Long non-coding RNA SNHG5 promotes glioma progression via miR-205/E2F3 axis

LncRNA-SNHG5 mediates activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating NF2 and Hippo pathway

Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) is an oncogene found in various human cancers. However, it is unclear what role SNHG5 plays in activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver fibrosis. In this study, SNHG5 was found to be upregulated in activated HSCs in vitro and in primary HSCs isolated from fibrotic liver in vivo, and inhibition of SNHG5 suppressed HSC activation. Notably, Neurofibromin 2 (NF2), the main activator for Hippo signalling, was involved in the effects of SNHG5 on HSC activation. The interaction between SNHG5 and NF2 protein was further confirmed, and preventing the combination of the two could effectively block the effects of SNHG5 inhibition on EMT process and Hippo signaling. Additionally, higher SNHG5 was found in chronic hepatitis B patients and associated with the fibrosis stage. Altogether, we demonstrate that SNHG5 could serve as an activated HSCs regulator via regulating NF2 and Hippo pathway.

Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli

Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.

Transcription Factors with Targeting Potential in Gliomas

Gliomas portray a large and heterogeneous group of CNS tumors, encompassing a wide range of low- to high-grade tumors, as defined by histological and molecular characteristics. The identification of signature mutations and other molecular abnormalities has largely impacted tumor classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators of gene expression programs, which ultimately shape cell fate and homeostasis. A variety of TFs have been detected to be aberrantly expressed in brain tumors, being highly implicated in critical pathological aspects and progression of gliomas. Herein, we describe a selection of oncogenic (GLI-1/2/3, E2F1–8, STAT3, and HIF-1/2) and tumor suppressor (NFI-A/B, TBXT, MYT1, and MYT1L) TFs that are deregulated in gliomas and are subsequently associated with tumor development, progression, and migratory potential. We further discuss the current targeting options against these TFs, including chemical (Bortezomib) and natural (Plumbagin) compounds, small molecules, and inhibitors, and address their potential implications in glioma therapy.

Long Non-Coding RNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 5 (SNHG5) Regulates Renal Tubular Damage in Diabetic Nephropathy via Targeting MiR-26a-5p

The study explored the diagnostic value of SNHG5 in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and investigated the role and mechanism on DN via establishing the in vitro HK2 cell model. This study recruited 62 types 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, 58 DN patients and 60 healthy controls (HC). The expressions of serum SNHG5 and miR-26a-5p were measured by RT-qPCR analysis. The diagnostic value of SNHG5 in DN was assessed by ROC curve. The in vitro cell model was built to estimate the effects of SNHG5 on cell viability, cell apoptosis, inflammation response and oxidative stress. Serum SNHG5 was increased in DN patients (relative expression: 2.04±0.34) and had the diagnostic value in DN. After HK2 cells were treated with high glucose, the cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and ROS enhanced significantly. It was noticed that inhibition of SNHG5 could reverse the above phenomenon caused by high glucose. Besides, serum miR-26a-5p was diminished in DN patients, and luciferase reporter gene revealed that miR-26a-5p is direct target of SNHG5. These results indicated that inhibition of SNHG5 may mitigate HG-induced renal tubular damage via targeting miR-26a-5p, which providing a new insight into the mechanism of renal tubule damage in DN patients.

Down-regulation of lncRNA SNHG5 relieves sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the miR-374a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB pathway

Sepsis is an acute systemic infectious disease engendered by infectious factors, which can cause the dysfunction of multiple organs, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, more and more researchers are focussing on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is closely associated with the development and progression of various diseases; however, the role and mechanism of lncRNA in sepsis-induced AKI are not fully understood. Here, we found a significant increase in the expression of lncRNA small nuclear RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) in the serum of patients with sepsis than healthy controls. Similar results were obtained from mouse model of sepsis. Further investigations revealed that knockdown of SNHG5 improves the viability and reduces the rate of apoptosis and the generation of inflammatory cytokines in HK-2 and TCMK-1 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Mechanistically, we showed that SNHG5 can combine with microRNA-374a-3p (miR-374a-3p), which inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity by targeting TLR4. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SNHG5 may regulate sepsis-induced AKI via the miR-374a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, therefore providing a new insight into the treatment of this disease.

ERBB3 overexpression due to miR-205 inactivation confers sensitivity to FGF, metabolic activation, and liability to ERBB3 targeting in glioblastoma

In glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and lethal brain tumor, therapies suppressing recurrently altered signaling pathways failed to extend survival. However, in patient subsets, specific genetic lesions can confer sensitivity to targeted agents. By exploiting an integrated model based on patient-derived stem-like cells, faithfully recapitulating the original GBMs in vitro and in vivo, here, we identify a human GBM subset (∼9% of all GBMs) characterized by ERBB3 overexpression and nuclear accumulation. ERBB3 overexpression is driven by inheritable promoter methylation or post-transcriptional silencing of the oncosuppressor miR-205 and sustains the malignant phenotype. Overexpressed ERBB3 behaves as a specific signaling platform for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), driving PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation, and overall metabolic upregulation. As a result, ERBB3 inhibition by specific antibodies is lethal for GBM stem-like cells and xenotransplants. These findings highlight a subset of patients eligible for ERBB3-targeted therapy.

