LncRNA NEF inhibits migration and invasion of HPV-negative cervical squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting TGF-β pathway

Interplay between LncRNA/miRNA and TGF-β Signaling in the Tumorigenesis of Gynecological Cancer

Gynecologic cancers are among the most common malignancies with aggressive features and poor prognosis. Tumorigenesis in gynecologic cancers is a complicated process that is influenced by multiple factors, including genetic mutations that activate various oncogenic signaling pathways, including the TGF-β pathway. Aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling is correlated with tumor recurrence and metastasis. It has been shown that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have crucial effects on cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Upregulation of various ncRNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs), has been reported in several tumors, like cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, but their cellular mechanisms remain to be investigated. Thus, recognizing the role of ncRNAs in regulating the TGF-β pathway may provide novel strategies for better treatment of cancer patients. The present study summarizes recent findings on the role of ncRNAs in regulating the TGF-β signaling involved in tumor progression and metastasis in gynecologic cancers.

Long noncoding RNAs expression profile of RIP2 knockdown in chicken HD11 macrophages associated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) infection

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) has been detected to cause many acute and chronic diseases, resulting in huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Previous experiments have identified the effect of receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIP2) gene in APEC infection. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the anti-bacteria responses. However, little is known about the functions of lncRNAs, especially related to RIP2, in response to APEC. Therefore, we tried to reveal lncRNAs potentially involved in the immune and inflammatory response against APEC infection, with a particular focus on those possibly correlated with RIP2. A total of 1856 and 1373 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were identified in knockdown of RIP2 cells following APEC infection (shRIP2+APEC) vs. APEC and shRIP2 vs. wild type cells (WT), respectively, which were mainly enriched in lysosome, phagosome, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway. Significantly, TCONS_00009695 regulated by RIP2 could directly alter the expression of target BIRC3 to modulate cytokines and to participate in immune and inflammatory response against APEC infection. Our findings aid to a better understanding of host responses to APEC infection and provide new directions for understanding the potential association between lncRNAs and APEC pathogenesis.

LncRNA-NEF suppressed oxaliplatin resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer through epigenetically inactivating MEK/ERK signaling

A major cause of oxaliplatin chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is acquired epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, making the cancer cells easy to metastasis and recurrence. LncRNA Neighboring Enhancer of FOXA2 (lncRNA-NEF) has been characterized as a tumor suppressor to mediate cancer metastasis in multiple cancer types. However, whether it mediated the drug resistance remains unknown. In the present study, an oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cell line (SW620R) was established and lncRNA-NEF was obviously down-regulated in this resistant cell line. The further loss and gain-of-function studies demonstrated that this lncRNA suppressed oxaliplatin resistance as well as EMT programme in vitro and inhibited metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, lncRNA-NEF epigenetically promoted the expression of DOK1 (Downstream of Tyrosine kinase 1), a negative regulator of MEK/ERK signaling, by disrupting DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)-mediated DNA methylation. DOK1, in turn, induced the inactivation of MEK/ERK signaling, forming the lncRNA-NEF/DOK1/MEK/ERK regulatory axis to mediate oxaliplatin resistance in CRC. Collectively, our work reveals the critical function of lncRNA-NEF in mediating the oxaliplatin chemotherapy resistance in CRC, and provides a promising therapeutic strategy for CRC patients with oxaliplatin resistance.

Roles of TGF‑β signalling pathway‑related lncRNAs in cancer (Review)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that are >200 nucleotides in length that do not have the ability to be translated into protein but are associated with numerous diseases, including cancer. The involvement of lncRNAs in the signalling of certain signalling pathways can promote tumour progression; these pathways include the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway, which is related to tumour development. The expression of lncRNAs in various tumour tissues is specific, and their interaction with the TGF-β signalling pathway indicates that they may serve as new tumour markers and therapeutic targets. The present review summarized the role of TGF-β pathway-associated lncRNAs in regulating tumorigenesis in different types of cancer and their effects on the TGF-β signalling pathway.

Long Non-Coding RNAs as Novel Targets for Phytochemicals to Cease Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is a multi-step phenomenon during cancer development leading to the propagation of cancer cells to distant organ(s). According to estimations, metastasis results in over 90% of cancer-associated death around the globe. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a group of regulatory RNA molecules more than 200 base pairs in length. The main regulatory activity of these molecules is the modulation of gene expression. They have been reported to affect different stages of cancer development including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and metastasis. An increasing number of medical data reports indicate the probable function of LncRNAs in the metastatic spread of different cancers. Phytochemical compounds, as the bioactive agents of plants, show several health benefits with a variety of biological activities. Several phytochemicals have been demonstrated to target LncRNAs to defeat cancer. This review article briefly describes the metastasis steps, summarizes data on some well-established LncRNAs with a role in metastasis, and identifies the phytochemicals with an ability to suppress cancer metastasis by targeting LncRNAs.

