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Han F, Shan F, Hou J, Guo D, Xiang Y, Yuan J, Wei Z. Establishment and application of PDCoV antigen-specific DAS-ELISA detection method. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:342. [PMID: 39095820 PMCID: PMC11295301 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that affects young pigs, causing vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and even death. There is growing evidence that PDCoV can undergo cross-species as well as zoonotic transmissions. Due to the frequent outbreaks of this deadly virus, early detection is essential for effective prevention and control. Therefore, developing a more convenient and reliable method for PDCoV detection is the need of the hour. RESULTS This study utilized a high-affinity monoclonal antibody as the capture antibody and a horseradish peroxidase labeled polyclonal antibody as the detection antibody to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELSA) for PDCoV detection.Both antibodies target the PDCoV nucleocapsid (N) protein. The findings of this study revealed that DAS-ELISA was highly specific to PDCoV and did not cross-react with other viruses to cause swine diarrhea. The limit of detection of the virus titer using this method was 103 TCID50/mL of PDCoV particles. The results of a parallel analysis of 239 known pig samples revealed a coincidence rate of 97.07% (κ = 0.922) using DAS-ELISA and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The DAS-ELISA was used to measure the one-step growth curve of PDCoV in LLC-PK cells and the tissue distribution of PDCoV in infected piglets. The study found that the DAS-ELISA was comparable in accuracy to the TCID50 method while measuring the one-step growth curve. Furthermore, the tissue distribution measured by DAS-ELISA was also consistent with the qRT-PCR method. CONCLUSION The developed DAS-ELISA method can be conveniently used for the early clinical detection of PDCoV infection in pigs, and it may also serve as an alternative method for laboratory testing of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
| | - Fa Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jinhui Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yuqiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou , Henan, 450002, China.
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Li J, Zhou J, Zhang T, Wu H, Li F, Qi C, Fan L, Yuan X, Wang W, Guo R, Fan B, Tang X, Pang D, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Li B. Effective inhibition of PDCoV infection in chimeric APN gene-edited neonatal pigs. J Virol 2024:e0061124. [PMID: 39078151 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00611-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, is a serious threat to piglets and has zoonotic potential. Here, we aimed to further explore the role of aminopeptidase N (APN) as a receptor for PDCoV and test the inhibitory effect of a chimeric APN protein strategy on PDCoV infection. PK-15 cells and LLC-PK1 cells expressing chimeric APN were selected and infected with PDCoV. Viral replication was significantly decreased in these chimeric APN cells compared with that in control group cells. To further characterize the effect of the chimeric APN strategy on PDCoV infection in vitro, primary intestinal epithelial cells isolated from chimeric APN pigs were inoculated with PDCoV. Viral challenge of these cells led to decreased PDCoV infection. More importantly, virally challenged chimeric APN neonatal piglets displayed reduced viral load, significantly fewer microscopic lesions in the intestinal tissue, and no diarrhea. Taken together, these findings deepen our understanding of the mechanism of PDCoV infection and provide a valuable model for the production of disease-resistant animals. IMPORTANCE Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhea in piglets and possesses the potential to infect humans. However, there are currently no effective measures for the prevention or control of PDCoV infection. Here, we have developed PK-15 cells, LLC-PK1 cells, and primary intestinal epithelial cells expressing chimeric APN, and viral challenge of these cells led to decreased PDCoV infection. Furthermore, virally challenged chimeric APN neonatal piglets displayed reduced viral load, significantly fewer microscopic lesions in the intestinal tissue, and no diarrhea. These data show that chimeric APN is a promising strategy to combat PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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Fan L, Wang W, Yi X, Yuan X, Chen Z, Xiao L, Lu C, Guo R, Fan B, Ma J, Zha Y, Shu J, Li J, Li B. An inactivated PDCoV vaccine induces robust neutralizing antibodies and immune protection in pigs lasting for three months. