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Inoue Y, Okamoto T, Honda T, Nukui Y, Akashi T, Takemura T, Tozuka M, Miyazaki Y. Disruption in the balance between apolipoprotein A-I and mast cell chymase in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:659-671. [PMID: 33016012 PMCID: PMC7654418 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) has an antifibrotic effect in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although pulmonary fibrosis is associated with poor prognosis of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), little is known regarding the role of apoA‐I in the pathogenesis of HP. Methods Two‐dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed for the identification and quantification of apoA‐I in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with acute and chronic HP. To investigate the degradation of apoA‐I, apoA‐I was incubated with BALF. Moreover, the role of apoA‐I in TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition of A549 cells was examined. Results The concentration of apoA‐I in the BALF was significantly lower in chronic HP (n = 56) compared with acute HP (n = 31). The expression level of apoA‐I was also low in the lung tissues of chronic HP. ApoA‐I was degraded by BALF from HP patients. The number of chymase‐positive mast cells in the alveolar parenchyma was inversely correlated with apoA‐I levels in the BALF of chronic HP patients. In vitro experiment using A549 cells, untreated apoA‐I inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition, although this trend was not observed in the chymase‐treated apoA‐I. Conclusions A decrease of apoA‐I was associated with the pathogenesis of chronic HP in terms of pulmonary fibrosis and mast cell chymase attenuated the protective effect of apoA‐I against pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, apoA‐I could be a crucial molecule associated with lung fibrogenesis of HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nukui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Takemura
- Department of Pathology, Japan Red Cross Centre, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kareinen I, Baumann M, Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Anisimov A, Tozuka M, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Chymase released from hypoxia-activated cardiac mast cells cleaves human apoA-I at Tyr 192 and compromises its cardioprotective activity. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:945-957. [PMID: 29581158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoA-I, the main structural and functional protein of HDL particles, is cardioprotective, but also highly sensitive to proteolytic cleavage. Here, we investigated the effect of cardiac mast cell activation and ensuing chymase secretion on apoA-I degradation using isolated rat hearts in the Langendorff perfusion system. Cardiac mast cells were activated by injection of compound 48/80 into the coronary circulation or by low-flow myocardial ischemia, after which lipid-free apoA-I was injected and collected in the coronary effluent for cleavage analysis. Mast cell activation by 48/80 resulted in apoA-I cleavage at sites Tyr192 and Phe229, but hypoxic activation at Tyr192 only. In vitro, the proteolytic end-product of apoA-I with either rat or human chymase was the Tyr192-truncated fragment. This fragment, when compared with intact apoA-I, showed reduced ability to promote migration of cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells in a wound-healing assay. We propose that C-terminal truncation of apoA-I by chymase released from cardiac mast cells during ischemia impairs the ability of apoA-I to heal damaged endothelium in the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kareinen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Maafi F, Li B, Gebhard C, Brodeur MR, Nachar W, Villeneuve L, Lesage F, Rhainds D, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC. Development of a new bioactivatable fluorescent probe for quantification of apolipoprotein A-I proteolytic degradation in vitro and in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2017; 258:8-19. [PMID: 28167355 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The potential benefits of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) against atherosclerosis are attributed to its major protein component, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Most of the apoA-I in the vascular wall appears to be in its lipid-poor form. The latter, however, is subjected to degradation by proteases localized in atherosclerotic plaques, which, in turn, has been shown to negatively impact its atheroprotective functions. Here, we report the development and in vivo use of a bioactivatable near-infrared full-length apoA-I-Cy5.5 fluorescent probe for the assessment of apoA-I-degrading proteolytic activities. METHODS Fluorescence quenching was obtained by saturation of Cy5.5 fluorophore molecules on apoA-I protein. ApoA-I cleavage led to near-infrared fluorescence enhancement. In vitro proteolysis of the apoA-I probe by a variety of proteases including serine, cysteine, and metalloproteases resulted in an up to 11-fold increase in fluorescence (n = 5, p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS We detected activation of the probe in atherosclerotic mice aorta sections using in situ zymography and showed that broad-spectrum protease inhibitors protected the probe from degradation, resulting in decreased fluorescence (-54%, n = 6 per group, p ≤ 0.0001). In vivo, the injected probe showed stronger fluorescence emission in the aorta of human apoB transgenic Ldlr-/- atherosclerotic mice (ATX) as compared to wild-type mice. In vivo observations were confirmed by ex vivo aorta imaging quantification where a 10-fold increase in fluorescent signal in ATX mice (p ≤ 0.05 vs. control mice) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The use of this probe in different applications may help to assess new molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and may improve current HDL-based therapies by enhancing apoA-I functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foued Maafi