The functions of lncRNAs in the HPV-negative cervical cancer compared with HPV-positive cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignancies. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the main causative agents of virtually all cervical carcinomas. Nevertheless, emerging evidence has demonstrated that a small proportion of cervical cancer patients are HPV negative. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified to play a crucial role in cervical cancer development. Here, this review describes the incidence and development of HPV-negative cervical cancer. Moreover, HPV-negative cervical cancers are more likely diagnosed at non-squamous type, older ages, more advanced stage and metastases, and associated with poorer prognosis as compared to HPV-positive cervical cancer. Furthermore, the significant role and functions of lncRNAs underlying HPV-negative cervical cancer is clarified.

Unraveling diverse roles of noncoding RNAs in various human papillomavirus negative cancers

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative tumors distinguish from cancers associated with HPV infection. Due to its high rate of lymph node metastasis and difficulty in inchoate discover and diagnosis, the treatment efficacy of HPV-negative cancers is unsatisfactory. Epidemiological evidence suggests that HPV-negative tumor patients have a poor prognosis, and the mortality is higher than that of cancer patients caused by HPV infection. Evidence has demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulation of physiological and developmental processes. Therefore, dysregulated ncRNAs are involved in the occurrence of diversified diseases, including cancer. In cumulative studies, ncRNAs are concerned with pathogenetic mechanisms of HPV-negative tumors via regulating gene expression and signal transduction. It is important to decipher the functions of ncRNAs in HPV-negative cancers and identify the potential biomarkers, which will bring new treatment strategies for improving outcome of cancer therapy. In this review, we demonstrated the effects of ncRNAs via regulating the development and progression of HPV- negative tumors by directly or indirectly acting on target molecules, which provide a basis for future tumor targeted therapy by targeting ncRNAs for HPV-negative cancers.

Baicalein mediates the anti-tumor activity in Osteosarcoma through lncRNA-NEF driven Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulatory axis

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents with high risk of metastasis. However, the clinical management still remains unsatisfactory. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely considered as an alternative treatment, and their extracts have proved to possess great potential for drug discovery. Baicalein (BA), the active pharmaceutical ingredient of rhizoma coptidis, was proved to have anti-tumor properties in OS, but the mechanism remains poorly understood.

Methods

The potential anti-cancer effects on cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration were examined in OS cells. Moreover, the lncRNA-Neighboring Enhancer of FOXA2 (lncRNA-NEF) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were detected by qPCR and Western blotting assays. The in vivo effect of GA on tumor growth was investigated using a xenograft mice model.

Results

In the present study, BA was found to significantly suppress tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. And it was also found to inhibit the invasion and metastasis as well. As for the mechanism investigation, lncRNA-NEF was obviously upregulated by BA in OS cells, and thus induced the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, lncRNA-NEF knockdown partially reversed the BA-induced anti-cancer activities; and successfully compensated the suppressive effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We therefore suggested that BA induced the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling through promoting lncRNA-NEF expression.

Conclusions

In conclude, our results demonstrated that BA suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo through an lncRNA-NEF driven Wnt/β-catenin regulatory axis, in which lncRNA-NEF was upregulated by BA, and thus induced the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

The Translational potential of this article

The findings derived from this study validates the anti-cancer activity of BA in OS and provides a novel underlying mechanism, which suggest that BA may be a potential candidate to develop the effective drug for OS patients.

Long non-coding RNA LINC00514 promotes the proliferation and invasion through the miR-708-5p/HOXB3 axis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00514 is a cancer-related lncRNA that has been proven to be implicated in the progression of several cancers. However, the biological function of LINC00514 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify the LINC00514 expression profile in CSCC and determine its exact mechanism. Our results showed that the expression of LINC00514 was up-regulated in human CSCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LINC00514 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of CSCC cells, as well as suppressed tumorigenesis of CSCC in vivo. In addition, LINC00514 was found to work as a miRNA sponge for miR-708-5p and suppressed the expression of miR-708-5p in CSCC cells. Homeobox B3 (HOXB3) was found to be a target gene of miR-708-5p. Rescue assays demonstrated that miR-708-5p inhibitor attenuated the effects of LINC00514 knockdown on cell proliferation and invasion in CSCC cells. In addition, overexpression of HOXB3 reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-708-5p mimics on cell proliferation and invasion. Taken together, our findings for the first time elucidated that lncRNA LINC00514 promotes the proliferation and invasion through the miR-708-5p/HOXB3 axis in CSCC. Thus, LINC00514/miR-708-5p/HOXB3 axis might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CSCC.