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106714. [PMID: 38801864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhea mainly in suckling piglets and has the potential to infect humans. Whereas, there is no commercially available vaccine which can effectively prevent this disease. In this study, to ascertain the duration of immune protection of inactivated PDCoV vaccine, suckling piglets were injected subcutaneously with inactivated PDCoV vaccine using a prime/boost strategy at 3 and 17-day-old. Neutralizing antibody assay showed that the level of the inactivated PDCoV group was still ≥1:64 at three months after prime vaccination. The three-month-old pigs were orally challenged with PDCoV strain CZ2020. Two pigs in challenge control group showed mild to severe diarrhea at 10-11 day-post-challenge (DPC), while the inactivated PDCoV group had no diarrhea. High levels of viral shedding, substantial intestinal villus atrophy, and positive straining of viral antigens in ileum were detected in challenge control group, while the pigs in inactivated PDCoV group exhibited significantly reduced viral load, minor intestinal villi damage and negative straining of viral antigens. These results demonstrated that PDCoV was pathogenic against three-month-old pigs and inactivated PDCoV vaccine can provide effective protection in pigs lasting for three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhuoqi Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chunyu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yinhe Zha
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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4
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Yu R, Zhang L, Zhou P, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Guo H, Pan L, Liu X. Evaluation of the immunoprotective effects of porcine deltacoronavirus subunit vaccines. Virology 2024; 590:109955. [PMID: 38070302 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a new porcine enteric coronavirus, has seriously endangered the pig breeding industry and caused great economic losses. However, a PDCoV vaccine is not commercially available. Therefore, new and efficient PDCoV vaccines must be developed without delay. In this study, we used the ExpiCHO eukaryotic expression system to express and purify the following 3 structural proteins of PDCoV: S, N and M. Subsequently, the level of humoral and cellular immunity induced by the S protein (immunization with the S protein alone) and a protein mixture (immunization with a mixture of S, N and M proteins) were evaluated in mice and piglets, respectively, and the performances of the 2 immunizations in a challenge protection test were assessed in piglets. The results showed that both the S protein and the protein mixture induced the production of high levels of specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies and effectively neutralized PDCoV-infected LLC-PK cells in vitro. Furthermore, compared with the S protein, the N and M proteins in the protein mixture promoted the expression of CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ, induced a stronger cellular immune response, and effectively protected 4/5 of the piglets from PDCoV infection. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the N and M proteins play important roles in inducing an immunoprotective response. Using N and M antigens as effective antigenic components in the development of PDCoV vaccines in the future will effectively increase the immune efficacy of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, China.
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Zhao Y, Yuan J, Xiao D, Zhang L, Li C, Hu J, Chen R, Song D, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Han X, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X. HSP90AB1 is a host factor that promotes porcine deltacoronavirus replication. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105536. [PMID: 38092149 PMCID: PMC10789647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus. It causes mortality in neonatal piglets and is of growing concern because of its broad host range, including humans. To date, the mechanism of PDCoV infection remains poorly understood. Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR screen of PDCoV-infected cells, we found that HSP90AB1 (heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B1) promotes PDCoV infection. Knockdown or KO of HSP90AB1 in LLC-PK cells resulted in a significantly suppressed PDCoV infection. Infected cells treated with HSP90 inhibitors 17-AAG and VER-82576 also showed a significantly suppressed PDCoV infection, although KW-2478, which does not affect the ATPase activity of HSP90AB1, had no effect on PDCoV infection. We found that HSP90AB1 interacts with the N, NS7, and NSP10 proteins of PDCoV. We further evaluated the interaction between N and HSP90AB1 and found that the C-tail domain of the N protein is the HSP90AB1-interacting domain. Further studies showed that HSP90AB1 protects N protein from degradation via the proteasome pathway. In summary, our results reveal a key role for HSP90AB1 in the mechanism of PDCoV infection and contribute to provide new host targets for PDCoV antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingfei Hu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Wang M, Zheng H, Wang S, Luo H, Li Z, Song X, Xu H, Li P, Sun S, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Comparative analysis of changes in diarrhea and gut microbiota in Beigang pigs. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106441. [PMID: 37944676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated that the gut microbiota is a large and complex organic combination, which is closely related to the host health. Diarrhea is a disease with devastating effects on livestock that has been demonstrated to be associated with gut microbiota. Currently, studies on gut microbiota and diarrhea have involved multiple species, but changes in gut microbiota of Beigang pigs during diarrhea have not been characterized. Here, we described gut microbial changes of Beigang pigs during diarrhea. Results indicated that a total of 4423 OTUs were recognized in diarrheic and healthy Beigang pigs, and Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most dominant phyla regardless of health status. However, the major components of the gut microbiota changed between diarrheic and healthy Beigang pigs. Bacterial taxonomic analysis revealed that the relative abundances of 3 phyla (Synergistota, Actinobacteriota and Spirochaetota) and 30 genera increased significantly during diarrhea, whereas the relative abundances of 3 phyla (Patescibacteria, Bacteroidota and Fibrobacterota) and 41 genera decreased significantly. In conclusion, this study found significant changes in the gut microbiota of Beigang pigs during diarrhea. Meanwhile, this also lays the foundation for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in Beigang pigs and the further discovery of more anti-diarrhea probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuaiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Houqiang Luo
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xianzhang Song
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Peide Li
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lhasa, 850009, China.
| | - Zhenjie Yuan
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lhasa, 850009, China.
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7
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Zhang S, Zhang S, Hou Y, Huang Y, Cai J, Wang G, Cao Y, Chen Z, Fang X, Bao W. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection Disrupts the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Inhibits Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation to Goblet Cells via the Notch Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0068923. [PMID: 37289083 PMCID: PMC10308910 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00689-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells and their secreted mucus are important elements of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which allows host cells to resist invasion by intestinal pathogens. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric virus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs and causes large economic losses to pork producers worldwide. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells and disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier remain to be determined. Here, we report that in newborn piglets, PDCoV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier: specifically, there is intestinal villus atrophy, crypt depth increases, and tight junctions are disrupted. There is also a significant reduction in the number of goblet cells and the expression of MUC-2. In vitro, using intestinal monolayer organoids, we found that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway, resulting in upregulated expression of HES-1 and downregulated expression of ATOH-1 and thereby inhibiting the differentiation of intestinal stem cells into goblet cells. Our study shows that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway to inhibit the differentiation of goblet cells and their mucus secretion, resulting in disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IMPORTANCE The intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly secreted by the intestinal goblet cells, is a crucial first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells, thereby disrupting the mucosal barrier; however, the mechanism by which PDCoV disrupts the barrier is not known. Here, we report that in vivo, PDCoV infection decreases villus length, increases crypt depth, and disrupts tight junctions. Moreover, PDCoV activates the Notch signaling pathway, inhibiting goblet cell differentiation and mucus secretion in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction caused by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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8
