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Valentini F, Sabuzi F, Forchetta M, Conte V, Galloni P. KuQuinones: a ten years tale of the new pentacyclic quinoid compound. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9065-9077. [PMID: 36950082 PMCID: PMC10025941 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones are widespread in nature, as they participate, mainly as redox mediators, in several biochemical processes. Up to now, various synthetic quinones have been recommended in the literature as leading molecules in energy, biomedical and catalytic fields. In this brief review, we retraced our research activity in the last ten years, mainly dedicated to the study of a new class of peculiar pentacyclic conjugated quinoid compounds, synthesized in our group. In particular, their application as sensitive materials in photoelectrochemical devices and in biosensors, as photocatalysts in selective oxidation reactions, and their anticancer activity is here reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Valentini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata via della ricerca scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata via della ricerca scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Mattia Forchetta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata via della ricerca scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata via della ricerca scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata via della ricerca scientifica snc 00133 Rome Italy
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Valentini F, Sabuzi F, Conte V, Nemykin VN, Galloni P. Unveiling KuQuinone Redox Species: An Electrochemical and Computational Cross Study. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5680-5689. [PMID: 33827213 PMCID: PMC8154575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of the electrochemical properties of variegated quinones is a fascinating topic in chemistry. In fact, redox reactions occurring with quinoid scaffolds are essential for most of their applications in biological systems, in photoelectrochemical devices, and in many other fields. In this paper, a detailed investigation of KuQuinones' redox behavior is presented. The distinctiveness of such molecules is the presence in the structure of two condensed naphthoquinone units, which implies the possibility to undergo multiple one-electron reduction processes. Solvent, supporting electrolyte, and hydrogen bond donor species effects have been elucidated. Changing the experimental parameters provoked significant shift of the redox potential for each reduction process. In particular, additions of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as a hydrogen bond donor in solution as well as Lewis acid coordination were crucial to obtain important shifts of the redox potentials toward more favorable values. UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical experiments and DFT calculations are also presented to clarify the nature of the reduced species in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Valentini
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
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Çetinkaya H, Yıldız MS, Kutluer M, Alkan A, Ozan Otaş H, Çağır A. Novel 2'-alkoxymethyl substituted klavuzon derivatives as inhibitors of Topo I and CRM1. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104162. [PMID: 32890988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 2'-alkoxymethyl substituted klavuzon derivatives were prepared starting from 2-methyl-1-naphthoic acid in eight steps. Anticancer potencies of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by performing MTT cell viability test over cancerous and healthy pancreatic cell lines, along with CRM1 inhibitory properties in HeLa cells by immunostaining and Topo I inhibition properties by supercoiled DNA relaxation assay. Their cytotoxic activities were also presented in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7) derived 3D spheroids. Among the tested klavuzon derivatives, isobutoxymethyl substituted klavuzon showed the highest selectivity of cytotoxic activity against pancreatic cancer cell line. They showed potent Topo I inhibition while their CRM1 inhibitory properties somehow diminished compared to 4'-alkylsubstituted klavuzons. The most cytotoxic 2'-methoxymethyl derivative inhibited the growth of the spheroids derived from HuH-7 cell lines and PI staining exhibited time and concentration dependent cell death in 3D spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakkı Çetinkaya
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Yıldız
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kutluer
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Alkan
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozan Otaş
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Çağır
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Urla 35430, İzmir, Turkey.