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Baoqiang Li
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Walid Nachar
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Lappalainen J, Nurmi K, Metso J, Öörni K, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Jauhiainen M, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Carboxyl-Terminal Cleavage of Apolipoprotein A-I by Human Mast Cell Chymase Impairs Its Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:274-84. [PMID: 26681753 PMCID: PMC4725095 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) has been shown to possess several atheroprotective functions, including inhibition of inflammation. Protease-secreting activated mast cells reside in human atherosclerotic lesions. Here we investigated the effects of the neutral proteases released by activated mast cells on the anti-inflammatory properties of apoA-I. APPROACH AND RESULTS Activation of human mast cells triggered the release of granule-associated proteases chymase, tryptase, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A, and granzyme B. Among them, chymase cleaved apoA-I with the greatest efficiency and generated C-terminally truncated apoA-I, which failed to bind with high affinity to human coronary artery endothelial cells. In tumor necrosis factor-α-activated human coronary artery endothelial cells, the chymase-cleaved apoA-I was unable to suppress nuclear factor-κB-dependent upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and to block THP-1 cells from adhering to and transmigrating across the human coronary artery endothelial cells. Chymase-cleaved apoA-I also had an impaired ability to downregulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide-activated GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)- and M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor)-differentiated human macrophage foam cells and to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation in PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-activated human neutrophils. Importantly, chymase-cleaved apoA-I showed reduced ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vivo in mice. Treatment with chymase blocked the ability of the apoA-I mimetic peptide L-4F, but not of the protease-resistant D-4F, to inhibit proinflammatory gene expression in activated human coronary artery endothelial cells and macrophage foam cells and to prevent reactive oxygen species formation in activated neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The findings identify C-terminal cleavage of apoA-I by human mast cell chymase as a novel mechanism leading to loss of its anti-inflammatory functions. When targeting inflamed protease-rich atherosclerotic lesions with apoA-I, infusions of protease-resistant apoA-I might be the appropriate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Maaninka
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Jani Lappalainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Nurmi
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Jari Metso
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Katariina Öörni
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Mohamad Navab
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Miriam Lee-Rueckert
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (S.D.N., K.M., J.L., K.N., K.Ö., M.L.-R., P.T.K.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.M., M.J.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (M.N., A.M.F.).
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Cubedo J, Padró T, García-Arguinzonis M, Vilahur G, Miñambres I, Pou JM, Ybarra J, Badimon L. A novel truncated form of apolipoprotein A-I transported by dense LDL is increased in diabetic patients. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1762-73. [PMID: 26168996 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p057513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic (DM) patients have exacerbated atherosclerosis and high CVD burden. Changes in lipid metabolism, lipoprotein structure, and dysfunctional HDL are characteristics of diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether serum ApoA-I, the main protein in HDL, was biochemically modified in DM patients. By using proteomic technologies, we have identified a 26 kDa ApoA-I form in serum. MS analysis revealed this 26 kDa form as a novel truncated variant lacking amino acids 1-38, ApoA-IΔ(1-38). DM patients show a 2-fold increase in ApoA-IΔ(1-38) over nondiabetic individuals. ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is found in LDL, but not in VLDL or HDL, with an increase in LDL3 and LDL4 subfractions. To identify candidate mechanisms of ApoA-I truncation, we investigated potentially involved enzymes by in silico data mining, and tested the most probable molecule in an established animal model of diabetes. We have found increased hepatic cathepsin D activity as one of the potential proteases involved in ApoA-I truncation. Cathepsin D-cleaved ApoA-I exhibited increased LDL binding affinity and decreased antioxidant activity against LDL oxidation. In conclusion, we show for the first time: a) presence of a novel truncated ApoA-I form, ApoA-IΔ(1-38), in human serum; b) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is transported by LDL; c) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is increased in dense LDL fractions of DM patients; and d) cathepsin D-ApoA-I truncation may lead to ApoA-IΔ(1-38) binding to LDLs, increasing their susceptibility to oxidation and contributing to the high cardiovascular risk of DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maisa García-Arguinzonis
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose María Pou
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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