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Wang Z, Qu K, Li J, Wang Y, Wang L, Yu Y. Prevalence and potential risk factors of PDCoV in pigs based on publications during 2015-2021 in China: Comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106118. [PMID: 37062492 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel coronavirus which infects pigs, spreading around the world and causing huge economic losses. In recent years, there have also been human cases of PDCoV infection, which poses a potential threat to public health. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of PDCoV in pigs in China between 2015 and 2021. The prevalence of PDCoV in China was searched from five databases (CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed and ScienceDirect) and 65 articles met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 25,977 samples, including 3828 positive cases. The overall prevalence of PDCoV was 13.61% (3828/25,977), with the highest prevalence in northern China (19.18%) and the lowest prevalence in southwest China (7.19%). We also analyzed other subgroup information, such as sampling years, test methods, age and geographic factors. The results show that PDCoV is endemic in China and climate may be a potential risk factor for PDCoV infection. It is suggested that appropriate measures should be taken in different climatic areas to reduce local PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Kuo Qu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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9
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Lu SJ, Ma MY, Yan XG, Zhao FJ, Hu WY, Ding QW, Ren HJ, Xiang YQ, Zheng LL. Development and application of a low-priced duplex quantitative PCR assay based on SYBR Green I for the simultaneous detection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine sapelovirus. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:106-115. [PMID: 37981902 PMCID: PMC10581527 DOI: 10.17221/79/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine sapelovirus (PSV) are two viruses that can cause diarrhoea in pigs and bring great economic loss to the pig industry. In this research, a duplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay based on SYBR Green I was developed to simultaneously detect PDCoV and PSV. No specific melting peaks were found in other porcine diarrhoea-associated viruses, indicating that the method developed in this study had good specificity. The detection limits of PDCoV and PSV were 1.0 × 101 copies μl-1 and 1.0 × 102 copies μl-1, respectively. The duplex real-time qPCR assay tested two hundred and three (203) intestinal and faecal samples collected from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic pigs. The positive rates of PDCoV and PSV were 20.2% and 23.2%, respectively. The co-infection rate of PDCoV and PSV was 13.8%. To evaluate the accuracy of the developed method, conventional PCR and singular TaqMan real-time qPCR assays for PDCoV/PSV were also used to detect the samples. The results showed that the duplex real-time qPCR assay was consistent with the singular assays, but its sensitivity was higher than conventional PCR methods. This duplex real-time qPCR assay provides a rapid, sensitive and reliable method in a clinic to simultaneously detect PDCoV and PSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
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10
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Detection of Porcine Deltacoronavirus RNA in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract and Biliary Fluid and the Effect of Infection on Serum Cholesterol Levels and Blood T Cell Population Frequencies in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020117. [PMID: 36851421 PMCID: PMC9962660 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first identified approximately a decade ago, but much is still obscure in terms of its pathogenesis. We aimed to further characterize PDCoV infection by investigating the presence of virus in respiratory and biliary tissues or fluids; T cell population frequencies in blood; and altered serum cholesterol levels. Twelve, 6-day-old, gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated oronasally with PDCoV OH-FD22 (2.6 × 107 FFU/pig). Six control piglets were not inoculated. Rectal swab (RS), nasal swab (NS), nasal wash (NW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and biliary fluid (BF) samples were collected at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (DPI) and tested for PDCoV RNA by RT-qPCR. Blood T cell populations and serum cholesterol levels were determined by flow cytometry and a colorimetric assay, respectively. Moderate to high, and low to moderate titers of PDCoV RNA were detected in RS and in NS, NW, BAL, and BF samples, respectively, of inoculated piglets. There were trends toward decreased CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ blood T cell frequencies in inoculated piglets. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were increased in inoculated piglets. Overall, we found that PDCoV infection does not exclusively involve the intestine, since the respiratory and biliary systems and cholesterol metabolism also can be affected.