Involvement of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Glucose Metabolism in Cancer

The rapid and uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells is supported by metabolic reprogramming. Altered glucose metabolism supports cancer growth and progression. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells show increased glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis and lactate production. Byproducts of adjusted glucose metabolism provide additional benefits supporting hallmark capabilities of cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length. They regulate numerous cellular processes, primarily through physical interaction with other molecules. Dysregulated lncRNAs are involved in all hallmarks of cancer including metabolic alterations. They may upregulate metabolic enzymes, modulate the expression of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive genes and disturb metabolic signaling pathways favoring cancer progression. Thus, lncRNAs are not only potential clinical biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prediction but also possible therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the lncRNAs involved in cancer glucose metabolism and highlights their underlying molecular mechanisms.

Expression, Prognosis, and Immune Infiltrates Analyses of E2Fs in Human Brain and CNS Cancer

Objective

We investigated the expression patterns, potential functions, unique prognostic value, and potential therapeutic targets of E2Fs in brain and CNS cancer and tumor-infiltrating immune cell microenvironments.

Methods

We analyzed E2F mRNA expression levels in diverse cancer types via Oncomine and GEPIA databases, respectively. Moreover, we evaluated the prognostic values using GEPIA database and TCGAportal database and the correlation of E2F expression with immune infiltration and the correlation between immune cell infiltration and GBM and LGG prognosis via TIMER database. Then, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, and DAVID databases were used for mutation analysis, PPI network analysis of coexpressed gene, and functional enrichment analysis.

Results

E2F1-8 expression increased in most cancers, including brain and CNS cancer. Higher expression in E2F1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 indicated poor OS of LGG. Higher E2F3–6 and E2F1–8 expressions correlated with poor prognosis and increased immune infiltration levels in CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs in GBM and CD8+ T cells, B cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and DCs in LGG, respectively.

Conclusion

E2F1–8 and E2F2–8 could be hopeful prognostic biomarkers of GBM and LGG, respectively. E2F3–6 and E2F1–8 could be likely therapeutic targets in patients with immune cell infiltration of GBM and LGG, respectively.

lncRNA SNHG5 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR-655-3p/FZD4 axis

Recently, previous studies have shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can act as a tumor promoter or inhibitor in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the regulatory mechanism of lncRNA SNHG5 is unknown in OSCC. Therefore, the functional mechanism of lncRNA SNHG5 in OSCC was initially revealed in this study. Here, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to assess mRNA and protein expression. The functional mechanism of SNHG5 was investigated by MTT, Transwell and luciferase reporter assays. The results showed that SNHG5 expression was upregulated in OSCC and promoted the viability, migration and invasion of OSCC cells. In addition, SNHG5 is the sponge of miR-655-3p in OSCC. And miR-655-3p was found to play an inhibitory effect in OSCC by interacting with SNHG5. Moreover, miR-655-3p directly targets FZD4 and negatively regulates its expression in OSCC. Functionally, FZD4 promoted the progression of OSCC by interacting with the SNHG5/miR-655-3p axis. In conclusion, lncRNA SNHG5 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in OSCC by regulating miR-655-3p/FZD4 axis.

miR-23a-3p regulated by LncRNA SNHG5 suppresses the chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells via targeting SOX6/SOX5

Cartilage generation and degradation are controlled by miRNAs. Our previous study showed miR-23a-3p was downregulated during chondrogenic differentiation in chondrogenic human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs). In the present study, we explored the function of miR-23a-3p in chondrogenesis differentiation. The role of miR-23a-3p in chondrogenic differentiation potential of hADSCs was assessed by Alcian blue staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. We show that miR-23a-3p suppressed the chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs. LncRNA SNHG5 interacted with miR-23a-3p, and suppression or overexpression of SNHG5 correlates with inhibition and promotion of hADSC chondrogenic differentiation, respectively. We have determined that SNHG5 can sponge miR-23a-3p to regulate the expression of SOX6/SOX5, transcription factors that play essential roles in chondrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the overexpression of SNHG5 activates the JNK/MAPK/ERK pathway. In conclusion, miR-23a-3p regulated by lncRNA SNHG5 suppresses the chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells via targeting SOX6/SOX5.