Discovery of key genes as novel biomarkers specifically associated with HPV-negative cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a common female malignancy that is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, the incidence of HPV-negative cervical cancer has shown an increasing trend in recent years. Because the mechanism of HPV-negative cervical cancer development is unclear, this study aims to find the pattern of differential gene expression in HPV-negative cervical cancer and verify the underlying potential mechanism. Differentially expressed genes were compared among HPV-positive cervical cancer, HPV-negative cervical cancer, and normal cervical tissues retrieved from TCGA. Subsequently, dysregulated differentially expressed genes specifically existed in HPV-negative cervical cancer tissues and HPV-negative cell lines were validated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. We found seventeen highly expressed genes that were particularly associated with HPV-negative cervical cancer from analysis of TCGA database. Among the 17 novel genes, 7 genes (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma [PRAME], HMGA2, ETS variant 4 [ETV4], MEX3A, TM7SF2, SLC19A1, and tweety-homologs 3 [TTYH3]) displayed significantly elevated expression in HPV-negative cervical cancer cells and HPV-negative cervical cancer tissues. Additionally, higher expression of MEX3A and TTYH3 was associated with a shorter overall survival of patients with HPV-negative cervical cancer. Our study implies that these seven genes are more likely to provide novel insights into the occurrence and progression of HPV-negative cervical cancer.

Role and clinical significance of TGF‑β1 and TGF‑βR1 in malignant tumors (Review)

The appearance and growth of malignant tumors is a complicated process that is regulated by a number of genes. In recent years, studies have revealed that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves an important role in cell cycle regulation, growth and development, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and immune response. Notably, two members of the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 promote proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells by activating other signaling pathways, signaling molecules or microRNAs (miRs), such as the NF-κB signaling pathway and miR-133b. In addition, some inhibitors targeting TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 have exhibited positive effects in in vitro experiments. The present review discusses the association between TGF-β1 or TGF-βR1 and tumors, and the development of some inhibitors, hoping to provide more approaches to help identify novel tumor markers to restrain and cure tumors.

Human Papillomavirus-Negative Cervical Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been the leading cause of cervical cancer for over 25 years. Approximately 5.5–11% of all cervical cancers are reported to be HPV-negative, which can be attributed to truly negative and false-negative results. The truly HPV-negative cervical cancers are almost all cervical adenocarcinomas with unclear etiology. False HPV negativity can arise from histological misclassification, latent HPV infection, disruption of the targeting fragment, non-high risk HPV infection, and HPV testing methods. HPV-negative cervical cancers are often diagnosed at an advanced FIGO stage and have a poor prognosis; thus, the management of these cases requires greater attention.

Role of LncRNAs and CircRNAs in Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis

Bone is a mechanosensitive organ that provides strength and support. Many bone cells, various pathways, and signaling molecules coordinate bone metabolism and also determine the course of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, osteopenia, etc. Osteoporosis is caused by increased bone resorption and reduced bone formation due to the changes in the level of different proteins and RNAs in osteoclast or/and osteoblasts. The available therapeutic interventions can significantly reduce bone resorption or enhance bone formation, but their prolonged use has deleterious side effects. Therefore, the use of non-coding RNAs as therapeutics has emerged as an interesting field of research. Despite advancements in the molecular field, not much is known about the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in bone homeostasis and osteoporosis. Therefore, in this article, we summarize the role of lncRNAs and circRNAs in different bone cells and osteoporosis so that it might help in the development of osteoporotic therapeutics.

Prognostic and clinicopathologic significance of long non-coding RNA opa-interacting protein 5-antisense RNA 1 in multiple human cancers

Background: OIP5-AS1 has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in multiple cancers and associated with clinical outcomes. We conducted this study to assess the generalized prognostic value of OIP5-AS1 in cancers.Methods: PubMed, Web of science, and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies. Hazards ratios (HRs) or odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the prognostic value of OIP5-AS1 in cancers, including overall survival (OS), age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis (LNM). Publication bias was measured by Begg's test and funnel plot. Sensitivity analysis were used to detect the stability of pooled results.Results: Overall, eleven studies containing 713 patients were eventually enrolled. The pooled results showed that high OIP5-AS1 expression was correlated with shorter OS (HR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.35-0.64), regardless of the sample size, tumor type and follow-up time. Furthermore, elevated expression of OIP5-AS1 indicated advanced clinical stage (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.06-4.23), but not associated with age, gender, tumor size and LNM. No publication bias was detected.Conclusion: High expression of lncRNA OIP5-AS1 may predict a poor OS and advanced clinical stage, implicating that OIP5-AS1 may be a possible prognostic factor in cancers.