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11
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Bahoussi AN, Wang PH, Shah PT, Bu H, Wu C, Xing L. Evolutionary plasticity of zoonotic porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV): genetic characteristics and geographic distribution. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:444. [PMID: 36550483 PMCID: PMC9772601 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have confirmed that animal coronaviruses represent a potential zoonotic source. Porcine deltacoronavirus is a worldwide evolving enteropathogen of swine, detected first in Hong Kong, China, before its global identification. Following the recent detection of PDCoV in humans, we attempted in this report to re-examine the status of PDCoV phylogenetic classification and evolutionary characteristics. A dataset of 166 complete PDCoV genomes was analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood method in IQ-TREE with the best-fitting model GTR + F + I + G4, revealing two major genogroups (GI and GII), with further seven and two sub-genogroups, (GI a-g) and (GII a-b), respectively. PDCoV strains collected in China exhibited the broadest genetic diversity, distributed in all subgenotypes. Thirty-one potential natural recombination events were identified, 19 of which occurred between China strains, and seven involved at least one China strain as a parental sequence. Importantly, we identified a human Haiti PDCoV strain as recombinant, alarming a possible future spillover that could become a critical threat to human health. The similarity and recombination analysis showed that PDCoV spike ORF is highly variable compared to ORFs encoding other structural proteins. Prediction of linear B cell epitopes of the spike glycoprotein and the 3D structural mapping of amino acid variations of two representative strains of GI and GII showed that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein underwent a significant antigenic drift, suggesting its contribution in the genetic diversity and the wider spread of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Nawal Bahoussi
- grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi province China
| | - Pei-Hua Wang
- grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi province China
| | - Pir Tariq Shah
- grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi province China
| | - Hongli Bu
- grid.477987.2Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan, 231 Xikuang St, Taiyuan, 030053 Shanxi province China
| | - Changxin Wu
- grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi province China ,grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 China ,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 China ,grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
| | - Li Xing
- grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi province China ,grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 China ,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006 China ,grid.163032.50000 0004 1760 2008The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
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12
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Zhang H, Ding Q, Yuan J, Han F, Wei Z, Hu H. Susceptibility to mice and potential evolutionary characteristics of porcine deltacoronavirus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5723-5738. [PMID: 35927214 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that causes diarrhea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission, posing a threat to animal and human health. However, the susceptibility profile of different species of mice to PDCoV infection and its evolutionary characteristics are still unclear. In the current study, we found that BALB/c and Kunming mice are susceptible to PDCoV. Our results showed that there were obvious lesions in intestinal and lung tissues from the infected mice. PDCoV RNAs were detected in the lung, kidney, and intestinal tissues from the infected mice of both strains, and there existed wider tissue tropism in the PDCoV-infected BALB/c mice. The RNA and protein levels of aminopeptidase N from mice were relatively high in the kidney and intestinal tissues and obviously increased after PDCoV infection. The viral-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies against PDCoV were detected in the serum of infected mice. An interesting finding was that two key amino acid mutations, D138H and Q641K, in the S protein were identified in the PDCoV-infected mice. The essential roles of these two mutations for PDCoV-adaptive evolution were confirmed by cryo-electron microscope structure model analysis. The evolutionary characteristics of PDCoV among Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoVs) were further analyzed. δ-CoVs from multiple mammals are closely related based on the phylogenetic analysis. The codon usage analysis demonstrated that similar codon usage patterns were used by most of the mammalian δ-CoVs at the global codon, synonymous codon, and amino acid usage levels. These results may provide more insights into the evolution, host ranges, and cross-species potential of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingwen Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangfang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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13
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More‐Bayona JA, Ramirez‐Velasquez M, Hause B, Nelson E, Rivera‐Geronimo H. First isolation and whole genome characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs in Peru. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1561-e1573. [PMID: 35184388 PMCID: PMC9790302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus is a newly emergent enteric pathogen affecting swine farms worldwide. It has been detected in several countries in Europe, Asia and North America; yet, it has not been reported in South America. In November 2019, an enteric disease outbreak in a pig farm located in San Martin, Peru, was reported along with submission of three intestinal samples from pigs who succumbed to the disease. Samples were processed for molecular detection by qRT-PCR, viral isolation and further sequencing analysis. A taqman-based RT-PCR was performed to differentiate among the most relevant swine enteric coronaviruses described to date. All samples were positive to porcine deltacoronavirus with a cycle threshold (Ct) value between 9 and 14, revealing a high viral load, while testing negative to porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Following detection, viral isolation was performed using PK-15 and Vero cell lines. After 5 days of inoculation, no cytopathic effect was observed. A second blind passage allowed the observation of cytopathic effect on PK-15 cells, while it remained absent in Vero cells. A fluorescence test using an anti-N monoclonal antibody confirmed viral replication. One sample was processed for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In short, raw reads were imported into CLC genomics and assembled de novo. Out of 479k reads generated from the sample, 436k assembled into a 25,501 bp contig which was 99.5% identical to a reference porcine deltacoronavirus strain from the USA within the North American phylogroup. Yet, there are relevant differences at the nucleotide and amino acid levels compared with previously described porcine deltacoronavirus strains. Altogether, our findings represent the first report of porcine deltacoronavirus in South America, which provides information of its evolutionary origin. Thus, this study offers new insights into the molecular epidemiology of porcine deltacoronavirus infections in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. More‐Bayona
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Mercy Ramirez‐Velasquez
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge TechnologiesWorthingtonMinnesotaUSA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
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Kong F, Wang Q, Kenney SP, Jung K, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Porcine Deltacoronaviruses: Origin, Evolution, Cross-Species Transmission and Zoonotic Potential. Pathogens 2022; 11:79. [PMID: 35056027 PMCID: PMC8778258 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus of swine that causes acute diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. PDCoV was first reported in Hong Kong in 2012 and its etiological features were first characterized in the United States in 2014. Currently, PDCoV is a concern due to its broad host range, including humans. Chickens, turkey poults, and gnotobiotic calves can be experimentally infected by PDCoV. Therefore, as discussed in this review, a comprehensive understanding of the origin, evolution, cross-species transmission and zoonotic potential of epidemic PDCoV strains is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.P.K.); (K.J.); (A.N.V.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott P. Kenney
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.P.K.); (K.J.); (A.N.V.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.P.K.); (K.J.); (A.N.V.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.P.K.); (K.J.); (A.N.V.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.P.K.); (K.J.); (A.N.V.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Zhao Y, Xiao D, Zhang L, Song D, Chen R, Li S, Liao Y, Wen Y, Liu W, Yu E, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X. HSP90 inhibitors 17-AAG and VER-82576 inhibit porcine deltacoronavirus replication in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2021; 265:109316. [PMID: 34954542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is highly pathogenic to piglets, and no specific drugs or vaccines are available for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV infection, the need for antiviral therapies is pressing. HSP90 inhibitors have potent inhibitory effects against the replication of numerous viruses, hence we evaluated three HSP90 inhibitors, 17-AAG, VER-82576, and KW-2478, for their effects on PDCoV infection in vitro. We evaluated their effectivenesses at suppressing PDCoV by qRT-PCR, western blot, and TCID50 assay, and found that 17-AAG and VER-82576 inhibited PDCoV at the early stage of replication, while KW-2478 showed no significant antiviral activity at any stage of infection. These results indicated that the PDCoV-inhibitory effects of 17-AAG and VER-82576 might be exerted by targeting host cell factor HSP90AB1 but not HSP90AA1. Further study showed that HSP90AB1 mRNA and protein levels were not significantly different in 17-AAG and VER-82576-treated cells versus control cells. 17-AAG and VER-82576 were also evaluated for their effects on the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, which are PDCoV-induced proinflammatory cytokines. We found that both 17-AAG and VER-82576 inhibited the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 to varying degrees, but in a dose dependent manner. From our data we can conclude that the HSP90 inhibitors 17-AAG and VER-82576 are promising candidates for the treatment of PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shiqian Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yijie Liao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yimin Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Weizhe Liu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Enbo Yu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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16
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Yuan Y, Zu S, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Jin X, Hu H. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Utilizes Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor and Trypsin Can Influence the Binding Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122442. [PMID: 34960711 PMCID: PMC8705999 DOI: 10.3390/v13122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that causes diarrhea in nursing piglets. Studies showed that PDCoV uses porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) as an entry receptor, but the infection of pAPN-knockout cells or pigs with PDCoV revealed that pAPN might be not a critical functional receptor, implying there exists an unidentified receptor involved in PDCoV infection. Herein, we report that sialic acid (SA) can act as an attachment receptor for PDCoV invasion and facilitate its infection. We first demonstrated that the carbohydrates destroyed on the cell membrane using NaIO4 can alleviate the susceptibility of cells to PDCoV. Further study showed that the removal of SA, a typical cell-surface carbohydrate, could influence the PDCoV infectivity