant reduction in resistance to four to six of eight fungicides or antifungal drugs tested due to their differences in structure and function. Compared with wild-type and complemented (control) strains, disruption mutants of all the five transporter genes became significantly less tolerant to the oxidants menadione and H2O2 based on 22−41% and 10−31% reductions of their effective concentrations required for the suppression of 50% colony growth at 25°C. Under a standardized spray, the killing actions of ΔPdr5 and ΔMrp1 mutants against Spodoptera litura second-instar larvae were delayed by 59% and 33% respectively. However, no significant virulence change was observed in three other delta mutants. Taken together, the examined five ABC transporters contribute differentially to not only the fungal MDR but antioxidant capability, a phenotype rarely associated with ABC efflux pumps in previous reports; at least some of them are required for the full virulence of B. bassiana, thereby affecting the fungal biocontrol potential. Our results indicate that ABC pump-dependent MDR mechanisms exist in entomopathogenic fungi as do in yeasts and human and plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Song
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Horticulture Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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