Latest Advances of Long Non-Coding RNA SNHG5 in Human Cancers

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been potent regulators in the initiation and development of human cancers regarding their biological roles in the modulation of dosage compensation effect, epigenetics and cell differentiation. Recently, aberrant expression of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) has been observed in various solid tumors, which was intently correlated with tumor range, metastasis, pathological stage and prognosis. Additional mechanical investigation disclosed that SNHG5 was involved in multiple cellular activities, including proliferation, migration, invasion, cell-cycle, apoptosis and autophagy, via targeting miRNAs, signaling pathways and other biological molecules or proteins. In this review, we summarized the latest advances made towards understanding the roles of SNHG5 in human cancers and further discussed potential methods that could be adopted for clinical interventions.

Current advances of long non-coding RNAs mediated by wnt signaling in glioma

Glioma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), in which Wnt signaling pathway has been verified to play a pivotal role in regulating the initiation and progression. Currently, numerous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical functions across biological processes including cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and apoptosis via Wnt signaling pathway in glioma. This review depicts canonical and non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway properties and relative processing mechanisms in gliomas, and summarizes the function and regulation of lncRNAs mediated by Wnt signaling pathway in the development and progression of glioma. Ultimately, we hope to seek out promising biomarkers and reliable therapeutic targets for glioma.

LncRNA SNHG5: A new budding star in human cancers

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) belongs to non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleic acids. More and more studies have revealed that lncRNA can participate in the occurrence and pathophysiology of diseases, especially in cancers. Although research on lncRNAs has doubled year by year, little is known about the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in diseases. The main purpose of this review is to explore the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of SNHG5 in cancers. We systematically search Pubmed to obtain relevant literature on SNHG5. In this review, the functional role, molecular mechanism, and clinical significance of SNHG5 in human cancers are described in detail. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) has been shown to be involved in the development and tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers (colorectal, bladder, gastric, endometrial, acute lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma, etc.). Its disorder is closely related to metastasis, pathological staging, and prognosis. LncRNA SNHG5 might be a potential and novel diagnostic marker for cancer patients, a target for molecular targeted therapy, and a prognostic diagnostic marker.

Long Noncoding RNA SNHG5 Knockdown Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Targeting the miR-154-5p/CXCL13 Axis

Neuropathic pain is an unneglectable pain condition with limited treatment options owing to its enigmatic underlying mechanisms. Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) is involved in the progression of a spectrum of human cancers. However, its role in neuropathic pain remains undiscovered. In the present study, we established a mouse spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, and a significant upregulation of SNHG5 was observed. Then we knocked down SNHG5 level in mouse L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) by delivering specific short hairpin RNA against SNHG5 with adenovirus vehicle. Mouse paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) in response to mechanical stimuli was increased after SNHG5 knockdown, accompanied with decreased protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). Besides, SNHG5 directly modulated the expression of miR-154-5p, which was downregulated in SNL mice. MiR-154-5p inhibition abolished the effect of SNHG5 knockdown on mouse behavioral tests and GFAP and IBA-1 levels. In addition, we validated that C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) was a novel downstream target of miR-154-5p, and CXCL13 level was positively related to that of SNHG5 in SNL mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that SNHG5 knockdown alleviated neuropathic pain and inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia by targeting the miR-154-5p/CXCL13 axis, which might be a novel therapeutic target for neuropathic treatment clinically.

Retracted Article: LncRNA SNHG5 regulates the cell viability and apoptosis of glioma cells by the miR-1297/KPNA2 axis

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (lncRNA SNHG5) has been reported to participate in the occurrence and development of glioma. However, the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of SNHG5 in glioma remain largely unknown. The expressions of SNHG5, microRNA-1297 (miR-1297) and karyopherin subunit alpha 2 (KPNA2) in glioma tissues and cells were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot was also performed to detect the expressions of autophagy-associated proteins. The relationship among lncRNA SNHG5, miR-1297 and KPNA2 was verified by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. SNHG5 and KPNA2 were over expressed, and the level of miR-1297 was down-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of SHNG5 promoted apoptosis, while suppressing cell viability and autophagy of A172 and LN340 cells. Meanwhile, SHNG5 harbored the binding sites with miR-1297, and a negative correlation between the expression of SNHG5 and miR-1297 in glioma tissues was also observed. Interestingly, silencing of miR-1297 undermined the SHNG5 depletion-mediated effect on cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. KPNA2 was a direct target of miR-1297, and negatively regulated by miR-1297. More importantly, gain of KPNA2 mitigated the effect of SHNG5l knockdown on glioma cells. Silencing of SNHG5 had an implication in inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating cell viability and autophagy by the miR-1297/KPNA2 axis in glioma.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (lncRNA SNHG5) has been reported to participate in the occurrence and development of glioma.