to the cells significantly, suggesting that SA was involved in the infection. The results of plaque assay and Western blotting revealed that SA promoted PDCoV infection by increasing the number of viruses binding to SA on the cell surface during the adsorption phase, which was also confirmed by atomic force microscopy at the microscopic level. In in vivo experiments, we found that the distribution levels of PDCoV and SA were closely relevant in the swine intestine, which contains huge amount of trypsin. We further confirmed that SA-binding capacity to PDCoV is related to the pre-treatment of PDCoV with trypsin. In conclusion, SA is a novel attachment receptor for PDCoV infection to enhance its attachment to cells, which is dependent on the pre-treatment of trypsin on PDCoV. This study paves the way for dissecting the mechanisms of PDCoV–host interactions and provides new strategies to control PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Shaopo Zu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Fujie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Tang P, Cui E, Song Y, Yan R, Wang J. Porcine deltacoronavirus and its prevalence in China: a review of epidemiology, evolution, and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2975-2988. [PMID: 34524535 PMCID: PMC8440736 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the most important enteropathogenic pathogens, and it causes enormous economic losses to the global commercial pork industry. PDCoV was initially reported in Hong Kong (China) in 2012 and subsequently emerged in swine herds with diarrhea in Ohio (USA) in 2014. Since then, it has spread to Canada, South Korea, mainland China, and several Southeast Asian countries. Information about the epidemiology, evolution, prevention, and control of PDCoV and its prevalence in China has not been comprehensively reported, especially in the last five years. This review is an update of current information on the general characteristics, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and evolutionary relationships, and the status of PDCoV vaccine development, focusing on the prevalence of PDCoV in China and vaccine research in particular. Together, this information will provide us with a greater understanding of PDCoV infection and will be helpful for establishing new strategies for controlling this virus worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Enhui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yihong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruoqian Yan
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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18
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Jiao Z, Liang J, Yang Y, Li Y, Yan Z, Hu G, Gu C, Hu X, Cheng G, Peng G, Zhang W. Coinfection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus altered viral tropism in gastrointestinal tract in a piglet model. Virology 2021; 558:119-125. [PMID: 33756424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coinfection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of common findings in diarrheal piglets that cause massive economic losses to the pig industry globally. However, the mechanism of the co-infection is unclear. In this study, neonatal non-colostrum-fed piglets were exposed orally with a single infection of PDCoV or PEDV, or coinfection of PDCoV and PEDV. Clinically all viral infected piglets developed watery diarrhea and dehydration in 24 h post-exposure (hpe) and were succumbed to viral diarrhea disease and euthanized at 72 hpe. Histopathologically, acute gastroenteritis is evident in all viral infected piglet. Immunohistochemistry, RNAscope and RT-qPCR demonstrated that PEDV tropism changes from epithelial cells of small intestine to gastric epithelial cells and macrophages in Peyer's patches in the ileum. These findings suggest that coinfection of PDCoV and PEDV can alter PEDV tropism that may affect the outcome of viral disease in piglets. This animal model can be used for the pathogenesis and vaccination of viral coinfection in piglet in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangli Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Jin XH, Zhang YF, Yuan YX, Han L, Zhang GP, Hu H. Isolation, characterization and transcriptome analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus strain HNZK-02 from Henan Province, China. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:86-99. [PMID: 33740580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes acute watery diarrhea and vomiting in piglets. Here, we isolated a strain of PDCoV from intestinal content of a piglet with severe watery diarrhea on a farm located in Henan Province, named PDCoV strain HNZK-02. Subsequently, the complete genomes of cell-cultured PDCoV HNZK-02 passage 5 and 15 were sequenced and analyzed. There was a continuous 3-nucleotide deletion and 7 amino acid changes in S genes when compared with the other reported PDCoVs. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptome analysis was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed genes after PDCoV infection in ST cells. In total, 523 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 62 upregulated genes and 457 downregulated genes. The 62 upregulated genes were associated with TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling, chemokine signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. The significant expressing changed genes, including three antiviral genes (Mx1, OASL, OAS1) and three inflammatory chemokine related genes (CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10) were further validated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. It showed the consistent expression patterns of the candidate genes with those from RNA-seq. Our results demonstrated that PDCoV infection activates NF-κB signaling pathway and leads to the expression of inflammatory factors, which may be related to TLRs but TLR2 is not a critical factor.In general, these results can help us to confirm the molecular regulation mechanism and also provide us a comprehensive resource of PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Jin
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Yuan
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Gai-Ping Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Hui Hu
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China.