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Soren BC, Dasari JB, Ottaviani A, Iacovelli F, Fiorani P. Topoisomerase IB: a relaxing enzyme for stressed DNA. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:18-25. [PMID: 35582040 PMCID: PMC9094055 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I enzymes relieve the torsional strain in DNA; they are essential for fundamental molecular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromosome condensation; and act by cleaving and then religating DNA strands. Over the past few decades, scientists have focused on the DNA topoisomerases biological functions and established a unique role of Type I DNA topoisomerases in regulating gene expression and DNA chromosome condensation. Moreover, the human enzyme is being investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. The active site tyrosine is responsible for initiating two transesterification reactions to cleave and then religate the DNA backbone, allowing the release of superhelical tension. The different steps of the catalytic mechanism are affected by various inhibitors; some of them prevent the interaction between the enzyme and the DNA while others act as poisons, leading to TopI-DNA lesions, breakage of DNA, and eventually cellular death. In this review, our goal is to provide an overview of mechanism of human topoisomerase IB action together with the different types of inhibitors and their effect on the enzyme functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bini Chhetri Soren
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Jagadish Babu Dasari
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy.,Present address: Department of Research and Application Development, Biogenex Life Sciences, Telangana 501510, India
| | - Alessio Ottaviani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Federico Iacovelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paola Fiorani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome 00133, Italy
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Sabuzi F, Lentini S, Sforza F, Pezzola S, Fratelli S, Bortolini O, Floris B, Conte V, Galloni P. KuQuinones Equilibria Assessment for Biomedical Applications. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10129-10138. [PMID: 28872314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A small library of pentacyclic quinoid compounds, called KuQuinones (KuQs), has been prepared through a one-pot reaction. KuQuinones complex structure is made up by two naphthoquinone units connected by a five-membered ring. Due to KuQs structural features, keto-enol tautomerization in solution likely occurs, leading to the generation of four different species, i.e., the enol, the enolate, the external enol and the diquinoid species. The interchange among KuQ tautomers leads to substantial spectral variations of the dye depending on the experimental conditions used. The comprehension of tautomeric equilibria of this new class of quinoid compounds is strongly required in order to explain their behavior in solution and in biological environment. UV-vis, 1H NMR spectroscopies, and DFT calculations resulted appropriate tools to understand the nature of the prevalent KuQuinone species in solution. Moreover, due to the structural similarity of KuQuinones with camptothecin (CPT), a largely used anticancer agent, KuQs have been tested against Cisplatin-resistant SKOV3 and SW480 cancer cell lines. Results highlighted that KuQs are highly active toward the analyzed cell lines and almost nontoxic for healthy cell, indicating a high specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sabuzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Lentini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara , via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pezzola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fratelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara , via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
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de Camargo MS, da Silva MM, Correa RS, Vieira SD, Castelli S, D'Anessa I, De Grandis R, Varanda E, Deflon VM, Desideri A, Batista AA. Inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase IB by nonmutagenic ruthenium(II)-based compounds with antitumoral activity. Metallomics 2016; 8:179-92. [PMID: 26758075 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we synthesized two new ruthenium(II) compounds [Ru(pySH)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (1) and [Ru(HSpym)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (2) that are analogs to an antitumor agent recently described, [Ru(SpymMe2)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (3), where [(Spy) = 2-mercaptopyridine anion; (Spym) = 2-mercaptopyrimidine anion and (SpymMe2) = 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine anion]. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed significant anti-proliferative activity for 1-3 against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells, higher than the standard anti-cancer drugs doxorubicin and cisplatin. No mutagenicity is detected when compounds are evaluated by cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus cytome and Ames test in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation from rat liver. Interaction studies show that compounds 1-3 can bind to DNA through electrostatic interactions and to albumin through hydrophobic interactions. The three compounds are able to inhibit the DNA supercoiled relaxation mediated by human topoisomerase IB (Top1). Compound 3 is the most efficient Top1 inhibitor and the inhibitory effect is enhanced upon pre-incubation with the enzyme. Analysis of different steps of Top1 catalytic cycle indicates that 3 inhibits the cleavage reaction impeding the binding of the enzyme to DNA and slows down the religation reaction. Molecular docking shows that 3 preferentially binds closer to the residues of the active site when Top1 is free and lies on the DNA groove downstream of the cleavage site in the Top1-DNA complex. Thus, 3 can be considered in further studies for a possible use as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S de Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Monize M da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo S Correa
- Departamento de Química, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Sara D Vieira
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Castelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilda D'Anessa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rone De Grandis
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, CEP 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Varanda
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, CEP 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor M Deflon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alzir A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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