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20
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Li HY, Zhang HL, Zhao FJ, Wang SQ, Wang ZX, Wei ZY. Modulation of Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production, and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Cecum of Porcine Deltacoronavirus-Infected Chicks. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:897. [PMID: 32582042 PMCID: PMC7287039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea and induces proinflammatory cytokine responses in piglets. Our previous research showed that the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks exhibited mild diarrhea and low fecal viral shedding, along with cecum lesions after PDCoV infection. Disturbances in the homeostasis of the gut microbiota have been associated with various diseases. We aimed to explore the effects of PDCoV infection on chick gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production, and inflammatory cytokine expression in chicks, and also to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and SCFAs or inflammatory cytokine expression of the PDCoV-infected chicks. Results obtained using 16S rRNA sequencing showed that infection with PDCoV strain HNZK-02 significantly altered the composition of chick gut microbiota, with the reduced abundance of Eisenbergiella and Anaerotruncus genera at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) (P < 0.05), and an increased abundance of Alistipes genus at 17 dpi (P < 0.05). The production of SCFAs in the cecum of PDCoV HNZK-02–infected chicks, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, decreased in all cases. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10) was increased in the cecum tissue and serum of the PDCoV HNZK-02–infected chicks when detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Further analysis showed significant correlation between bacterial genera and SCFAs or inflammatory cytokines expression in cecum of the PDCoV infected chicks. These findings might provide new insight into the pathology and physiology of PDCoV in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Li HY, Li BX, Liang QQ, Jin XH, Tang L, Ding QW, Wang ZX, Wei ZY. Porcine deltacoronavirus infection alters bacterial communities in the colon and feces of neonatal piglets. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1036. [PMID: 32239666 PMCID: PMC7349149 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets. Little is known regarding the alteration of the gut microbiota in PDCoV‐induced diarrhea piglets. In this study, 5‐day‐old piglets were experimentally infected with PDCoV strain CH‐01, and all piglets developed typical clinical disease, characterized by acute and severe watery diarrhea. Histologic lesions were limited to the villous epithelium of the duodenum and ileum. Gut microbiota profiles in the colon and feces of piglets inoculated with PDCoV were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that PDCoV infection reduced bacterial diversity and significantly altered the composition of the microbiota from the phylum to the genus level in the colon and feces of piglets. Firmicutes (phylum), Lactobacillaceae (family), and Lactobacillus (genus) were significantly increased (p < .01), while the abundance of Bacteroidetes (phylum) was markedly reduced in the colon and feces of the PDCoV‐infected piglets (p < .01) when compared to those of the healthy piglets. Furthermore, microbial function prediction indicated that the changes in the intestinal flora also affected the nucleotide transport and metabolism, defense, translation, and transcription function of the intestinal microbiota. The current study provides new insight into the pathology and physiology of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Jin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Ding
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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